Ir. HAJI AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN Director General National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources and

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1 Ir. HAJI AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN Director General National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) Malaysia

2 What is Rainwater Harvesting? Rainwater Management and Functions Background of Rainwater Harvesting in Malaysia RWHS Case studies RWHS RWHS on Community Level RWHS on Township Level Way Forward

3 What is Rainwater Harvesting?

4 Why Rainwater?

5 Annual Rainwater 990 billion m3 (Area = 330,000km2 with Average Annual Rainfall 3,000mm) 566 billion m3 becomes surface runoff 360 billion m3 evaporated 64 billion m3 discharges as groundwater Water Consumption(domestic & industry) 8,949MLD(year 2010) BUT..we still have water supply disruptions?! (1998 drought brought unpleasant water supply disruptions to the 1.8 million residents of Klang Valley )

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7 Centralised vs Decentralised Rainwater Tanks

8 Water Crisis 1998; Currently, River Water, Storage Dam and Groundwater are the only 3 main water sources in the country; High water losses or non-revenue water (NRW) ~ 36% in year 2010

9 A significant amount of treated water does not generate any revenues. Such water losses can be measured by non-revenue water (NRW), namely the difference between the quantity of water that leaves the treatment plants and the quantity billed to users based on metered consumption The average percentage of NRW in Malaysia is high at 36% in This problem is more serious in some states than in others. The states with the highest levels of NRW include: Sabah (57.35%); Pahang (55.29%); Kelantan (52.41%); Perlis (51.30%); and N.Sembilan (43.41%). Source: MWA 2011

10 As a tool to re-position the altered hydrologic characteristics Increase infiltration rate; Improve groundwater recharge;

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12 Green Infrastructure Technology One of the elements in Green Building Index (GBI) under water efficiency category As a decentralised system with less energy consumption

13 As a solution to the environmental problems: Decrease the amount of stormwater runoff and minimize the problems associated with it, such as soil erosion and disastrous pollution problems for surface water bodies; According to the research carried out by NAHRIM that (with the incorporation of rainwater harvesting system), it is possible to achieve a 20% reduction of the peak discharge in a housing area. Further reduction of peak discharge of up to 50%, could be achieved by installing the systems in the other commercial and public buildings within the housing area.

14 To cope with climate change impact A No Regret Approach Studies on hydroclimate projection for Malaysia show that an increment of 473mm in average max monthly rainfall in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang States, and a decrement of 17mm for Selangor and Johor States are projected respectively over the next 40 years; These changes in rainfall have led to the changes in the river flows; The flood flow changes range from +6% to +47%, while the low flow changes range from -35% to -93%, which mean more frequent floods and droughts are predicted in future Source: NAHRIM, 2006

15 Impacts Assessment NAHRIM s RegHCM-PM - Simulated Future Annual & Monthly Rainfall Average Annual RAIN Max: +264mm N/EAST COAST (8.5%) Min: -110mm SELANGOR (-4.9%) Max. Monthly RAIN Max: +473mm NORTH EAST Min: +17mm SOUTHERN 17

16 Impacts Assessment NAHRIM s RegHCM-PM - Simulated Future River Flow Mean Monthly Flow Max Monthly Flow Min Monthly Flow Max: +12% [KEL] Min: - 8% KLANG Max: +47% KLANG Min: +0.6% [SEL] Max: - 93% [SEL] Min: -35% KLANG 18

17 Rainwater Management and Functions Pencegahan Kekeringan Aliran Sungai Bekalan Air Tambahan Pengawalan Pencemaran yang tidak ada sumber Pencegahan Banjir Kilat Bandar Pengurangan dalam (UHI) Pemulihan Kitaran Hidrologi

18 The drought of 1998 during the El Nino occurrence that brought unpleasant water supply disruptions for Klang Valley folks has undoubtedly created a surge of interest in rainwater harvesting. The Minister of Housing and Local Government on 7 May 1998 had expressed the Government s interest for houses to be designed to include facilities for collecting rainwater. In 1999, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government produced a Guideline on Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System (that is SPAH Sistem Pengumpulan Air Hujan).

19 Background of Rainwater Harvesting in Malaysia Consideration Paper (2) by NRE to MSAN, YAB Prime Minister decides (a) RWHS to be included as a component in the Guidelines for Planning and Building Regulations (b) Promotion of RWHS installation to government buildings and existing public buildings through amendment of UKBS (1984) In early stages of Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS) was introduced, there is no specific research programs are conducted on RWHS; Early of 8 th Malaysia Plan (MP), NAHRIM already embarked on this research program and carry forward under the 9 th MP.

20 Approval from the Cabinet and the National Council for Local Government - May 2011 To be gazetted Local councils issued instruction to install RWS for new Semi-Ds, Bungalows and Govt. Buildings

21 Double Storey Terrace House (year 2001 ) Government office (2002) Mosque (2003) Zoo Negara (2009 ) Long House (2010 ) NAHRIM Office Complex (2010 )

22 Research carried out by NAHRIM on a double storey terrace house at Taman Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur, the SPAH is able to save up to 34% of the household water supply Average monthly power consumption for electric pump is 1.14kWh

23 To use rainwater as the supplement or the alternative water supply for the public toilets flushing and the two hippo ponds in the National Zoo The total volume of rainwater storage tank available is m 3 The average total daily water demand is about m 3 (11.36m 3 ) for the Hippo ponds and 6 m3 for toilet flushing) with monthly water demand 521m 3 With average 70% of system reliability, monthly total water saving is equivalent to 520m3 and average monthly power consumption for electric pump is 43.33kWh

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25 To supplement the existing river water supply A 400-gallon rainwater tank for each household unit making a total 24 units of tanks Based on assumption 66 liters/person/day & average 5 persons per house unit for a total 24 house units (total daily water demand 8,000 litres or 8m 3 ) Mainly for toilets, bathing, mopping floors, washing clothes & dish washing purposes. The reliability of the Rainwater Harvesting System is about 85%. Observed monthly rainwater consumption is 285m 3.

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28 To supplement the existing public water supply; Two 10m 3 rainwater tanks were installed and mainly for toilet flushing and landscaping; Based on assumption 20 liters/person/day & a total of 150 staff, and 1,000 liters/day for landscaping The reliability of the Rainwater Harvesting System is at 90% Average monthly rainwater consumption is 93m 3 and average monthly power consumption for electric pump is 7.75kWh

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30 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Desktop Study

31 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Total Catchment area at Taman Wangsa Melawati No. Type of Building Catchment area (m 2 ) Quantity Total Catchment Area (m 2 ) 1 Double Storeys Terrace ,520 2 Shop Surau Kindergarten Overall Total Catchment Area 15,540

32 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Estimated Daily Water Usage Type of building (2 storey terraced houses) The purpose of the system: Toilets + watering plants + car wash Types of systems & components: a header tank, 2 toilet and 1 tap water Type of building: 2-storey terraced houses Roof size: 60m2 Number of toilets: 2 toilets Number of residents: 6 guests (2 adults + 4 children) Daily water demand: 240 liters / day Type of building (shop) The purpose of the system: Toilets + cleaning Types of systems & components: a header tank, a toilet and a tap water Type of building: Shop Roof size: 60m2 Number of toilets: 1 toilet Number of staff: 5 nos Daily water demand: 375 liters / day

33 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Estimated Daily Water Usage Type of building (shop) The purpose of the system: Toilets + cleaning Types of systems & components: a header tank, a toilet and a tap water Type of building: Shop Roof size: 60m2 Number of toilets: 1 toilet Number of staff: 5 nos Daily water demand: 375 liters / day Type of building (Surau) The purpose of the system: Toilets + + cleaning watering flowers Types of systems & components: a header tank, 2 toilet and 1 tap water Type of building: Prayer Roof size: 240m2 Number of toilets: 2 toilets Number of congregation: 150 nos Daily water demand: liters / day

34 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Estimated Daily Water Usage Type of building (Kindergarten) The purpose of the system: Toilets + cleaning Types of systems & components: a header tank, 2 toilet and 1 tap water Type of building: Kindergarten Roof size : 180 m 2 Number of toilets : 2 toilets Number of congregation : 200 org Daily water demand : liters / day Location = Taman Wangsa Melawati Roof Catchments area(m 2 ) = 15,540 (m 2 ) Roof Runoff Coefficient = 0.8 Water Demand (liters/day) = 65,380liters/day Daily Rainfall Data = Kuala Lumpur (15 years) Hence, estimated system reliability is 84.23% based on 800m 3 of underground storage tank

35 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Overall Total Daily Water Demand (Estimated) No. Type of Building Daily Water Demand (liter) Quantity Total Daily Water Demand(m 3 ) 1 Double Storeys Terrace ,080 2 Shop ,750 3 Surau 1, ,100 4 Kindergarten 2, ,450 Overall Total Daily Water Demand 65,380 Desktop Study Objective: Rainwater is used for; All residential premises, shops, kindergarten and surau Fire fighting, watering plants and general cleaning

36 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Collection pipe Underground storage tank Elevated distribution tank Distribution pipe

37 RWHS on Community Level Taman Melawati Overall Cost Estimation No. Items Estimated Cost(RM) 1 Internal plumbing & distribution piping 770,750 2 Pumps with related fittings and fire fighting equipment 50,000 3 Underground storage tank 208,000 4 Elevated distribution tank 176,000 Overall system cost 1,204,750 Annual maintenance cost (5%) 60, Overall Cost Estimation : RM 1.2 million

38 Monthly Water Bill No. Building Type Monthly Bill (est) Qty Amount (RM) 1 Double Storey Terrace ,200 2 Shop ,500 3 Mosque Kindergarthen Monthly Amount (RM) 14, System Cost = RM1,204,750 Annual Water Bill = RM174,000 Payback period (est.) = 7 Years

39 RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Nabawan, Sabah Desktop Study Area

40 RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Sapulot, Sabah

41 Underground storage tank RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Sapulot, Sabah RWHS for School Blocks Components of RWHS s : Roof catchment Collection Pipe Distribution pipe Storage Tank Pump Feeder Tank Plumbing System Header Tank Dewan Makan RWHS for Quarters and Hostel Blocks Underground storage tank

42 RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Sapulot, Sabah Estimated Daily Water Usage RWHS for School area The purpose of the system: Toilets uses+ general cleaning+ landscape uses Type of building: Multipurposes Hall, administrative offices, classrooms and laboratories, Canteen & Surau Roof size : 6,405 m 2 Number of toilets : 81 toilets Number of student : 977 Daily water demand : 8,639 liters / day RWHS for Hostel and Quarters area The purpose of the system: Toilets uses+ general cleaning + landscape uses Type of building: teachers quarters, dining hall, hostel boys & girls Roof size : 2,280 m 2 Number of toilets : 68 toilets Number of resident : 474 Daily water demand : 5,118 liters / day

43 RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Sapulot, Sabah Based on rainfall data (15 years) from Rainfall Station Keningau (Sabah), here s our estimations and calculations: RWHS Community Level (Combination) School Blocks Staff Quarters and Student Hostel Blocks Roof Area (m 2 ) 6,405 2,280 RWH Purposes Estimated daily water demand (m 3 /day) For the toilet uses, landscape uses and general cleaning Reliability of system (%) Volume of storage tank

44 RWHS on Community Level School Complex at Sapulot, Sabah Overall Cost Estimation No. Items Total (RM) 1 Preliminaries 484,612 2 Infrastructure works 308,000 3 RWHS 3,151,750 4 Rainwater Treatment System 500,000 5 Genset 100,000 6 Internal plumbing system 201,150 Grand Total 4,745,512 Overall Cost Estimation : RM 4.75 million

45 Star City is located in Jayang-dong, Seoul, South Korea. Technical Data Height (architectural) : m (max) Floors (above ground): Floors (below ground): 3 Construction period: Land Area: 6.25 ha In late 2005, introduction of a new regulation requiring harvesting to be applied in any new or re-development of residential and commercial property. The new policy came into force on 4 September. Known colloquially as the Four alls for all it can be summarized as (RWH) for (and by) all people, collecting all available rainwater, by all possible methods, and in all possible locations, with the result that people and nature all win.

46 RWHS on Township Level Star City, S. Korea

47 RWHS on Township Level Star City, S. Korea

48 In order to strengthen the case for its large-scale implementation of rainwater harvesting in the country, serious efforts should be given for several aspects. Comprehensive implementing plans have to be prepared by the relevant stakeholders to ensure the extensive and successful implementation of the project. Rainwater utilisation should not be restricted to supplementing water supply or water bill saving but has to be justifiably related to other aspects of living like food and water security, flood mitigation, environmental rehabilitation, and now in coping with climate change. Rainwater harvesting in response to climate extremes ultimately enhances the resilience of human society. It should be borne in mind that rainwater harvesting is a sustainable approach and can be very cost-effective in the long term. Further research on Rainwater Harvesting as component of Independent Water Supply System (IWSS) to be carried out. Comercialisation of product related to Rainwater Harvesting.

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