EU policies for increasing the energy performance of buildings

Transcription

1 Kiev, Ukraine, 7 Nov 2013 EU policies for increasing the energy performance of buildings Bogdan ATANASIU Buildings Performance Institute Europe Bogdan.atanasiu@bpie.eu

2 Buildings in the European Union Status: 28 countries in the EU 42% of the energy consumption 35% of EU greenhouse gases emissions 9% of EU GDP 7-8 % of EU employment Important cultural, historic, and economic value 501 million inhabitants living in ~ 160 million homes Architectural protection of historic buildings Large market for the construction sector, appliances and equipment Business opportunities, especially for SMEs Several studies indicate large potential for significant and cost -effective energy savings between 22% (by 2020) and by 46% (by 2030) compared to 2005.

3 DE FR UK IT ES PL NL SE CH RO BE PT HU EL AT CZ DK NO FI BG SK IE LT SI LV CY EE LU MT Billion m2 Cental & East North & West South Building stock 2010: old & inefficient 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Floor Space per country Residential Non Residential Final energy consumption in the building sector for the EU27 Age profile of residential floor space GR MT ES IT FI IE AT NL DE FR SE DK UK EE LT LV HU RO SK SI PL BG CZ 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Pre Source: Europe s buildings under the microscope, BPIE 2011, available at:

4 EU Policy: long-term framework - Low-carbon Economy 2050 Roadmap: GHG reduction vs Power -7% -54 to -68% -93 to -99% Industry -20% -34 to -40% -83 to -87% Transport 30% +20 to -9% -54 to -67% Residential and services -12% -37 to -53% -88 to-91% Agriculture -20% -36 to -37% -42 to -49% - Roadmap for a Resource-Efficient Europe 2050: - buildings among the 3 key sectors (together with food and transport) - High efficiency potential: influence 42% of the final energy consumption, 35% of the CO₂ emissions, >50% of all extracted materials and 30% of water consumption. - Energy 2050 Roadmap: energy efficiency potential in buildings is key Residential sector annual change [%] Final energy demand [ktoe] 0,8 0,7-1,0-1,3-1,6-2,1 Heating and cooling ,4-1,7-2,2-3,2 Appliances & lighting 2,0 1,6 1,4 0,4 0,8 0,7

5 Short- & medium- term objectives EU Commission to report by 30 June 2014 whether the EU is on track to reach its 20% energy efficiency goal and to take appropriate measures!

6 One aim, two big challenges by 2050! Renovate deeper and faster! Reaching for zero! Nearly climate neutral! Nearly zero-energy! ~25% new buildings ~75% Actual building stock 2050 building stock

7 A complex policy framework for energy in buildings Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU Eco-design Directive 2009/125/EC Labeling Directive 2010/30/EU) Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EU 20% energy savings by 2020 Energy-related products Specific delegated acts Energy-related products Specific delegated acts Buildings 20% RES share in gross final consumption by 2020 MS Periodical National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) Minimum requirements Product regulations Labeling Complement eco-design MS Periodical National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs)

8 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): Targets & savings Clearly defines EU energy efficiency target by 1474 Mtoe primary energy (1078Mtoe final energy) in 2020 By 30 April 2013: Indicative national targets for 2020 (primary or final, savings or consumption or energy intensity) Source: European Commission

9 EED: main requirements related to buildings By 30 April 2014: EU MSs have to elaborate long-term renovation plans (Art 4): Overview of national building stock Identify cost-effective approaches Estimates of savings Policies and measures Exemplary role of public sector (Art 5 &6): Must purchase only products, services & buildings with high EE performance Must renovate 3%/yr of buildings owned and occupied by central government By 31 December 2013: EU MSs to set up an inventory of government buildings By 1 January 2014: EU MSs to start the renovation of central government buildings (or alternative approaches)

10 How to Design an Effective Renovation Strategy Available at Buildings data from the EU countries:

11 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 31/2010/EU) Energy performance & Cost optimality Existing Buildings - MSs: Minimum energy performance requirements - Cost-optimal methodology (common framework) - Requirements for technical building systems - All the buildings undergoing major renovation should implement energy efficiency measures - Minimum requirements for buildings and components New Buildings Nearly Zero Energy Buildings - By 31 Dec public admin. buildings - By 31 Dec all buildings - National plans for nzeb Energy performance certification HVAC inspection Financial incentives & Market barriers - Implement EPC schemes - Recommendation for cost-optimal improvements - Independent control systems - Regular inspections (heating > 20kW, AC>12kW) - Independent control systems - MSs: to prepare lists of measures and instruments - Take into account cost-optim. for these measures

12 Energy Performance Certificates (Art ) All EU MS established a certification system for building energy performance EPCs: issued for buildings or building units which are constructed, sold or rented out Issued for public buildings with a total useful floor area over 500m2 (over 250m2 from 2015) and frequently visited by the public; to be shown on the building obligation to include recommendations for the cost-optimal or cost-effective improvement of the energy performance provide information on the actual impact of heating and cooling, on its primary energy consumption and on its CO2 emissions. may provide an estimate for the range of payback periods or cost-benefits over its economic lifecycle. The MSs should establish an independent control mechanism. The validity period of an EPC is no more than 10 years.

13 Energy Performance Certificates: BPIE analysis 2010 Promotion Administration/ registration system AT Regional promotion Regional databases BE (Fl) Regional promotion Regional database CZ Low attention on promotion No database DK FR DE Promotion aimed at professionals Low attention on promotion, but professionals informed National promotion campaign by energy agency HU National promotion campaign IE National promotion campaign by energy agency Central database No database No database No database Central database NL National promotion campaign Central database PL Low attention on promotion No database PT Promotion by energy agency dedicated to stakeholders Central database ES Low attention on promotion No database Available at Compliance/enforcement No practical/functional enforcement Enforcement system with penalties No practical/functional enforcement No practical/functional enforcement No practical/functional enforcement No practical/functional enforcement No practical/functional enforcement Enforcement system with penalties No practical/functional enforcement No practical/functional enforcement Enforcement system with penalties No practical/functional enforcement Improvement desirable Room for improvement Good

14 Cost-optimal methodology (Article 5, EPBD) - Delegated Regulation EU 244/2012 of 16 Jan 2012 published by the EU Commission in March 2012 on: a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements - Implementation guidelines published by the EU Comm in April MSs: national calculations based on framework methodology: by March MS reported already to the EU Commission: Aims: - To set energy performance requirements, also by considering the economic aspects as a driver for improving technical building codes - To shift focus from upfront investment costs to global life cycle costs (including energy costs)

15 Steps of cost-optimality 1. Select/define reference buildings/systems 2. Establish sets of buildings measures (energy efficiency and RES) 3. Calculate the thermal performance of elements and the energy performance of the whole building (for both new and existing) 4. Calculate the life cycle costs using net present valuation Cost optimal set of measures for optimising energy performance of a reference building in a given MS, in kwh/(m²/a) 5. Compare results with current building codes and if necessary adjust them! Cost optimum for micro or macro level (the latter including carbon costs) RES options to be considered

16 Global costs Cost-optimality in brief Investment+ maintenance + running costs Cost-optimal solutions Cost-effective solutions 0 Net global costs Energy costs savings

17 Global costs per m² living space [ /m²] PE-limit value EnEV 2009 n Implementing the cost-optimal methodology in EU: Results for Germany (SFH, financial perspective) % 55% 70% of PE-limit EnEV Cost-optimal level BWK+Sol BWK+WRG BWK+Sol+WRG WPE WPE+Sol WPE+WRG WPE+Sol+WRG HPK HPK+Sol HPK+WRG HPK+Sol+WRG D at a p o int s t hermal p ro t ect io n 1. EnEV 2007 H T' M ax 2. EnEV 2009 H T' M ax 3. EnEV 2009 U-Werte Ref 4. EnEV %U Ref 5. EnEV %U Ref 6. EnEV %U Ref Primary energy demand EnEV [kwh/(m²a)] More info at : SFH Cost-optimal level SFH: approx. 54 kwh/(m²a) Current requirements of EnEV 2009 do not yet achieve the cost-optimal level Tightening by about 25 % (SFH) possible

18 Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings - nzeb (Art. 9) A nearly zero-energy building [ ] has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required (for HVAC, DHW and lighting) should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including on-site or nearby RES (EPBD) EPBD recast nzeb: All new buildings, by 31 December 2020 All new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities, after 31 December 2018 EU MS have to elaborate nzeb plans RES Directive: EU MS have to introduce minimum requirements for RES for new buildings and renovation, by 31 December 2014 nzeb is defined at national level, hence the approaches vary largely and there is a need for sustainable approaches!

19 BPIE studies on nzeb implementation in the EU 2011 Available at: BPIE nzeb study 2011 Analysing main implementation challenges Proposing principles for nzeb Testing principles Policy recommendations BPIE nzeb studies for Poland, Romania and Bulgaria 2012 For SFH, MFH and office buildings Evaluation on simulated improvement options towards nzeb levels for new buildings Proposing affordable but ambitious nzeb definitions (aprox kWh/m 2 /yr, >40% RES, <3-7 kg CO 2 /m 2 /yr) Proposing policy implementation roadmaps by 2020

20 Examples of nzeb in the EU Country 2015/ Denmark Res: /A 20 (kwh/m 2 /yr) Non-Res: /A 25 (kwh/m 2 /yr) C.F. El(DH): 2.5 (0.8) 1.8 (0.6) Belgium (Brx) H/C: <15 (kwh/m 2 /yr) Res P.E.: <45 (kwh/m 2 /yr) Non-Res P.E.: < (90-2.5*C) (kwh/m 2 /yr) France RT 2012: 50 (40-65) (kwh/m 2 /yr) energy positive building UK Zero carbon homes Zero carbon non-res (kg CO 2 /m 2 /yr) (kwh/m 2 /yr) Legend: A=the heated gross floor area; C=Volume/area

21 Roads to nzeb- Germany Source: REHVA, Fraunhofer-IBP

22 Cost-optimality as a tool for evaluating nzeb

23 Renovation of existing buildings & buildings technical systems Art.7: For buildings undergoing major renovation (more than 25% of envelope or costs) MSs to ensure that the building or the renovated part thereof is upgraded in order to meet minimum energy performance requirements. Art. 7: For buildings undergoing major renovation: consideration and taking into account of high-efficiency alternative systems (i.e. RES, CHP, DH, heat pumps). Art. 8: To set requirements for technical building systems from existing buildings in respect of the overall energy performance, the proper installation, and the appropriate dimensioning, adjustment and control.

24 Financial incentives and market barriers (Art 10) MS shall consider the most relevant financing and other instruments such to catalyse the energy performance of buildings and the transition to nearly zeroenergy buildings MS have to undertake measures to overcome market barriers Main requirements MSs to draw up a list of existing and proposed measures and instruments including those of a financial nature: update this list every three years to be communicated to the EU Comm (also through NEEAPs) shall take account of the cost-optimal levels of energy performance when providing incentives for the construction or major renovation of buildings

25 Main challenges for effective financing of renovation Longer payback, high transaction costs Impact of the economic crisis Public authorities have limited budget Not well tailored and not enugh ambitious programs Split incentive issue and Technical challenges: quality of renovations, lack of experience and skills, less ambitious building codes and Social challenges: awareness, occupancy impact on real performance of buildings

26 Financing deep energy renovation EU financing: Cohesion Funds, European Investment Bank, Carbon financing Energy audits -Grants -Subsidies -Funds Preferential loans Varied economic instruments in EU MS: Energy and climate Levies Economic instruments in the EU MS Tax & VAT incentives TPF/ESCO White certificates Regulations & min. requirements BPIE 2012 study on existing financing measures in the EU available at: ENTRANZE IEE project:

27 Example 1: Germany-KfW programmes

28 Example 1: KfW impact 2012 Benefits so far: By 2010: financed renovation of aprox. 9 million pre-1979 housing units 1 Euro invested generated 4-5 euro back to public budget (by tax income, social security contributions etc.) Lessons learned: Open to all investor groups Focus on long term loans Distributional network Created a brand for energy efficiency Higher energy efficiency is rewarded Results : 1 mn homes renovated low-energy new homes Heating costs avoided: aprox 1mn euro/yr 1,2MtCO2/yr avoided (72MtCO2 on lifetime) Aprox jobs/yr created or secured Energy performance : New buildings from 120 to 60 kwh/m2/yr Existing/renovation: reduction to around 80 kwh/m2/yr

29 Ex 2: Lithuania JESSICA holding fund A tool to support the implementation of Programme for the Modernisation of Multi-Apartment Houses: to modernise by 2020 at least 70 % of multi-apartment houses before 1993 saving at least 30% of the heating energy and fuel expenses as comparing to 2004 Budget: EUR 227 mn. (EUR 100 mn National + EUR127 mn. ERDF) Financing scheme: Fixed interest rate at 3% p.a. Maturity up to 20 years 2 years grace period (during construction) No collateral or guarantees required; 15% JESSICA loan write-off if certain energy efficiency level achieved (upon completion) kwh/m 2 (Class D ) 100% grant for preparation of renovation documentation reimbursed (paid from national funds) 100% of reimbursement of installments to low income families; 15 % additional support from Climate Change Special programme for energy efficiency measures implementation JESSICA loan write-off if not less than 40 % energy savings are achieved Results 2012: more than EUR14mn credits and EUR22,4mn planned investments, energy savings of around 50%

30 Example 4: District 1, Bucharest, Romania CO 2 emissions: >35% Heating Consumption: >50% BEFORE AFTER Signatory of Covenant of Mayors All residential block of flats of District 1 of Bucharest will be renovated 850 block of flats = around 45,000 apartments/families All rehabilitated buildings <100 kwh/m 2 /yr Costs: mil Euros, co-financed by European Investment Bank Time frame:

31 Investing in buildings delivers benefits

32 Billion Euro '08 Investments are required but benefits outweigh them (EED 20 billion saved annually until 2020) 30 EED costs increased costs for investment in energy efficiency- 24 billion annually 0 reduced costs for investment in energy generation and distribution - 6 billion annually EED avoided costs reduced fuel expenditure - 38 billion annually + increased EU GDP of 34 billion in 2020 increased net employment of in 2020 Source: European Commission

33 Lessons learned: EU policies for buildings Frame the national/regional context: Identify the needs, opportunities, challenges and benefits Identify targets and itineraries, set milestones: Define long-term strategies and goals Set short- and medium- term binding objectives Elaborate specific legislation based on energy performance (e.g. dynamic building regulations) Eliminate market barriers Train and educate workforce (compliance matters) Information and awareness Elaborate economic/financial/fiscal support schemes for trigger the buildings market and including the macro-economic benefits Monitor implementation and continuously adapt policies based evaluation and on large public consultation

34 Big change and challenge: Low-energy buildings are complex systems and need holistic approaches: Need for integrated design methods, integrated skills Need for new marketing, e.g. selling buildings with services Low energy buildings: Are bright, hot and cool! Having market sex-appeal! Low-energy buildings are not only efficient but also more comfortable, sustainable, healthier, coming with new design and life style an evolutionary step forward! Final destination: Transformation of buildings market!

35 THANK YOU! Knowledge Policy Implementation