PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS FOR HEATING AND COOLING NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS
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1 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS FOR HEATING AND COOLING NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS Case Studies from Germany Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Wystrcil Dr.-Ing. Doreen Kalz Fraunhofer Institute forsolar Energy Systems IEA HPP Annex 40, Workshop Nagoya, Nov
2 Towards Net/Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Examples of Convincing Projects Hebel Sonnenkraft BMVBS Plusenergiehaus Energieautarkes Solarhaus Voggenthal Bugginger 50 Jenni Solvis Solar Decathlon Wuppertal
3 Energy Optimized Buildings Germany, EnOB nzeb 3
4 Energy Optimized Buildings Germany, EnOB nzeb: Balancing Source: A.J. Marszal, J.S. Bourrelle, E. Musall, P. Heiselberg, A. Gustavsen, K. Voss: Net Zero Energy Buildings Calculation Methodologies versus National Building Codes, in: EuroSun Conference, Graz, Austria,
5 Energy Optimized Buildings Germany, EnOB Long-term Monitoring over several years OFFICE BUILDINGS andere Others Energieträger Strom P el Gutschrift CHP KWK Gutschrift PV PV End Endenergieverbrauch energy demand in kwh/m²a in kwh/m 2 /a Primärenergiebilanz Primaryenergy in kwh/m²a balance in kwh/m 2 /a Production Education Office buildings Bildung Bürogebäude Produktion 5 EcoTec 99 Wagner 01 ISE-Büro 03 DB Netz 01 GIT 05 Lamparter 03 Pollmeier 03 KfW 05 Energieforum 05 Energon 05 TMZ 04 BOB 05 SIC 05 FH BRS 01 NIZ 04 ZUB 03 GMS 05 LEO 97 Hübner 01 SurTec 02 Solvis 05 Lebenshilfe 05 keine Stromdaten Teilbelegung,? Teilbelegung, 60% EcoTec 99 andere OthersEnergieträger Wagner 01 Strom P el ISE-Büro 03 DB Netz 01 Bildung Bürogebäude Teilbelegung, ohne Bürobeleuchtung Teilbelegung, Referenzbürogebäude GIT 05 Lamparter 03 Pollmeier 03 KfW 05 Energieforum 05 Energon 05 TMZ 04 BOB 05 SIC 05 FH BRS 01 NIZ 04 ZUB 03 GMS 05 LEO 97 Hübner 01 ohne Strom für Beleuchtung SurTec 02 Produktion Solvis 05 ohne Strom für Beleuchtung Lebenshilfe 05 keine Stromdaten Teilbelegung,? Teilbelegung, 60% Teilbelegung, ohne Bürobeleuchtung Teilbelegung, 75% ohne Strom für Beleuchtung Referenzgebäude ohne Strom Beleuchtung
6 Buildings and HVAC Overview Buildings: 6 Investigated projects: 16 (5 to follow) Projects: EnOB(15 new buildings, 1 refurbishment, 3 schools), LowEx:Monitor, ModQS Office buildings, schools: to m² Heat sink/source: Ground water (3), Borehole heat exchangers (11), Ground collectors/piles (2) Various dimensioning of the BHEX-Field: 8 50 m/kw therm HP Heat pump: Electric Compression-HP (13), Absorptions-HP (3): Power: 33 to 320 kw therm Compressor stages: 1 to 4 Heat supply: 5 monovalent, 11 bi-/ multivalent (Biomass, Gas, District heating, Solar) Waste heat recovery in 6 Projects (e.g. decoupling during cold production)
7 Methodology for Analysis and Evaluation Balance Boundaries I to IV Measurement data with high temporal resolution from demonstration projects over several operational years (1min - 10min increments) IV USEFUL ENERGY Standardized evaluation of the plants with Datastorage Analysis and evaluation according to operational modes: Heating, direct and active cooling, total operation III II I HEAT PUMP GENERATION Evaluation of 5 system boundaries Energy and efficiency Operational Performance HEAT SOURCE HEAT SINK STORAGE HP 7
8 Methodology for Analysis and Evaluation Balance Boundaries II and HP II I HEAT PUMP GENERATION HP HEAT SOURCE HEAT SINK 8
9 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Energy Performance Heat supply by heat pumps in the analyzed buildings 16,8 to 66,7kWh therm /m 2 a In most plants below 40 kwh therm /m 2 a Monovalent and bivalent supply Supplied heat by heat pump in kwh therm /m 2 a 9
10 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Efficiency Efficiency of heat pump Electric HP: 2,4 to 6,6 No clear difference between monovalent and multivalent operation Thermal HP: 0,8 1,3* SPF Heat Pump SPF>4 SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] * SPF according VDI 4650, Page 2 (ultimate energy based, thermal and electric input) 10
11 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Impact of Auxiliary Energy Efficiency of heat pump Electric HP: 2,4 to 6,6 No clear difference between monovalent and multivalent operation Thermal HP: 0,8 1,3* Efficiency of HP system Electric HP : 2,1 6,1 Obvious reduction of SPF of 6 15% in some cases Efficiency of system determined by HP and auxiliary energy -6 to - 15% SPF Heat Pump SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] SPF>4 11
12 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Operation Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Low temperature difference in the primary circuit, often 1 3 K Temperaturdifferenz: Sekundär [K] Temperaturniveau: Sekundär [K] Temperaturhub: Primär-Sekundär [K] SPF Heat Pump SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] 12
13 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Operation Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Low temperature difference in the primary circuit, often 1 3 K Temperature difference in the secondary circuit between 2 and 5K Temperature Difference Secondary Circuit [K] Temperaturniveau: Sekundär [K] Temperaturhub: Primär-Sekundär [K] SPF Heat Pump SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] 13
14 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Operation Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Low temperature difference in the primary circuit, often 1 3 K Temperature difference in the secondary circuit between 2 and 5K Temperature level in the secondary circuit depends on the heat delivery system Ventilation and surface-near systems: C TABS: C Temperature Difference Secondary Circuit [K] Temperature Level Secondary Circuit [ C] Temperaturhub: Primär-Sekundär [K] SPF Heat Pump SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] 14
![Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Operation Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Low temperature difference in the primary circuit, often 1 3 K Temperature](/docs-images/76/73150367/images/15-1.jpg "difference in the secondary circuit between 2 and 5K Temperature level in the secondary circuit depends on the heat delivery system Ventilation and surface-near")
15 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Analysis of Operation Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Low temperature difference in the primary circuit, often 1 3 K Temperature difference in the secondary circuit between 2 and 5K Temperature level in the secondary circuit depends on the heat delivery system Ventilation and surface-near systems: C TABS: C Big temperature lifts between primary and secondary circuit in some cases reduced efficiency Temperature Difference Secondary Circuit [K] Temperature Level Secondary Circuit [ C] Temperature Lift: Primary-Secondary [K] SPF Heat Pump SPF Heat Pump System Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] 15
![Difference Secondary Circuit [K] Temperature Level Secondary](/docs-images/76/73150367/images/16-3.jpg "Circuit [ C] Temperature Lift: Primary-Secondary [K] SPF Heat")
![Pump Temperature SC [ C] SPF Heat Pump System SPF 2.6 SPF 6.](/docs-images/76/73150367/images/16-4.jpg "1 Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%]")
16 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Efficiency+Temperature Level Temperature Difference Primary Circuit [K] Temperature Difference Secondary Circuit [K] Temperature Level Secondary Circuit [ C] Temperature Lift: Primary-Secondary [K] SPF Heat Pump Temperature SC [ C] SPF Heat Pump System SPF 2.6 SPF 6.1 Fraction Auxiliary Energy on Total Consumption [%] Temperature PRIMARY Circuit [ C] 16
17 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Heating Delivery Systems CEILING SUSPENDED SURFACE-NEAR FLOOR CONCRETE CORE PANELS CONDITIONING CONDITIONING CONDITIONING retrofit new construction decreasing temperature level 17
18 Heat Pumps in Heating Mode Impact of hydraulic connection 28 C HP >45 C 45 C SPF 3.6 Storage 40 C SPF C HP SPF C/ 45 C Storage SPF C 18
19 Heat Pumps in the Future Energy System Significant increase in installed heat pump capacity* Installed capacity, GW th % 81% 82% 83% 84% 85% Reduction of CO 2 -Emissions compared to Installed capacity, GW el CHP BWK Gas HP HP brine HP air sol-thermal distr. heat 19 * source: Fraunhofer ISE, ReModD, 2013
20 Heat Pumps in the Future Energy System Why do we study demand response with buildings? Why demand-response? The increasing share of Wind and PV in the German energy system causes strong fluctuations in electricity availability Demand response is an affordable way to reduce the demand for Electric storage capacity Electric storage power Why use buildings? The collectivity of heat pumps and chillers has a high electric power The collectivity of buildings has a high thermal storage capacity The electricity load for heat and cold generationcan be shifted, storing the energy as heat or cold Benefits It can be fully automated. Ideally, the user doesn t even notice Low hardware investments required (only controllers, no storages) Small temperature differences due to high thermal mass 20
21 Heat Pumps in the Future Energy System Towards grid-optimal operation of heat pumps Consumption with low fraction wind+pv Consumption with high fraction wind+pv Different operation modes Load-based Time tables Heat generation mostly during night-time Low fraction of wind + PV Average power of heat pump [kw el ] Load based operation H01 Building Load based operation H02 Building 02 Defined time table Defined time table HC02 HC03 Building 03 Building Fraction on daily consumption [%] H01 Ceiling 22% H02 TABS 19% HC02 TABS 27% HC03 TABS+Ceiling 32% 36% 45% 46% 19% hour of day hour of day Stunde des Tages [h]
22 Summary and Conclusion Performance evaluation of heat pump systems Long experience monitoring and optimization of demonstration buildings Performance evaluation of 16 heat pump systems Seasonal Performance Factors between 2,3 and 6,1kWh therm /kwh el High impact of auxiliary energy High impact of hydraulic system design Analysis of heat pumps in the future energy system Significant increase in installed heat pump capacity Opportunity of demand side management 22
23 Outlook Heat pump systems in the electrical grid Buildings leave a lot of their potential for grid-interactivity untapped. The easiest way to improve grid-interactivity is to reduce electricity consumption in the morning and the evening. In order to make buildings highly grid-interactive, large thermal storage capacities are required, i.e. activation of the thermal mass. This requires sophisticated control strategies in order to retain thermal comfort. 23
24 Thank you for your attention! Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Wystrcil 24
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