OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREPARATION OF THIS PUBLICATION

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1 OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREPARATION OF THIS PUBLICATION Additional Director General Smt S. Jeyalakshmi Deputy Director General Shri M.R. Meena (Retd.) Shri V. Parameswaran Director Shri R. C. Aggarwal Deputy Director Shri S. Suresh Kumar Statistical Investigator Shri R.K. Panwar Environment Statistics Division Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation West Block-8, Wing- 6, R.K. Puram, New Delhi Telephone: Telefax:

2 Preface The Rio-de-Janeiro Summit (1992) and the Johannesburg Conference (2002) have redefined the way in which Development was understood. The developed world has been made to realize that it cannot burn up all the oil or heat up the whole globe for the sake of its welfare alone. Those that have been excluded from the process of and benefits of economic development in this generation do have a right to be included. Not only does the future generation has a right to inherit the national resources that we are exploiting, but also a right to healthy life. Discussions in the inter-generational and intra-generational equity has made the earlier concept of Gross Domestic Product as a measure of economic development obsolete, leading to the emergence of the new concept of Sustainable Development and a set of indicators to measure the same. Obviously, then there have to be measurements and measurable indicators that will enlighten to perform their obligation towards their fellowmen and the future. The present issue has been combined for the years 2008/2009, is the tenth in the series which provides data on five core parameters relating to bio-diversity, atmosphere, land-soil, water and human settlements at one place. We at CSO, have been endeavoring to improve the coverage, content and presentation of the publication in each issue. Graphics and extracts from environment related legislations have been included in this publication to make it more users friendly. We express our deep gratitude to all agencies which contributed the valuable data /information and supported our efforts to bring out the publication in its present form. We hope to get the continued support of all the agencies in the future too. Under the leadership of my able colleague Smt. S. Jeyalakshmi, Additional Director General, and a team of dedicated officers Shri. M. R. Meena, Deputy Director General (Retd.), Shri V. Parameswaran, Deputy Director General, Shri. R. C. Aggarwal, Director, Shri. S.Suresh Kumar, Deputy Director and Shri. R. K. Panwar, Statistical Investigator have exhibited enormous commitment in compiling this publication. Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of the publication are most welcome. March, 2010 (S. K. Das) Director General

3 CONTENTS PAGE NO. OVERVIEW XVII-XVIII CHAPTER I ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION 1-12 CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN INDIA CHAPTER III BIODIVERSITY 23 FLORA 26 FORESTS 33 FAUNA 58 CHAPTER IV ATMOSPHERE 83 AIR & TRANSPORT 92 ENERGY 105 INDUSTRY 128 GREENHOUSE GASES 134 NOISE 137 CHAPTER V LAND AND SOIL 141 LAND USES 143 AGRICULTURE 152 NATURAL DISASTERS 159 MINING 170

4 CHAPTER VI WATER 183 FRESH MARINE 186 CHAPTER VII HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 225 POPULATION AND POVERTY 229 HOUSING SLUMS AND BASIC FACILITIES 238 WASTE MANAGEMENT 262 APPENDIX 1. ABBREVIATIONS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED REFERENCES METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WATER QULAITY PAPAMETERS METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION OF POVERTY LINES ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION, ACT, RULES, NOTIFICATIONS AND AMENDMENTS LAND USE CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA 285

5 List of Tables Chapter No. Table No. Subject Page No. 1. Environment and Environment Degradation Some impacts of Development Activities on Environment Local, Regional and Global Effects of Pollution Some Major Pollutants and Their Sources Pollutants and Their Related Health Hazards Water borne diseases and their causative factors Development of Environment Statistics in India Biodiversity Flora Number and Status of Plant Species in India Rare and Threatened Species (Vascular Plants) Reference Collections of Flora Conservation Measures Biosphere Reserves Set up in India Status of EX-Situ Conservation (Base Collection) of Orthodox Seeds 30 at C Status of In-Vitro Conservation Status of Germplasm at National Cryobank Status of Cryopreservation of Dorment Buds & Pollen Grains 32 Forest State/UT Wise Forest Area Forest Cover in India (a) Forest Area by Ownership (during ) (b) Forest Area by Composition (during ) (a) Comparative Situation of Forest Cover in India (b) Changes in Forest Cover of the North-Eastern Region (a) State-wise Production of Forest Produce ( ) (b) State-wise production of Forest Produce ( ) (c) State-wise production of Forest Produce (a) Physiographic Zone Wise Tree Cover Estimates (b) Physiographic Zone Wise Volume of Growing Stock State/UT Wise Tree Cover Estimates 46 vii

6 3.2.8 Forest Cover in States/UTs in India State/UT Wise Forest Cover in Hill Districts State/UT wise Forest Cover in Tribal Districts (a) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover Assessment (b) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover, (c) State wise list of Mangrove Areas State wise Waste Lands of India State wise and Category wise Wastelands of India Diversion of Forest Land for Non Forest Use Since the Enforcement 55 of Forest Conservation Act, Progress of Joint Forest Management in India 57 Fauna India s Major Bio-geographic Habitats Estimated Number of Species (a) Rare and Threatened Species (Vertebrates) (b) Recent Addition in the List of Threatened/Endangered Species (c ) Globally Threatened Animals Occurring in India by Status Category Estimated Number/Percentage of Endemic Species in India National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries of India (a) All India Tiger Population In Tiger Reserves (b) Population Of Tigers In States (a) Area of Tiger Reserves in Tiger Range States (b) Forest Occupancy and Population Estimates of Tiger as per the 68 Refined Methodology Designated elephant reserves in India (Revised Network-2005) Location of Major Zoos India s Livestock Population Livestock Population as per 2003 Census Fish Production Marine Fishery Resources of India State-wise Fish Production Inland Fishery Water Resources of India Incidence of Livestock and Poultry Diseases in India Atmosphere Average Gaseous Composition of Dry Air in the Troposphere National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Residential Areas 94 under National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) during State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Industrial Areas under National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) during viii

7 4.1.5 (a) Number of Motor Vehicles Registered in India 96 (Taxed and Tax-Exempted) (b) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in India by States/UTs (As on 31 st March 2004) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Metropolitan Cities of India (As on 31 st March 2004) Working of State Transport Undertakings Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities Phased Tightening of Exhaust Emission Standards for Indian 103 Automobiles (a) Production of Ozone Depleting Substances In India (b) Total Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances 104 Energy Installed Capacity of Power Utilities on (a) Generating Capacity and Electricity Generation (b) Growth of Installed Generating Capacity in India Cumulative Comparison of Power Supply Position (a) Annual Gross Generation of Power by Source (b) Plan Wise Growth of Electricity Sector In India Number of Towns and Villages Electrified in India State wise Production of Coal and Lignite Production of Coal from Opencast Working by Mechanisation and 112 Overburden Removed during the Year Productivity in Coal Mines in the year State-wise Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal by Type Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in India (a) State wise Wind Power Cumulative Installed Capacity (b) Estimated Potential and Cumulative Achievements as on (c) Statewise Grid-Interactive Biomass Power Installed Capacity (d) State Wise Details Of Small Hydro Power Projects (Upto 25 MW) Setup 118 and Under Implementation (as on ) Domestic Production of Petroleum Products in India Availability of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products in India Gross and Net Production and Utilization of Natural Gas in India Industry-wise Off-take of Natural Gas in India The Status of Biomass Projects State-wise and Year wise Composition of Commissioned Biomass 124 Power Projects (as on ) Distribution of Family-Type Biogas Plants (Number of Installations) (a) State-wise Break-up of The Energy Parks (as on ) (b) State wise Renewable Energy Clubs 127 ix

8 Industries Number of Registered Factories by Manufacturing Industries State-Wise Summary Status of The Pollution Control In Medium 129 and Large Scale Units of 17 Categories of Industries Summary Status of Pollution Control in Grossly Polluting Industries 130 Discharging Their Effluents into Rivers and Lakes Maximum Permissible Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharges Effluent Standards for Sugar Industry Effluent Standards for Large Pulp and Paper Industries Effluent Standards for Oil Refineries Effluent Standards for Aluminium Industry Effluent Standards for Petro-Chemical (Basic & Intermediates) Industry 133 Greenhouse Gases Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere (a) Total Absolute Emissions of CO 2 From the Power Sector By Region 135 for to (b) Emission Factors of CO 2 for (c ) Specific Emissions (Weighted Average for) of Co2 Fossil Fuel-Fired 135 Stations in Global Average Temperature And Atmospheric Concentrations of CO Noise Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise Average Noise Levels in Various Metropolitan Cities Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health Land and Soil Land Uses Land Use Classification in India Selected Categories of Land Use Classification State wise information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey (Till March ) (a) State wise Information on degraded land of the districts (b) State-Wise Extent of Alkali Area, Physical Progress of 150 Reclamation State wise Coverage under detailed Soil Survey State Wise Wastelands of India 151 x

9 Agriculture Use of Agricultural Inputs Performance of Crop Production Area Under Principal Crops (a) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India 155 (Insecticides) 5.2.4(b) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India (a) State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (b) State-Wise Demand of Pesticides 158 Natural Disasters Frequently Occurring Natural Disasters in India Major Earthquakes in India List of Districts Covered Under Drought Prone Area Programme 161 (DPAP) (a) Flood Affected Area and Flood Damages in India (Abstract for the 166 Period 1953 to 2005) 5.3.4(b) State wise details of Damage due to Heavy Rains/Floods Cyclonic 166 Storms and Landslides during 2005 in India (a) State-wise Extent of Damage (Commutative) due to Heavy Rains, 167 Flood, Cyclone during South West Monsoon, (b) Statewise Extent Rescue And Relief Provided for Damage Due to 168 South West Monsoon India's Major Natural Disasters Since Mining Number of Reporting Mines in India Production of Minerals Information on Rehabilitation of Mining Land/Reclamation of 173 Abandoned Mines Status of Afforestation and Tress Survived up to Mining Machinery In Metalliferrous Open Cast Mechanised Mines 174 During Consumption of Explosives for Mining, Mining Leases (By Principal States ) Production of Coal Production of Lignite Consumption of Minerals in Iron & Steel Industry Consumption of Minerals in Cement Industry Consumption of Minerals in Refractory Industry Number of Reporting Mines 177 xi

10 6. Water Mineral Reserves and Resources Number of Underground Mines 180 Fresh, marine Monsoon Performance Sub-divisional Actual and Normal Rainfall State wise Distribution of Number of Districts with Excess, Normal, 188 Deficient, Scanty and No Rainfall List of Districts with Deficient or Scanty Rainfall (a) Number of Meteorological Sub-Divisions with Excess/Normal and 193 Deficient/Scanty Rainfall (June-September) (b) Percentage of Districts with Excess/Normal and Deficient/Scanty 193 Rainfall (June-September) Water Flow in Stream for the Period to State-wise Details of Inland Water Resources of Various Types Navigable Waterways in India, Ground Water Resource Potential as per Basin (Prorate Basis) Ground Water Resources Water Requirements for Different uses in India (a) Catchment Area of Major River Basins (b) Water Resources Potential in River Basins of India Primary Water Quality Criteria Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality of Polluted Stretch 205 of River Yamuna and Agra Canal Waste Water Generation, Collection, Treatment in Metro Cities: 206 Status (a) Water Quality in Indian Rivers (b) Water Quality in Indian Rivers (a) Water Quality in Major River Basins (b) Water Discharge in Major River Basins (c ) Sediment Load in Major River Basins (d) Water Discharge at Monsoon and Non- Monsoon in Major River 216 Basins State-wise River Water Quality River-Basin wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations Water Availability in India Water Availability -Basinwise Occurrence of High Arsenic in Groundwater of some States of India 221 xii

11 7. Human Settlements Population and Poverty Population Totals India and States Infant Mortality Rate Expectation of Life at Birth (a) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line Rural (b) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line Urban (c) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line Combined 236 Housing Slums and Basic Facilities Urban-Rural Break-up of Total Population, Number of Households, 238 Houses and Average Size of Households, Average No. of Households and Persons per House Number of Households, Population and Occupied Residential and 239 Vacant Houses with Rural/Urban Break-up Household by Number of Dwelling Rooms (a) Status of Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity in 241 Metropolitan Cities 7.2.4(b) State wise Sewage Generation of Class-I Cities (c) State-wise Sewage Generation of Class- II Towns Number of Homeless Households and Population (a) Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Town reporting Slums 245 and Slum Population in Slum Area- India, States, UTs (b) Total Population, Slum Population in Municipal Corporations with 246 Population above one Million ( c ) Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slum 247 Areas and their Proportion to the total Slum Population- State/UTs Reporting Slum Polulation (d) Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 248 Tribes Population Living in Slums in Million Plus Cities Estimated Slum Population in Metropolitan Cities Households Classified by Supply of Water and Toilet Installation By 250 Rural and Urban 7.2.9(a) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per Households (Rural) 7.2.9(b) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per Households (Urban) 7.2.9(c) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per Households (Rural+ Urban) (a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking per 1000 Household (Rural) 254 xiii

12 7.2.10(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking per 1000 Household (Urban) (c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking per 1000 Household (Rural+ Urban) (a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 Household (Rural) (b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 Household (Urban) (c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 Household (Rural+ Urban) Number of Household by Arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Households living in a house State-wise Estimated Annual Requirement of Water for Domestic Purposes including for cattle in different States Waste Management Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities Quantities and Waste Generation Rates in 59 cities Waste Characterization in 59 cities Status of Landfill Sites in 59 cities Consumption of Plastic in the World in Plastic Waste Management Status in India Characteristic Land Fill Leachates State-Wise Status of Hazardous Waste Generation 268 xiv

13 List of charts Chart 3.1 Rare and threatened plant species 27 Chart 3.2 Forest cover in different States as compared to total Geographic Area 34 Chart 3.3 Forest Cover of India 35 Chart 3.4 State-Wise wasteland as percentage to the total Geographical Area 54 Chart 3.5 Forest land diversion 56 Chart 3.6 Chart 3.7 Population of Tigers India's livestock Population Chart 4.1 All India installed generating capacity (mw) as on Chart 4.2 Plan-wise growth of installed capacity in India 109 Chart 4.3 Contribution of green house gases to Atmosphere (%) 134 Chart 5.1 Land use in India to Chart 6.1 Monsoon performance (June September) 186 Chart 6.2 Number of metrological sub-divisions with excess/normal and 194 deficient/scanty rainfall (June September) Chart 6.3 Percentage of districts with excess/normal and deficient/scanty 194 (June September) Chart 7.1 Population of India 230 Chart 7.2 Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births) 232 Chart 7.3 Expectation of life at Birth 233 Chart 7.4 Percentage of Population below poverty line 237 Chart 7.5 Consumption of plastic in the World xv

14 Overview The Compendium has been prepared under the broad Framework for Development of Environment Statistics provided by the United Nations Statistics Division and adopted by the Steering Committee on Environment Statistics set up by CSO during The five parameters of the framework, namely, biodiversity, atmosphere, land/soil, water, and human settlements have been used in this compendium. There are seven chapters, further divided into various sections, the details of which are given below. An attempt has been made, wherever possible, to elaborate the data in the tables with the help of boxes below the table and suitable graphs and charts for easy comprehension. The first chapter on Environment and Environment degradation gives a general introduction of the concept of environment; development versus environment degradation; impact of development activities on environment; emissions, discharges and their sources; some major pollutants, their sources and related health hazards. The second chapter on Development of Environment Statistics in India summarises the activities undertaken by the C.S.O. in Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation for the development of environment statistics. The third chapter on Biodiversity is divided into three sections: Flora; Forests and Fauna. The section on Flora contains some statistics on plant species found in India, species which are rare, vulnerable, endangered and extinct. It also gives some statistics on preservation measure of flora like Biosphere reserves, Botanical gardens and gene banks in India, including information on agro biodiversity. The section on Forests contains statistics on Indian forests. It gives information on percentage of forest area to total geographic area (state-wise), wastelands and external aids received for social forestry.the section on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic habitats in India, estimated number of species, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, tiger reserves, livestock population in India, fish production and bovine population affected by drought. The fourth chapter on Atmosphere is divided into five sections: Air and Transport; Energy; Industry, Greenhouse Gases and Noise. The section on Air and Transport gives the composition of the troposphere; ambient air quality standards and state of ambient air quality in some selected cities and towns. Ambient air quality in Delhi has also been given. The section on Energy gives information on installed capacity of utilities; electricity generation and actual power supply position, different fuels used for cooking; coal resources in India as well as its production; and renewable energy resources. The section on Greenhouse Gases gives information on the key greenhouse gases and the effect of global warming. The section on Industries gives information on the number of registered industrial establishments in India and the status of pollution control in 17 categories of industries. The section on Noise gives information on the ambient noise standards; average noise levels in various metropolitan cities and effects of noise pollution on human health. The fifth chapter on Land and Soil is divided into four sections: Land Uses, Agriculture, Natural disasters and Mining. The section on Land Uses contains nine fold land classification followed in India, and different land use patterns. The section on Agriculture contains information on area under principal crops; performance of crop production; use of agricultural inputs; xvii

15 consumption of pesticides statewise and their effect on soil. The section on Natural Disasters contains information on frequently occurring natural disasters; recent natural disasters in India; major earthquakes; number of drought-prone districts and damages due to droughts and supercyclonic storm. The section on Mining gives data on number of mines, production of minerals, status of afforestation, mining machinery and consumption of explosives in mining. The sixth chapter on Water is divided into two sections: Ground Water and Marine Water. The section on Ground Water contains information on rainfall performance during the last 20 years; water flow in streams and ground water resources; water quality criteria and distribution of water monitoring stations. The section on Marine Water contains information on coastline of India; main activities along the coastal zones; industrial and sewage discharges to coastal waters; pollutants and their impacts on marine environment and potential hot spots along the Indian coasts. The seventh chapter on Human Settlements is divided into three sections: Population and Poverty; Housing, Slums and Basic Facilities; and Waste Management. Human development is adversely affected by the environmental degradation. Safe drinking water and sanitation are closely linked with two of the very important human development indicators viz. infant mortality and life expectancy. Under the section on Population and Poverty information on population size, infant mortality rate, expectation of life at birth and population below the poverty line have been given. The section on Housing, Slums and Basic Facilities contains estimates of population in India, number of households, their size, number of rooms per housing unit, water supply system and toilet installation by rural/urban, homeless population, urbanization trends in India, slum population, housing shortage projected, percentage of population below poverty line, medical facilities under allopathy and Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy. xviii

LIST OF TABLES NUMBE R CHAPTER 1- ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION

LIST OF TABLES NUMBE R CHAPTER 1- ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION LIST OF TABLES NAME PAGE NUMBE R CHAPTER 1- ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION TABLE 1.3.1 FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES) INFORMATION CATEGORIES TABLE 1.3.2: SOME IMPACTS