APTL- Aerosol& Particle Technology Laboratory

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1 31/5/216 Info day May 27, 216 Athens CST for Solar Chemistry and Solar Fuels Dimitris A. Dimitrakis Dipl.Ch.Eng. Aerosol & Particle Technology Laboratory - APTL Chemical Process Research Institute - CPERI Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH Quick introduction APTL- Aerosol& Particle Technology Laboratory Established in 1996, located in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece Research in the science and technology of fine particles and their suspensions in various media Accomplishments include: 214 Taipei Expo Award, 21 European Council Advanced Grant, 26 Descartes Prize, 26 IPHE Technical Achievement Award for solar hydrogen research and others CPERI- Chemical Process& Energy Resources Institute Sustainable & Clean Energy, Environmental Technologies, Chemical and Biochemical Processes, Advanced Functional Materials CERTH Centre for Research and Technology Hellas ne of the leading Greek Research Centres and the largest in energy science and technology Private non profit body governed by public law >5 scientific, technological and administrative personnel 2 2YEARS

2 31/5/216 Exploit Solar Energy Solar Energy Concentrating Solar-Thermal Technologies Solar to Power Thermal storage Solar Chemistry A Stairway to Energy Heaven Resource CH 4-4 High -2 C x H y hydrocarbons, oil, alcohols -1 C x H y z C carbon Release the energy content by breaking the chemical bonds (Combustion-xidation) +2 C C2 +4 Low Waste 2

3 31/5/216 Solar Energy -> Solar Chemistry -> Solar Fuels Reforming Solar Energy CH 4 H 2 C 2 Electricity Electrolysis Solar H 2 and C to Solar Fuels Thermochemical: Metal oxide redox cycles Two-step thermochemical cycles Step 1: Regeneration(reduction step, high temperature) 1 M M + x x Step 2: H 2 and C 2 splitting (oxidation step, lower temperature) M M H M + x 1 H2 + x 2 x 1+ C2 Mx + C H H M reduced M oxidized H H H M x : Metal oxide, typically mixed/doped with transition and/or rare earth metals M reduced M oxidized Keyword: Redox Materials 3

4 H2 T bed (C) C T bed (C) T bed (C) /5/216 Carbon Neutral Solar Fuels fromc 2 and H 2 H 2 H C 2 2 H 2 H 2 CH 2 Solar Synthesis Gas Η 2 + C C x Η y (Liquid Fuels/Fischer-Tropschprocess) 4Η 2 + C 2 CΗ 4 +2H 2 (Gas fuels, methane/sabatier process) Η 2 + C C x Η y (Plastics) Sustainable Storage of Carbon AND Hydrogen! Redox materials I H2 and 2 (mmoles/min/gsolid) C and 2 concentration (mmoles*min -1 *gredox -1 ) H2 2 T bed (C) H 2 splitting C 2 multicycle splitting C 2 Temperature Time (h) Substituted ferrites: NiFe C and 2 (mmoles/min/gsolid) H 2 (mmoles/min/g solid ) C (mmoles/min/g solid ) 2 (mmoles/min/g solid ) C 2 Tbed (C) C 2 splitting Co-feeding of H 2 & C

5 31/5/216 Redox materials II Doped Ceria: Ce.8 Zr.2 2 powder scale H2 and 2 (mmoles/gredox/min) H 2 splitting H2 2 C and 2 (mmoles/gredox/min) C 2 splitting C 2 porous structure H2 & 2 (mmoles/gredox/min) H 2 splitting H2 2 C & 2 (mmoles/gredox/min) C.8 C 2 splitting Tsplitting: 11 o C, Treduction: 148 o C Material Design Computational Chemistry (DFT, thermodynamics) Development path I Material Synthesis & Characterization Material Shaping Solid or Liquid Phase techniques Powder to pellet, monolith & foam 5

6 31/5/216 Material Evaluation Development path II Lab scale reactor testing TGA & lab fixed bed reactor Modelling & Simulation High power solar simulator & reactor Pilot scale reactor testing (under construction) Kinetic & thermal modelling 5kW th solar furnace (projected finish date mid July 16) The Hydrosol-Plant Project Thermochemical Hydrogen production in a solar monolithic reactor: construction and operation of a 75 kwth plant Partners APTL/CERTH (Coordinator RES) DLR (RES) CIEMAT (RES) HYGEAR (SME) HELPE (INDUSTRY) Demonstration of the technology at a larger, closer-to-industrial level x1-6 m x1-2 m x1 m x1 m 6

7 31/5/216 Solar Fuels Technology Evolution HYDRSL-I HYDRSL-II HYDRSL-3D HYDRSL-PLANT 3 kw, first production of solar H 2 3 kw x 2, continuous Η 2 production 1kWΧ 2, pilot plant 1 MW plant design 75 kw plant 1 MW installation PRMETHEUS JAPAN EXP 25 IPHE 26 Descartes Prize 27 ERC IDEAS Award 21 Taipei Inv. Tech H22 Success Story 216 Advanced Grant Cost The difficult questions LevelizedCost of 14 /kg H 2 (LHV:12MJ/kg),? /kg C Very difficult to answer at this stage: depends on location and plant size among a myriad other factors Techno-economic studies exist Hard data are missing, no pilot plant case yet (Hydrosol-Plant) Efficiency = Theoretical efficiencies of conversion of solar energy to fuel are up to 7% Reported experimental efficiencies so far are much lower Why pursuit it? Very promising pathway for a sustainable energy future The technology is still far from mature It works! 7

8 31/5/216 Materials Challenges Investigate more material families (ferrites, doped ceria, perovskites) Increase the yield (g of H 2 or C / g of redox material) Lower the temperatures Material cyclability Material stability Material deactivation There isn t a material that is perfect for both H 2 and C 2 splitting, and easily reduced (lower T) and stable under high temperatures We are looking to create one with good enough performance over all levels doping Reactors Extreme temperatures are a big challenge for gas seals, vacuum Indirect vs. direct irradiation (windowed vs. tubular reactors) Good thermal distribution to avoid hotspots Cavity reactors are a good choice Infrastructure Not dedicated/optimized for solar fuels Missing at the larger scale (high power solar towers) Carbon Neutral Solar Fuel Plant Green Energy, Transport and Industrial Processes H 2 H 2 Electric Energy C 2 HYDRSL plant CH 4, C x H y Fuels & Chemicals Waste Heat for Solar Desalination H 2 Advanced Grant 8

9 31/5/216 Vision: Sustainable Mobility and Clean Energy Solar Fuel Reactor H 2 C 2 C redox material H H 2 H C C C 2 clean exhaust C,HC Nx, Soot ICE ICE Solar fuels C 2 C 2 Air Capture Multifunctional Emission Control Reactor Thank you for your attention! dimitrakis@cperi.certh.gr URL: apt.cperi.certh.gr 9