Performance assessment for irrigation water management: A case study in the Karacabey irrigation scheme in Turkey

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1 Afrcan Journal of Agrcultural Research Vol. 4 (2), pp , February 2009 Avalable onlne at ISSN X 2009 Academc Journals Full Length Research Paper Performance assessment for rrgaton water management: A case study n the Karacabey rrgaton scheme n Turkey Hayrettn Kuscu * Flz Eren Bölüktepe 2 and Al Osman Demr 3 Department of Industral Plants Cultvaton and Evaluaton, Mustafakemalpasa Vocatonal School, Unversty of Uludag, 6500 Bursa, Turkey. 2 Department of Busness Management, Mustafakemalpasa Vocatonal School, Unversty of Uludag, 6500 Bursa, Turkey. 3 Department of Agrcultural Structures and Irrgaton, Faculty of Agrculture, Unversty of Uludag, 6059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey. Accepted 23 December, 2008 The objectve of ths study s to assess the performance of rrgaton water management of the Bursa Karacabey rrgaton scheme (KIS) located n the western Turkey. The study was carred out n two stages. In the frst stage, performance of rrgaton water management was assessed usng two physcal and three fnancal performance ndcators for sx years durng the perod Accordng to the results, the physcal performance ndcators, whch are average rrgaton rato and relatve water supply, were found to be 6% and 0.77, respectvely. Nevertheless, the fnancal performance ndcators, whch are the effectveness of fee collecton, the fnancal self suffcency of fees collected to cover management, operatng and mantenance budgets, and the staffng number per unt area were found as average 03%, 0.94 and persons/ha, respectvely. In the second stage, the rrgaton water management was tested and assessed by the Logt model takng farmers perceptons concernng satsfacton wth takng rrgaton servce. The probablty of the satsfacton n rrgaton fee polcy and mantenance of rrgaton and dranage canals was sgnfcant at 0.0 and 0.05 levels, respectvely. Most of partcpants (80%) who use water from the KIS have been satsfed wth takng servce from the Karacabey Water Users Assocaton. Accordng to the research results, t may be clam that the management wth regard to physcal performance was negatve; on the other hand, the management wth regard to fnancal performance and water user satsfacton was postve. Key words: Irrgaton management, performance ndcators, water user assocaton, logt model, farmer satsfacton. INTRODUCTION Today, organzaton structures are rapdly changng under the mpact of globalzaton, large-scale ndustral changes and envronmental dsasters. Accordng to Drucker (987), n such an envronment, managers have to make more effcent decsons n performance management. Thus, the mprovement n performance management plays a key role n usng organzaton s current resources approprately and creatng compettve advan- * Correspondng author: E-mal: kuscu@uludag.edu.tr tage (Jeston, 2008). Performance assessment s an essental component of performance management. The performance assessment system s seen as the nformaton system whch enables the performance management process to functon effectvely and effcently (Bttc et al., 997). There s a clear relatonshp between performance assessment and organzatonal excellence. The latter can be defned as organzatonal excellence s outstandng practce n managng organzatons and delverng value for all stakeholders. Performance assessment provdes the nformaton needed to assess extend to whch an organzaton delvers value and acheves ex-

2 Kuscu et al. 25 cellence (Moulln, 2007). Therefore, recently, academcs, practtoners and researchers have debated on development of new approaches lookng for better ways of more rapd and relable measurements and determ-naton of organzatonal performance. The lterary on performance management and management control system clam that tradtonal performance ndcators such as profts and return on nvestment, costs are nsuffcent for decson makng, plannng and control operatons n a dynamc envronment. Tradtonal performance ndcators are crtczed because they are shortterm rather than long term focus, measurng the past rather than future (Jusoh et al., 2008). Accordng to these new approaches, performance assessment systems should reflect all dmensons of organzatonal performance n a balanced and ntegratve framework. Thus, t became man pont of performance ndcators, such as corporate socal responsblty, stakeholder satsfacton and partcpaton, contnuous mprovement, qualty standards and excellence (Carroll, 979; Lewn and Mnton, 986; Kaplan and Norton, 992; Lakhal, 2006; Chevaler, 2008). Furthermore, performance assessment systems should algn wth organzaton s peculartes such as ndustry type, publc enterprse sector and prvate sector, sze, organzatonal culture and strategc goals, etc. (Bttc et al., 997; Neely, 2004; Van Aken et al., 2005; Rantanen et al., 2007). Irrgaton s of major mportance n many countres. It s mportant n terms of agrcultural producton and food supply, the ncomes of rural people, publc nvestment for rural development, and often recurrent publc expendtures for the agrcultural sector. Yet dssatsfacton wth the performance of rrgaton projects n developng countres s wdespread. Despte ther promse as engnes of agrcultural growth, rrgaton projects typcally perform far below ther potental (Small and Svendsen, 992). Headtal problems, leaky canals and malfunctonng structures because of delayed mantenance, leadng to low wateruse effcency and low yelds, are some of the commonly expressed problems. A large part of low performance may be due to nadequate water management at system and feld level (Cakmak et al., 2004). In Turkey, the rrgaton rato and rrgaton effcency have been 65 and 45%, respectvely (Anonymous, 2008). Poor dstrbuton and management of rrgaton water s a major factor contrbutng to ths stuaton. Adequate montorng and evaluaton of performance are needed to mprove water management practces n order to acheve an ncrease n overall effcency (Sarma and Rao, 997). Low performance, wth fscal pressures from ncreasng operaton and mantenance (O and M) costs, has provded a major stmulus for transferrng management of rrgaton schemes to user management. Transfer can have postve effects for farmers, ncludng mproved rrgaton servce and mantenance, a sense of ownershp of resources, ncreased accountablty and transparency. However, the results of management transfer n mprove- ng O and M and water use effcency are mxed (Vermllon, 997). Performance assessment enables verfcaton of the degree to whch targets and objectves are beng realzed. It also provdes dfferent stakeholders (system managers, farmers, and polcy makers) wth a better understandng of how a system operates. It can help determne problems and dentfy ways and means of mprovng system performance (Cakmak et al., 2004). In ths respect, an rrgaton water management system requres forms of performance measurement and determnes that reflect the dfferng needs and expectatons of the stakeholders nvolved. Irrgaton water managers have to successfully balance the competng demands of varous stakeholder groups. Especally, farmers are one of the strategc stakeholders of water busness. Payng attenton to the farmers may provde economc and socal benefts for rrgaton system. More mportantly, f an rrgaton system commtted to farmers satsfacton, t can supply more and better sustanablty nformaton. The performance has been assessed for ndvdual schemes, schemes n a basn, and schemes at natonal level for specfc types such as those publc-operated and transferred to users organzatons or cross-system comparson of rrgaton systems all over the world. Most of researchers have conducted studes to assess the performance of rrgaton management process usng fnancal and physcal ndcators (Molden and Gates, 990; Sakthvadvel et al., 993; Bos et al., 994; Merdun, 2004, Yercan et al., 2004; Jayatllake, 2004; Daz et al., 2004; Degrmenc et al., 2006; Yıldırım et al., 2007). On the other hand, a few researchers have conducted studes to evaluate rrgaton water management from the perspectve of farmers (Nak and Kalro, 2000; Yercan, 2003; Ghosh et al., 2005; Kuscu et al., 2008). In ths study, the rrgaton water management of KIS transferred to farmer management n the southwest of the Susurluk Basn n the west of Turkey was determned and assessed wth performance ndcators such as farmers satsfacton as well as physcal and fnancal performance ndcators n balanced and ntegratve perspectve. BACKGROUNDS In Turkey, rrgaton development s the responsblty of State Hydraulc Works (DS). The DS s the man nvestment agency responsble for plannng, development and management of water and sol resources. It s therefore responsble for water supply, large dams for flood control, rrgaton, power generaton, water supply and also for groundwater development. Transfer of operaton, mantenance, and management responsbltes of rrgaton systems from DS to Water User Organzatons (WUOs) has ganed momentum snce 993. Whle small and solated projects were transferred before 993, transfer actvtes began to nclude large-scale rrgaton systems after 993. WUOs assume the responsblty for operaton

3 26 Afr. J. Agrc. Res. rghts of the project; they do not take the ownershp rghts away from DS. Reasons of IMT are to decrease n budget and other assets; the realty that users often perform servces more economcally, more systematcally, and more swftly; and smlar approaches n the world. Nevertheless, targets of IMT are decrease n operaton and mantenance expendtures (personnel, energy, mantenance, and repar costs); more equtable, relable, and adequate water dstrbuton; and soluton of problems n each localty. WUOs can be n several forms. If an rrgaton network goes through one local authorty area, the management of the rrgaton network can be transferred to that authorty. However, the majortes of rrgaton networks go through more than one local authorty area or serve more than one admnstratve unt. So they could be transferred to Water User Assocatons (WUAs) and Irrgaton Cooperatves (ICs). Irrgaton schemes, whch serve the area of only one admnstratve unt, could be transferred to ICs, as well as to the Muncpaltes and Vllage Authortes. The transfer rato of DS has reached 94%, whch ndcates the success of these transfer actvtes (Anonymous, 2008). MATERIAL AND METHODS Study ste The KIS les n the southwest of the Susurluk Basn n the west of Turkey (Fgure ). It has a gross command area of 6683 hectares. The average land holdng n the rrgaton dstrct s 2.5 hectares. The man water source for the system s the Manyas Lake. Water to the scheme s delvered by means of a regulator and an electrcal pump staton constructed on the Karadere Rver lan outlet of the lake. The rrgaton network comprses 6 km of man canals, 263 km of secondary and 262 km of tertary canals. Lkewse, there s a network of 96 km of dranage canals. The local clmate s temperate, summers are hot and dry, and wnters are mld and rany. Accordng to long-term meteorologcal data (929-99), annual mean ranfall, temperature, and relatve humdty are 689 mm, 4 o C, and 70%, respectvely (Anonymous, 992). A sub humd clmate prevals n the regon accordng to mean ranfall amount (from 600 to 700 mm of annual precptaton) (Jensen, 980), but ranfall amounts are extremely low n the summer perod. There was lmted ranfall durng the crop-growng season. The KIS was constructed n 989. It was managed by DSI untl 996 and was transferred from the DSI to the Karacabey Water User Assocaton (KWUA) n 998 wth the natonal transfer program. Ths transfer program has ncluded only shftng authorty for operaton and mantenance (O and M) to the KWUA. In the KIS, water allocatons are based on planned croppng patterns of the farmers. METHODOLOGY AND DATA The KIS was selected for analyss because of ts larger-than-average servce area n the Susurluk Basn. The study was carred out n two stages. In the frst stage, the KIS was assessed by fve performance ndcators suggested by Abernethy (989), Molden and Gates (990), Bos et al. (993), the Internatonal Irrgaton Ma- nagement Insttute (Molden et al., 998), Vermllon (2000) and Mondal and Saleh (2003) accordng to rrgaton management process. The analyss s based on tme seres. Tme seres coverng a perod of 6 years were collected to measure change n performance over tme at the scheme level. Data were obtaned from kept by the DSI and the KWUA. Performance of a system s represented by ts measured levels of achevements n terms of one or several parameters, whch are consdered as ndcators of system s goals. The process of performance evaluaton conssts of specfcally measurng the extent to whch the goals are beng met at the end of a gven tme and, thus requres that all the relevant nputs and outputs are evaluated. Ths evaluaton s done through performance ndcators (Mondal and Saleh, 2003). Selected performance ndcators are gven as follows: () physcal performance ndcators: 0. the rate of rrgaton (RI) = rrgated land (ha)/rrgable land (ha) 0.2 relatve water supply (RWS) = total water supply (m 3 )/crop water demand (m 3 ) () fnancal performance ndcators: 0. the effectveness of fee collecton (EFC) = collected fee/total fee 0.2 fnancal self-suffcency (FSS) = annual fee revenue/total annual expendtures 0.3 staffng number per unt area (SNA) = total number of personnel engaged n O and M servce/total command area servced by the system. Irrgated land refers that the porton of the actually rrgated land n any gven rrgaton season. Irrgable land s that the area of potental scheme command area whch the rrgaton network has the capacty to rrgate (Yercan et al., 2004). The RI s one of the agrcultural ndcators and becomes more mportant where water s a lmtng resource towards rrgaton development (Kuscu et al., 2008). RWS s the rato of total water supply to the total demand at scheme level, and can be used both as a measurement of adequacy and seasonal tmelness. Ths varable consttutes a powerful analytcal tool as t ncorporates the management element and farmers reacton to perceved water avalablty. It s no dmensonal parameter (Levne, 982). The denomnator ncludes consumptve use, non-benefcal ET, losses to drans, and net flow to groundwater. In the KIS, the water consumpton or ET of the all crops planted n the rrgaton season s determned by the Blaney-Crddle method. RWS s a physcal performance ndcator. Physcal ndcators deal wth the lftng, conveyance and delvery of rrgaton water from the source to the farmers felds by management of rrgaton facltes (Mondal and Saleh, 2003). In the second stage of the study, a data set of agrcultural holdngs was collected wth the am of determnng socal performance n In order to determne the probablty of satsfacton wth takng rrgaton servce, 7 vllages n the servce area were classfed (wthn themselves) nto 3 groups accordng to the locatons along the servce area (head, mddle and tal). Nne vllages, 3 from each group, (Akhsar, Beylk, Hamdye, Hotanl, Kepekler, Kucukkaraagac, Ortasarbey, Ovaesemen and Esksultanye) were selected for study (Fgure ). In these nne vllages, 4 land sze classes (0.0 ha,. 5.0 ha, ha and above 0.0 ha) were created accordng to the holdng sze usng a stratfed random samplng method (Cochran, 977) the number of respondents n each vllage was determned. A cross secton survey,questons were asked to 90 farmers out of 700 water users who belong to the KWUA. Questonnare s related wth satsfacton takng rrgaton servce from the KWUA was tested by Logt model. It s consdered regresson models n whch the dependent and ndependent varables take a value of or 0 and pont out some of the nterest

4 Fgure. The Karacabey Irrgaton Scheme. Kuscu et al. 27

5 28 Afr. J. Agrc. Res. Table. Defnton of varables n the satsfacton wth the takng rrgaton servce Y X X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 Dependent varable Satsfacton () and dssatsfacton (0) wth the takng rrgaton servce Independent varable Postve () and negatve (0) satsfacton n adequacy of rrgaton water suppled to the farm Postve () and negatve (0) satsfacton n farness of water dstrbuton wthn the system Postve () and negatve (0) satsfacton n tmelness of water delvery to the farm Postve () and negatve (0) satsfacton n rrgaton fee polcy Postve () and negatve (0) satsfacton n mantenance of rrgaton and dranage canals restng estmaton problems assocated wth such models (Gujarat, 995; Greene, 2000). The basc deas underlyng the Logt model are gven n the below tems: P = E Y = X = + 2X () where Y and X are gven n Table. Consder the followng representaton of Y: Y = P = E = - ( + 2 X ) X + e for ease of exposton, we wrte as: P = + e -Z (3) where Z = + 2X Eq. (4) represent what s known as the logstc dstrbuton functon. It s easy to verfy that as Z ranges from - to +, P ranges between 0 and that P s nonlnearly related to Z (.e. X ). That P s non-lnear not only n X but also n s can be seen clearly from (2). If P, the probablty of beng n satsfacton wth the takng servce s gven by (3), then ( - P ), the probablty of not beng n satsfacton wth the takng servce, s: P = + e Z (4) therefore, t can be wrtten: P - P = + e + e Z -Z (5) P / ( P ) s smply odds rato n favour of satsfacton, a rato of probablty that a farmer wll be n satsfacton wth the takng servce to the probablty that he wll not be n satsfacton. (2) If t s taken the natural log of (5), we obtan a result, namely: L = ln P - P = Z = + 2X (6) L s called the Logt, and hence the name Logt model for the models lke (6). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physcal performance ndcators Data used to calculate the measures of physcal performance are detaled n Table 2 analyzng the performance of rrgaton water management. Average IR for the perod was found to be 6%. Beyrbey (997) determned IR as lower than 30% n 74 schemes, between 30 and 60% n 72 schemes, as and hgher than 60% n 53 schemes from a total of the rrgaton schemes n Turkey. Ths ndcates that average IR values of KIS are some on of the natonal average. An RWS value of or hgher ndcates adequate and less than ndcates nadequate supply of rrgaton (Beyrbey, 997; Degrmenc et al., 2003; Kuscu et al., 2008). Average RWS was found to be 0.77 for the perod As s shown n Table 2, RWS values were lower than what can be consdered an deal level of. In 2007 year, water dverted to the rrgaton scheme was very lower than crop water demand. Ths ndcates that crops are not gettng enough water. Also, the lowest value of IR (46%) was determned n 2007 year. Probably, ths s the reason creatng from the out of KWUA. In that tme there was less ranfall, less treatment on the canal system, organzaton defcency, croppng ntensty, type of crop grown, etc. In a smlar study, Cakmak et al. (2004) determned the RWS values as average for fve rrgaton schemes of the State Hydrualc Works (DS) 0 th Regon n Turkey for perods. The hghest and the lowest values for relatve water supply were found n the Malaysa-Sg. Mank (4.9) and Malaysa- Mada (0.37) rrgaton schemes (Ghazall, 2004). Accordng to the physcal performance ndcators, water for rrgaton n the KIS was not at deal levels. All of the servce area cannot be rrgated because of lack of rrgaton nfrastructure, water scarcty, croppng ntensty, less ranfall, fallow and soco-economc reasons. Snce clmatc condtons and sol structures are favourable, t has done generally vegetables and corn growng (86%) n the servce area. Despte economc values of ths crops are hgh; crop water demands are hgh, too. In order to rase rrgaton rato and relatve water supply, crop pattern should be carefully planned. Tranng and extenson of farmers and rrgaton mangers n techncal and economc respects are also vtal to the augmentaton of the rrgaton rato and relatve water supply. Furrow s the most common method of rrgaton n the study regon. Farm effcency n surface rrgaton methods such as n border

6 Kuscu et al. 29 Table 2. Physcal performance ndcators. Years Irrgable land (ha) Irrgated land (ha) Total water supply (m 3 /ha/season) Crop water demand (ET) (m 3 /ha/season) The rate of rrgaton (RI) (%) Relatve water supply (RWS) (no dmenson) Table 3. Fnancal performance ndcators. Years Collected fee (TL) Total fee (TL) Annual fee revenue (TL) Total annual expendtures (TL) EFC (%) FSS SNA (persons/ha) Average or furrow rrgatons s about 60%. If leakage, evaporaton, and operatonal losses are ncluded, effcency becomes 50%. In other words, to provde the necessary cubc meter of water for a crop, 2 cubc meters of water are consumed, resultng n waste of lmted water resources, thus ncreasng costs, and addtonal power consumpton. Drp and sprnkler rrgaton methods should be used due to numerous advantages such as hgher rrgaton effcency over furrow methods n the rrgaton servce area. In order to use the water effectvely, t should be shfted from classc open-channel dstrbuton networks to closed ppelne dstrbuton network. Water savngs ncrease n pressurzed ppe networks. The closed ppelnes may be encouraged n modern rrgaton systems. Furthermore, on-farm water losses consttute the major proporton of total water losses n rrgaton, and the man source of losses are farmng practces. Therefore, the most mportant factor s to ncrease farm effcency. When sprnkler and drp rrgaton methods are utlzed nstead of tradtonal methods, effcency ncreases from 60% to 80-90% respectvely. It means 20 30% water savng at on-farm level alone. Sustanable rrgaton s at rsk due to excessve floodng of lands wth napproprate rrgaton methods. Therefore, cultvaton plans and patterns should be followed and water must be suppled to the root zone after effcent measurement on a volume bass. Snce crop water requrements cannot be reduced to any great extent durng rrgatons, water savng can only be acheved durng water conveyance, water dstrbuton, system operaton and feld water applcaton. Fnancal performance ndcators Temporal varatons of the fnancal performance ndcators for the perod are shown n Table 3. The effectveness of fee collecton s one of the most mportant ndcators for water user assocatons because of the only source of ncome and contrbuton to sustanablty of assocatons. The effectveness of fee collecton was found as average 03%. As t can be seen from Table 3, the EFC values have been at a satsfactory level. The rato of fnancal self-suffcency s the annual revenue from water user fees dvded by total annual expendtures. The FSS of fees collected to cover management, operatng and mantenance budgets was found as average 0.94 that t s a reasonable level. As t can be seen from the Table 3, the cost of rrgaton was pad by stakeholders (water users). Yercan et al. (2004) determned EFC and FSS values as 90 to 98% and to 2.6 for eght rrgaton schemes n Gedz Rver Basn n Western Turkey, respectvely. Temporal varatons for staffng number per unt area (SNA) are presented n Table 3. Average SNA was about persons/ha. Accordng to Beksoglu (994), optmal command area servced by the system of one

7 30 Afr. J. Agrc. Res. Satsfacton Dssatsfacton Water users' vews (%) Y X X2 X3 X4 X5 Varables n the satsfacton wth the takng rrgaton servce Fgure 2. Perceved the takng rrgaton servce by stakeholders. (see Table for Y, X, X2, X3, X4, X5). Table 4. The parameter estmates of the Logt model on satsfacton or dssatsfacton from the takng rrgaton servce. Independent Varables (X n) Estmated coeffcent Standard devaton Z-statstc Odds Rato P-value X X X X ** X * Constant Dependent varable (Y): observed = 52 (satsfacton wth the takng rrgaton servce), 0 = 38 (dssatsfacton wth the takng rrgaton servce), total = 90. Log lkelhood = Based on surveyed data. ** Sgnfcant at 0.0, * Sgnfcant at personnel engaged n O and M servce was approxmately 333 ha (0.003 persons/ha). In smlar studes, Cakmak et al. (2004) determned the staffng level per hectare as for rrgaton schemes of DS 0 th Regon. In another study, staffng level per hectare was observed as by Nalbantoglu and Cakmak (2007) n Akıncı Irrgaton Dstrct. Accordng to the above data, SNA values were n adequate level. Perceved the takng rrgaton servce by farmers The water users (stakeholders ) pont of vew about the rrgaton water management was desgnated accordng to satsfacton or dssatsfacton on the base of takng some servces from the KWUA. Parameters are gven n Table 4 and Fgure 2 accordng to the data of Table. The probablty of the satsfacton n rrgaton fee polcy and mantenance of rrgaton and dranage canals s hghly sgnfcant at 0.0 and 0.05 levels, respectvely. Satsfacton n farness of water dstrbuton wthn the system has negatve effect on the satsfacton takng rrgaton servce, but s not sgnfcant at the 0.05 level (Table 4). In a smlar study, Kuscu et al. (2008) determned the probablty of changes after management transfer n adequacy of rrgaton water suppled to the farm, n farness of water dstrbuton wthn the system, n tmelness of water delvery to the farm, n rrgaton fee polcy, and n mantenance of dranage canals as sgnfycant at the 0.0 level. In another study, the probablty of the changes n rrgaton tmng, n the water volume and n the mantenance actvtes was observed as sgnfcant at 0.05 (Yercan, 2003). Accordng to the research results, more than 80 percent of partcpants (water users) who use water from the KIS have been satsfed wth takng servce from the Karacabey Water Users Assocaton. Also, stakeholders vews n pont of adequacy of rrgaton water suppled to the farm, farness of water dstrbuton wthn the system, tmelness of water delvery to the farm and mantenance of rrgaton and dranage canals are postve (more than

8 Kuscu et al. 3 79%). On the other hand, stakeholders vews n pont of rrgaton fee polcy are negatve by a rato of 43% (Fgure 2). Ths s also proved by the statstcal data n Table 4. The water users generally declared nstalments (fxed term), hgh nterest and expensve rrgaton fees to be napproprate. In the dstrct, contract farmng s domnant. The farmers take prces of products at the determned term because of these contracts. Ths term does not ft n wth the payment plans of the KWUA and the water users pay nterest on ther rrgaton fees. Nevertheless, the cost of rrgaton was pad by stakeholders (Table 3). So, the partcpaton of the users has been acheved. And some proft was created, too. Ths s mportant for the new nvestments. The proft from the cost recovery was used for nfrastructure nvestment costs such as excavator, dgger and other machnery and equpment. The satsfacton n mantenance of rrgaton and dranage canal s confrmaton of ths dea. Conclusons Ths study determned and assessed wth performance ndcators based on farmers satsfacton as a socal performance ndcator as well as physcal and fnancal performance ndcates the performance of rrgaton water management of the Bursa Karacabey rrgaton scheme, whch s located western Turkey. Therefore, ths study provdes support for lterature clamng that performance measurement systems should be desgned to take nto consderaton of both physcal performance ndcators and fnancal performance ndcators, socal performance ndcators n a balanced and ntegratve perspectve. Few researches used logt model to examne determnants of farmers satsfacton as a socal performance ndcator n lterature. Ths study s one of the frst to use logt model on examnng determnants of farmer satsfacton and expectaton wth water user assocaton. In concluson, for effcent water management, all actvtes n the rrgaton network should be montored and checked, techncal requrements should be met, tranng and extenson should be enhanced, evaluatons should be performed on a daly and seasonal bass and the results should be delvered to the relevant ndvdual and nsttutons wth an effcent montorng and evaluaton system. The vtalty of the montorng and evaluaton system should be well understood by all relevant ndvduals, from water users to managers. When ths s acheved, problems and solutons n project management can be easly and rapdly defned. One of the most mportant reasons for not reachng the targeted performance level n rrgaton systems s that t emphaszes the physcal nfrastructure, neglectng the socal dmenson on the other hand. Therefore partcpaton rrgaton management s put on the agenda n operaton of rrgaton systems. REFERENCES Abernethy CL (989) Performance crtera for rrgaton systems. 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