water, forestry, fossil fuels, metallic and non-metallic minerals

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2 water, forestry, fossil fuels, metallic and non-metallic minerals

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4 Faith / spirituality (water baptisms, FNMI water stories, etc) Sustains us / necessary for life Sanitation Transportation (canoe, boat, etc) Business Sports Etc.

5 Humans require about 2.5 litres of drinking water per day to remain healthy. The average Canadian uses about 330 litres of water per day for personal use. By factoring in activities such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, electricity, etc, it could be said that the average Canadian uses 4500 litres of water per day. Canadians are the second largest users of water in the world.

6 Many FNMI communities and other communities in Canada are faced with water issues every day, including no access to potable water. Water is sacred. Less than 1% of all water on Earth is usable fresh water. Almost every living organism relies upon water for survival. Our bodies are 66% water and require water to live. We play in water. Many modern manufacturing processes rely upon water. Our food requires water to grow. Despite all of this, we are not being careful with this sacred resource Source: rootsandshoots.ca

7 Respect-The Words that come before all else Haudenosaunee address Read and discuss the importance and role of water (and other elements of earth) as defined in the story

8 Nearly 75% of the Earth s surface is covered in water. Rainwater makes up 70% of Canada s precipitation. Snow makes up 30% of Canada s precipitation Water that runs off the land through rivers and lakes into oceans is called run-off. Water that soaks deep into the earth through layers of different types of rock is called groundwater. The circulation of water from water vapour in the air to precipitation and bodies of water is called the hydrological cycle.

9 Lakes and Wetlands Most of Canada s surface freshwater is found in lakes and wetlands Many of the basins containing Canada s lakes were created by ice sheets during glacial periods. They are fed by rivers, groundwater springs, precipitation and runoff from rain and melting snow. Lakes store water, but continually release it into rivers, maintaining river flow. Wetlands are areas of land that have become saturated with water. They cover 14% of Canada s area. They can be called marshes, swamps and bogs. Wetlands provide habitats for various types of wildlife. Largest lakes in North America

10 Rivers and Drainage Basins Canada s water drains into Hudson Bay, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through 5 drainage basins. A drainage basin s the area drained by a river and its tributaries. The amount of water that flows through a drainage basin is known as a discharge rate. This can vary by annual weather conditions and season. Changes in discharge rates cause 2 major problems: flooding during wet seasons and drought during dry seasons. Dams are often used to solve these problems.

11 Groundwater Groundwater is water that is found below the Earth s surface in the spaces of soil and bedrock. Groundwater is more reliable than surface water because it fluctuates less and doesn t need to be treated as much as impurities are filtered as the water moves through soil and rock underground. Groundwater needs to be protected. Using too much of it can help to lower the water table. A lower water table can cause wells to go dry and cause wetlands to disappear

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13 Who Polluted the Red River? Interactive story

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15 Forests are a major source of wealth for Canadians, providing economic, social and environmental benefits. In 2013, production in the forest sector contributed $19.8 billion to Canada s real gross domestic product(gdp).

16 Commercial Forests have trees that can be harvested profitably. Found in warm wet areas where trees grow quickly. Usually close to transportation routes. Non-commercial forests are unlikely to be cut down for industrial use. Found in the North and in areas where temperature and precipitation levels are too low to allow trees to grow quickly. Usually too far from transportation routes to be economical. ACTIVITY Complete a map of Canada s forest regions, with a legend (example map on p. 301). On the back (or on a separate piece of paper, write down 2-3 notes about each forest region (information found on p

17 There are three distinct methods of harvesting Canada s trees: Clear-cutting: It is fast and cheap. Loggers remove every tree and leave a barren landscape behind. Northern forests are cut in this manner. The area is then replanted. Shelterwood logging: Involves clear-cutting part of an old-growth forest. This is used where trees will regenerate naturally after openings in the forest are created (no major replanting required) Selective cutting: harvesting only mature trees of the desired size, type or quality. Much less disruptive to the forest environment. Hardwoods (like sugar maple) are cut in this manner. It is costly and does not allow the replanting of a new uniform forest.

18 Acid precipitation caused by factory emissions in central Canada (Ontario) and the Eastern US. Insect Pests there are different pests in different regions of Canada. As temperatures increase, some species have spread to different regions Forest Fires On average 9500 fires burn 3 million hectares of forest in Canada every year. About 48% of all forest fires in Canada are caused by lightning. About 52% of forest fires are caused by people.

19 Canada s forests cannot be seen as a limitless source of jobs and profits for corporations and governments. On the other hand, so many people rely on the forests for jobs, so it is not realistic to think that forests should be left in their natural state no matter what. Competing interests need to agree to use the forests in a variety of ways that are not in conflict. Assignment: Read the questions on p You may see them again but when?

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21 Mineral naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in the rocks of the earth. Canada s valuable minerals: Metallic minerals Fossil fuels Industrial minerals Metallic minerals and fossil fuels are the two most important categories.

22 Some are rare and attractive: gold, silver, platinum, etc. Some are valued for their strength: iron Some are valued for particular properties: copper (electronics), nickel (used in production of steel)

23 These include coal, oil and natural gas. They have provided most of the energy for society over the past 200 years.

24 Examples include: Asbestos - fire retardant Potash fertilizer Gypsum used in making drywall Soapstone used in sculpture Diamond used in cutting tools and jewelry Gravel used in making cement

25 Employment: Approximately 375,000 people across Canada work in the mining and mineral processing industries. Mining is the largest private sector employer of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Canada has one of the largest mining supply sectors globally with more than 3,700 companies supplying engineering, geotechnical, environmental, financial and other services to mining operations. Economy: Mining contributed $57 billion to Canada s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2014.

26 Canada is one of the largest mining nations in the world producing more than 60 minerals and metals. Canada ranks in the top five countries in the global production of 14 major minerals and metals: 1. First in potash 2. Second in uranium and niobium 3. Third in cobalt, aluminum, tungsten and platinum group metals 4. Fourth in nickel, salt, sulphur and titanium 5. Fifth in diamonds, cadmium and gold Source: Facts & Figures 2015 (Mining Association of Canada)

27 In order to effectively mine an area, certain other things need to be developed, such as transportation of the ore, mills for processing the ore, power and water for the mining effort and housing, etc. for the workers. Depending on the depth of the ore deposit either strip, open pit or underground mining is used. (Read over p. 324 and 325). -impact on environment?

28 Negative impact on the environment Issues of abandoned mines Changing demand in other counties can affect Canada s mining industry Highest-quality reserves are being exhausted. Newer mineral deposits are being found in counties with cheaper production costs Mining towns are completely dependent on mines for their continued existence (think District 12 in the Hunger Games)

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30 Canada is the largest or second largest per capita user of energy in the world. Why? Northern climate with cold temperatures most of the year Small population spread thinly over a large land area lots of energy used for transportation Advanced industrial economy uses a great deal of energy Energy is cheap here, so we tend to waste it

31 Canada s energy sources can be divided into two categories: 1. Conventional energy sources: oil, gas, coal, hydro, nuclear electricity 2. Alternative energy sources: solar, wind, biomass energy

32 The Creation of Oil and Gas Searching for Oil and Gas Drilling for Oil and Gas Recovering Oil and Gas Sources of Canada s Oil and Gas

33 Hydro-Electricity Advantages/Disadvantages Thermal-Electricity Advantages/Disadvantages Nuclear-Electricity Advantages/Disadvantages Electrical Production Getting Electricity to Market

34 Trade in Electricity Trade in Natural Gas Trade in Oil

35 1. Complete a map of Canada (and world) natural resources OR: Monopoly game! 2. Workshop assignment