TUV Rheinland of N.A.

Transcription

1 TUV Rheinland of N.A. Renewables Energy Division Topic: Green Power Compliance Speaker: Robert Holt, SFr Regional Sales Manager Renewable Energies Division

2 Smart Grid Background Situation: Utility demand has increased 2.5% per year over the last 35 years and will by at least 1.07% till 2030*. Mandate: Grid 2030 (GridWise, Intelligrid, EPRI, DOE, FERC) Goal: Revolutionize the current (aging) electrical infrastructure with a Smart electric grid allowing utilities to fine-tune energy use*. Key words: Measurement and Control A core of President Obama s energy policy will be to improve energy efficiency including tougher appliance standards.

3 Smart Grid = Green = Energy independence + Reduction of CO2 + Grid stability Mandate: Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 title XII, section 1305 Effect Bringing together: Generation Transmission Distribution - Consumption in a common secure information infrastructure using a common language The KEY words are: Interoperability and Efficiency That language on the metalevel is IEC 62559: IntelliGrid Methodology for Developing Requirements for Energy Systems,applications for communications, control, and data management

4 Rise in Intelligent Power Products = Rise in Green Standards = More compliance requirements from Power Generation manufactures ( for consultants and third party labs/certifiers) New Standards driven by new advancements in Renewable Energy Generation Solar Wind GeoThermal Biomass

5 Different Categories of Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal CPV Concentrating Solar Photovoltaic CSP Concentrating Solar Thermal

6 Rise in New Panels = Rise in Green Supply chain Support Products = More compliance requirements from Power Distribution manufactures ( for consultants and third party labs/certifiers) Inverters J-Boxes Optimizers Controllers Servo Moters

7 Greater need for Intelligent Power Products = Rise in Green Standards = Broader & tougher standards throughout the Green Power Industry 2003: The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (a US Department of Energy (DOE) government research laboratory) was founded and became the GridWise Alliance ( a public-private forum. 2004: The DOE established the Gridwise "Architecture Council to bolster support for their emerging interoperability requirements. OBJECTIVES: Apply IT ingenuity to reinvent existing energy systems. Collaborate & create Technology Solutions that transcend corporate or regulatory boundaries. Ensure ruggedness and security through an intelligent power grid. Ensuring a shareholder mentality with the consumers.

8 Smart (as in SmartGrid) = Measuring & Control = Sensors and Control Elements have to be integrated throughout the entire power generation & distribution chain all of it The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) founded Intelligrid EPRI published the Intelligrid Architecture (SmartGrid framework for linking communications). ~Automatic Meter reading (AMR) ~Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) ~Remotely Controlled Distribution devices

9 ModernGrid strategy = AMI Milestone Approach = AMI allows the consumer to Invest in the SmartGrid & and enables communication to the loads AMI >AMR >ADO >ATO > AAM Milestone 1 AMI lead to AMR (Advanced Meter Reading) Milestone 2 ADO "Advanced Distribution Operations" allows for Self-Healing. Milestone 3 ATO: substation automation, control, protection, modeling simulation Milestone 4 AAM (Advanced Asset Management) Raises the bar in power products asset programs

10 SmartGrid = Control & Measure Communications = Integrated 2-way Communications & Power infrastructure consisting of Demand Response (control of loads) through a customer interface. HAN (Home Area Networks) are customer portals linking Smart meters to Controllable loads. Advanced Metering measures, collects & analyses energy usage, while communicating BACK to the utility and consumer Intelligent Appliances Thermostats, Refrigerator, HVAC Remote Access and Control For both Consumer & Utility

11 Smart Grid Objectives Distribution Reliability Outage Duration (SAIDI), Outage Frequency (SAIFI) Grid Reliability Loss of Load Probability (LOLP), Number of Major Events as Defined in Section 311 of the Federal Power Act Power Quality Momentary Interruption (MAIFI), Voltage Sags (SARFI), Harmonics, Unbalance Utilization Load Factor (Average to Peak), Asset Utilization \ Factor Sustainability Self-Healing, Delivery System Losses, Information Enabled End-Use Energy Efficiency; reduced CO2 footprint Market Efficiency Safety Security Extent of participation of distributed resources in the energy market Public and worker safety Protection for Cyber and Physical Treat (1)

12 Sample: solar residential microgrid Utility ask and bid offers; Negotiation vrs rigid control submetering and control on the local A/C grid Single point of connection with grid with a disconnect switch (and active controller) Islanded operation with local generation, storage and microgrid controller Semi-autonomous power system, Active and reactive power support to grid Significant reduction in required infrastructure (high PV capacity value) (2)

13 The central role of the inverter: Universal power management system (UPMS) interactive, multi-functional, power management system Grid support with real time communication Power flow control based on real time pricing Enhanced power quality, power factor correction Demand management and load control Advanced grid and islanding algorithms PV panels Sensors Off-grid DC loads A/C interop Battery Super cap Grid Multi-port DC-DC converter DC link DC-AC PWM converter Digital, supervisory coordinated controller Utility command Microgrid controller Intelligent loads Communication Interop (2)

14 Types of Photovoltaic Inverters Stand Alone or Grid Tied DC from Solar Cells, Wind turbine, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, DC Generator, etc Grid-Tied from a Distributed Energy System

15 US Norms, standards and requirements Operational Constraints IEEE Std : IEEE Recommended Practice for designing inverters for utilityinterconnected PV systems ANSI/UL 1741: Inverters, Converters, Controllers & Interconnection System Equipment for use with Distributed Energy Systems IEEE Standards for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electrical Power Systems National Electric Code - Section 690: Solar Photovoltaic Systems Power quality (PQ): The quality of power provided by the PV system for the on-site ac loads and for delivery to the interconnected utility is governed by practices and standards addressing voltage, flicker, frequency, and distortion. Additional safety and protection functions: Proper and safe operation of the PV systems Inverter reliability is a major concern. A number of institutions work on measurable standards and methods to achieve verifiable improvements

16 Canadian, standards and requirements CSA C22.2 No Power Supplies CSA C22.2 No. 257 Interconnecting Inverter-Based Micro-Distributed Resources to Distribution Systems CSA C22.3 No. 9 Interconnection of distributed resources and electrical supply system Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) Section 50 Solar Photovoltaic Systems Section 84-Interconnection of Electrical Power Production Sources

17 PQ Normal Voltage Operating Range Utility-interconnected PV systems do not regulate voltage, they inject current into the utility. Therefore, the voltage operating range for PV inverters is selected as a protection function that responds to abnormal utility conditions, not as a voltage regulation function. Small system (< 10 kw) The operating window for these small PV systems is V on a 120 V base, that is, % of nominal voltage. This range results in trip points at 105 V and at 133 V. Intermediate (>10kW, < 500kW) and large (>500 kw) systems Utilities may have specific operating voltage ranges. If not, operating between 88% and 110% of the appropriate voltage should be followed. (3)

18 PQ Power Factor, DC Current Injection The PV system should operate at a power factor > 0.85 (lagging or leading) when output is > 10% of rating. Most PV inverters designed for utility-interconnected service operate close to unity power factor. Specially designed systems that provide reactive power compensation may operate outside of this limit with utility approval. The PV system should not inject dc current > 0.5% of rated inverter output current into the ac interface under either normal or abnormal operating conditions. The PV system should include DC disconnect safety switching and submetering on the SE network UPMS is responsible for all power and load management (i.e. outside of SE) (3)

19 Protection Response to Voltage Disturbances Voltage (at PCC) Maximum Trip Time V<60 (V<50%) 6 cycles 60V<106 (50% V <88%) 120 cycles 106V<132 (88% V <110%) Normal operation 132V<165 (110% V <137%) 120 cycles V165 (V 137%) 2 cycles When the utility frequency is outside the range of Hz, the inverter should cease to energize the utility line within six cycles. Sense to reconnect required, minimum 5 min stand-by for utility out-of-bound events (3)

20 European Norms and standards EN 50160/DIN Voltage Characteristics of Public Distribution Systems IEC , Power quality measurement standard IEC electricity metering requirements IEEE Standard , Recommended practice on monitoring power quality VDEW_1, 2 und 3 (Verband der EnergieWirtschaft - Voltage Dips, harmonic & interharmonic disturbances) and Eigenerzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz The VDEW-Richtlinie für den Parallelbetrieb von Eigenerzeugungsanlagen mit dem Mittelspannungsnetz VDN Transmission code 2003 VDN_4 (Verband der Netzbetreiber) VDN Metering Code 2006 (metering minimum requirements) Merkmale der Spannung in öffentlichen Elektrizitätsnetzen DIN VDE 0101 Starkstromanlagen mit Nennspannungen über 1 kv (safety requirements > 1kV) DIN Betrieb von elektrischen Anlagen < 1kV

21 EN short overview Power frequency measured over 10 s, ±1% ( Hz) for 99.5% of week, - 6%/+4% (47-52 Hz) for 100% of week Voltage magnitude Variations ±10% for 95% of week, mean 10 minutes rms values Rapid voltage changes Supply voltage dips Short interruptions of supply voltage Long interruption of supply voltage Temporary, power frequency overvoltages Transient overvoltages Supply voltage unbalance LV: 5% normal, 10% infrequently, Plt 1 for 95% of week, MV: 4% normal, 6% Infrequently,Plt 1 for 95% of week Majority: duration <1s, depth <60%.Locally limited dips caused by load switching on: LV: 10-50%, MV: 10-15% (up to 3 minutes), few tens - few hundreds/year, Duration 70% of them < 1 s longer than 3 minutes, <10-50/year LV: <1.5 kv rms, MV: 1.7 Uc (solid or impedance earth), 2.0 Uc (unearthed or resonant earth) LV: generally < 6kV, occasionally higher; rise time: ms - μs., MV: not defined LV, MV: up to 2% for 95% of week, mean 10 minutes rms values, up to 3% in some locations Harmonic voltage Order/%, 5/6, 7/5, 11/3.5, 13/3, 17/2, 19/1.5, 23/1.5, 25/1.5, 3/5, 9/1.5, 15/0.5, 21/0.5, 2/2, 4/1, 6-24/0.5 Note: this is a minimum standard local standards e.g. VDE 100 are stricter

22 Upcoming Inverter Meter Test Procedure Addresses current SAF concerns (i.e., ANSI/UL1741) as well as EMC and PERFORMANCE Collaboration of KEMA, Sandia, PV Metering Subc., & various Stakeholders Main goal is verifying integral metering devices to +/- 5% accuracy Every effort made to provide synchronicity with ANSI 1741 & IEEE & these tests are meant to supplement them (and when in conflict 1741 & take precedence) EMC is typical: RE/CE, RI/CI, ESD, Surge, EFT, VDI (+ Oscillatory Surge withstand Capabilities) There also is one test performed in conjunction with California s weighted efficiency standard Performance tests include: * Stability of Performance * Operating Temperature * Humidity * Weather Simulation * Raintightness

23 Upcoming Inverter Meter Test Procedure (RMS) RMS requirements apply to all test procedures. Parameter True RMS (V,I,P) Allowable Maximum Uncertainty Preferred Maximum Uncertainty DC Voltage* Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.25% of reading AC Voltage Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.25% of reading DC Current* Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.5% of reading AC Current Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.5% of reading DC Power* Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.5% of reading AC Power** Plus or Minus 1% of reading Plus or Minus.5% of reading AC Frequency Plus or Minus 0.05 Hz Plus or Minus 0.01Hz Temperature Plus or Minus 1 degree C Plus or Minus 0.5 degree C DC Current Ripple Plus or Minus 5% of reading Plus or Minus 1% of reading * True RMS measurements must be made for voltage & Current (including contribution of the ac ripple on dc values. **The ac power measurement should only include the usable 60Hz power.

24 Conclusion In the US technical requirements are generally utility specific and consortia driven, safety requirements are central and clear In Europe the EN and ISO standards are applicable with added requirements by local utilities Solar and wind add instabilities to the networks that require specific and sophisticated control strategies and changes to network topologies Manufacturers of devices for these markets can orient themselves on European AC requirements Specifically inverters will play a critical role as control and measurement nodes for distributed generation and within green large scale plants. demand management implemented over UPMS is essential for the Smart Grid

25 References (1) NIST Smart Grid workshop 2008 (2) Prof. Raja Ayyanar, PV ASU/PTL meeting Febr (3) Prof Bingsen Wang, PV ASU/PTL meeting Febr (4) Jerry Raime, TUV Newsletter Article, March 2009 (5) Intech Article, Feb 1, 2009