Use of Crawl Space Sampling Data and Other Lines of Evidence for Evaluating Vapor Intrusion

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1 CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL Use of Crawl Space Sampling Data and Other Lines of Evidence for Evaluating Vapor Intrusion C.Y. Jeng and William Bosan Human and Ecological Risk Office Cypress, CA

2 Common Building Configurations Basements Slab-on-grade Crawl spaces Row houses Tall buildings Parking structures Mobile homes/portable buildings Source: ITRC VI Guidance (2007) 2

3 Pictures of crawl space types 3

4 Cal/EPA DTSC Vapor Intrusion Guidance (2011) Crawl Space Sampling 4

5 Considerations for crawl space sampling Similar to indoor air sampling, but less disruptive: Access agreement still required. Require no/minimum leak check test. Apply tubing and extension pole/stand to secure sampling point if access is limited: Purge tubing to remove stagnant air. Collect outdoor air samples. 5

6 Placement of crawl space samples #1 #2 #3 #4 6

7 Case Studies Case Study 1: Potential VI of CVOCs in a Mobile Home Park Case Study 2: Potential VI of Petroleum HCs in a Daycare Center Case Study 3: VI Investigation/Mitigation of an Apartment Building 7

8 Case Study 1: Mobile Home Park Near a former refuse disposal facility Elevated chlorinated VOCs detected in shallow soil vapor probes installed at street J&E model predicted > 1x10-5 cancer risk 8

9 Sampling Locations 9

10 Air Sampling Results for VOCs Detected in Soil Gas 10

11 PCE Levels in Mobile Homes Unit 3/5: Crawl Space > Outdoor Air (~ Indoor Air) Unit 4: Crawl Space < Outdoor Air 11

12 Case Study 1: Summary Multiple lines of evidence for VI evaluation: Line of Evidence Present in Soil Gas? Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 COCs for VI evaluation Crawl Space > Outdoor Air? Yes (Possible VI) No (Incomplete VI) Yes (Possible VI) Indoor Air > Outdoor Air or IA CHHSL? No (Insignificant VI) --- No (Insignificant VI) Default crawl space-to-indoor air attenuation factor ( =1) in USEPA VI database may be conservative. 12

13 Case Study 2: Daycare Center Former petroleum tank farm converted to park and daycare center Site characterization: Soil data down to 100 Multi-depth soil-vapor points down to 32 GW monitoring wells (DTW ~ 40 ) Chemicals of concern: BTEX Methane 2 modular buildings housing daycare 13

14 Soil Gas Concentrations at 5 feet bgs Benzene: > 100x CHHSL Methane: > 50,000 ppm 14

15 Step-Wise Process in DTSC VI Guidance Step 4 => Imminent hazard? Methane as immediate explosion hazard ruled out by local FD. Step 5 => Pass screening evaluation? No, based on CHHSL exceedance. Steps 6 & 7 => Additional data and site-specific evaluation? Crawl space/utility screening Crawl space & outdoor air sampling Indoor air monitoring 15

16 LOE #1: Crawl Space and Utility Field Screening Sample Locations Field screening of crawl space & utility locations all less than methane action levels. 16

17 LOE #2: Crawl Space & Outdoor Air Time-Integrated (8-Hour) Sampling Results Benzene & methane levels in crawl space similar to those in outdoor air and local air monitor station. Anomaly due to dirty canisters and/or parking lot traffic. 17

18 LOE #3: Daycare Indoor Air Monitoring Bi-weekly indoor air monitoring showed no detectable methane level (< 1 ppmv). 18

19 Case Study 2: Summary No VI concern based on multiple lines of evidence: Field screening of crawl space & utility less than methane action levels; Time-integrated BTEX/methane concentrations in crawl space and outdoor air similar; and No detectable methane level in all indoor air screening points. Evaluation of temporal trend is important to identify interference from other VOC sources. 19

20 Case Study 3: VI Investigation & Mitigation of Apartment Building Apartment building & single residence adjacent to a former waste solvent recycling facility PCE and TCE detected in shallow soil vapor and GW (DTW ~ 30 ) J&E model predicted > 1x10-4 cancer risk at site boundary 20

21 Proposed Sampling Locations 21

22 Ratios of Crawl Space to Outdoor Air Concentrations Benzene Toluene TCE 1,1-DCE Chloroethane PCE VC 22

23 Ratios of Crawl Space to Soil Vapor Concentrations 23

24 Case Study 3: Summary Out of Seven VOCs retained for VI evaluation based on crawl space-to-outdoor air ratios: Four were eliminated by examining crawl space-tosoil vapor ratios. Concentrations of PCE and TCE in crawl space > indoor air CHHSLs at apartment building. Preventive mitigation measures planned to eliminate the need for future sampling: Sealing of ground surface & interior floor underside. Applying mitigation fan to provide active ventilation. 24

25 Final Thoughts Crawl space data can be used to provide multiple lines of evidence for making VI decisions: Crawl Space vs. Outdoor Air Crawl Space vs. Soil Vapor Crawl Space vs. Outdoor Air vs. Indoor Air USEPA s crawl space-to-indoor air attenuation factor ( =1) may be conservative for exterior crawl spaces common in Southern California. Crawl space ventilation can be used as required or preventive measures to mitigate vapor intrusion. 25

26 Disclaimer The analyses and findings in this presentation are solely those of the authors, and do not represent official policy of the California Department of Toxic Substances Control or California EPA. POLICY 26

27 Questions/Comments Contact Information C.Y. Jeng Bill Bosan 27

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