12th ICOC Seoul, July Symposium Groundwater Quality and Copepods
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1 12th ICOC Seoul, July 2014 Symposium Groundwater Quality and Copepods
2 Global trends and environmental challenges in groundwater dependent ecosystems: the copepod response Diana M.P. Galassi University of L Aquila - ITALY dianamariapaola.galassi@univaq.it
3 The upside-down vision of freshwater: the ground water All water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground of the soil. [definition source: Directive 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive)]
4 Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) are ecosystems which have their species composition and their natural ecological processes determined by groundwater (ARMCANZ & ANZECC, 1996)
5 Degree of dependency (after Hatton, 1998) Ecosystems Entirely Dependent on Groundwater (e.g. SGDEs) Ecosystems Highly Dependent on Groundwater Ecosystems with Proportional Dependence on Groundwater Ecosystems which may only use Groundwater Opportunistically Ecosystems with No Apparent Dependency on Groundwater If groundwater lowers or modifies only slightly, then the ecosystem would essentially cease to be. Moderate changes to groundwater discharge or water tables would lead to substantial decreases in the extent or health of the ecosystem. There is some significant chance that the ecosystem would collapse. For a number of systems, it is likely that a unit change in the amount of groundwater will result in a proportional change in the health or extent of that ecosystem. Groundwater may only play a significant role in the water balance of some ecosystems in times of extreme drought or briefly at the end of a dry season. There are a number of wetland ecosystems which do not depend on groundwater in any significant way.
6 State of the art in the scientific knowldge Natural drivers (left) and stressors (right) in different organism groups illustrating knowledge gaps After Stendera et al., 2012
7 Upwelling zone in a glacial river
8 Upwelling at the Tirino Springs (Italy)
9 Unsaturated karst Frasassi cave (Italy)
10 Saturated karst: the unique sulphidic karst of the Frasassi cave (Italy)
11 Pollutants in groundwater
12 Projected change in mean annual and seasonal river flow between the climate change scenario ( ) and the control period ( )
13 Groundwater quality status in Europe
14 Km 3 /year Trends in groundwater abstraction (after Margat & van der Gun, 2012)
15 Groundwater exploitation in Asia: main drivers
16 Nitrates in groundwater in the Netherlands (Netherlands Environmental Agency, 2007)
17 Nitrogen contamination of groundwater in the U.S.A.
18 Marine intrusion
19 Soil and fractured aquifer pollution by chlorinated solvent spill
20 Soil and aquifer pollution by oil tanks spills and leakages
21 It s not enough: the «controversial» fracking Cavitation hydrovibration is a process using a device that fractures rock using a pressurized water pulse action on rock stratum to increase the degree of fracturing. The device is considered green technology and relies solely on water without the need for the toxic chemical cocktail employed in standard hydrofracturing. The real risk of water contamination comes from these flowback fluids leaking into streams or seeping down into groundwater after reaching the surface.
22 What can the groundwater fauna and the copepods tell us? Heavy contraints 1.Dramatic decline in taxonomy 2.Linnaean shortfall (Lomolino et al., 2006) 3.Inaccuracy in taxonomic identification 4.Generalization on ecological categorization based on highrank taxa
23 Unpolluted GDEs: the case study of a rheo-limnocrenic spring in Italy
24 Copepod response to natural drivers in unpolluted conditions Fiasca et al., J. Limnol., 2014
25 Copepods as Active Exchange Describers Stygobite and non-stygobite copepods mirror the hydrogeological pattern After Di Lorenzo et al., 2013
26 Stream and rivers once perennial are becoming intermittent
27 The hyporheic zone loses its biodiversity, copepods included X After Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes and Practices (1998) - USDA National Conservation Center
28 Altered river discharge: the dams Altered flow discharge determines a strong increase in riverbed sediments erosion and high instability of the hyporheic zone reference site The hyporheic community resulted impoverished and abundance of stygobiotic species dramatically lowered (Caschetto et al., 2013)
29 Trends in species richness and abundances of copepods at the mid-section of the River Sagittario (Italy) Projection of sites on the first two ordination axes after MDS; stress = Imperviousness - i.e. compacted riverbed 2. Pollution by NH 4+ and PO 4 3-
30 Hyporheic fauna response to global change in climate: the case study of the Rhone River After Dehedin et al., 2013
31 Stygobiotic copepod response to groundwater withdrawal After Di Lorenzo & Galassi, 2013 Mann-Withney U-tests, p=0.043; p=0.049
32 Ecological changes under disturbance: the effects of groundwater availability of the aquifers After Kløve et al., 2013
33 The effect of organic pollution on stygobiotic fauna: the replacement by stygoxenes After Malard et al., 2001
34 Natural disasters: the earthquakes Crustal stress Aquifer strain O 2 increase Earthquake Fracturing Aquifer discharge increase POM increase BIOTRIGGER Ground shaking Fracture cleaning Very fine sand increase Montgomery & Manga, Science, 2003 Galassi et al., Sci. Rep., 2014 Hydrological changes in groundwater trigger alteration of groundwater copepod assemblages
35 The cascade effect: from the earthquake to the biotrigger Galassi et al., 2014
36 Integrative index of groundwater ecosystem status Toward the assessment of integrative indexes scoring the ecological status of the GDEs: groundwater copepods as «model species»? GW quality scoring GW quantity scoring Testing species sensitivity (ecotoxicology, genotoxicity, proteomics) MODEL SPECIES FOR GDEs? scoring Testing Community/assemblage composition under different drivers and pressures scoring
37 Many thanks to all my friends, colleagues, collaborators who made possible this review. Many thanks to the Local Commitee and to Wonchoel Lee and Rony Huys for the attention paid to GW and copepods living there Many thanks to:
Sustainable groundwater management and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Jeanette Howard Groundwater Data Workshop January 28, 2016
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