Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries. Geneve, Dec 57,2007. Municipal waste composition at disposal sites

Transcription

1 Municipal waste composition at disposal sites Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries Geneve, Dec 57,2007 Beatriz Cárdenas, CENICA-INE MEXICO

2 Participants INE-SEMARNAT Waste: Gustavo Solórzano, Gabor Kish, Alejandro de la Rosa Atmospheric pollutants: Beatriz Cárdenas, Salvador Blanco, Henry Worhschimmel, Claudia Márquez Contractor for waste sampling and characterization Ingeniería y Desarrollo Sustentable

3 Site selection according to the following criteria: Urban-Rural type: site receiving household waste from rural- urban populations Rural type: Site receiving household waste from rural populations Rural-Industry type: Site receiving light industry and household waste from rural populations with some industries Site selection

4 Garbage Burning Soyaniquilpan Tizayuca Tolcayuca Pre selected to D&F sampling Currently burning Possibly burning

5 Site selection Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries

6 Receives 42 to 48 tons per week Scavenging permitted, recovery of nearly 3 ton/month of PET, 3 ton/month of cardboard, 600 kg/month of glass, 60 kg of aluminum. Soyaniquilpan site

7 Receives 60 to 65 tons per week Scavenging permitted, recovery of nearly 2 ton/month of HDPE and PET (each), 1 ton/month of cardboard and glass (each), 500 kg/month of tin cans. Temascalapa site

8 San Martín de las Pirámides site Receives near 185 tons per week Scavenging permitted, recovery of nearly 800 kg/month of HDPE, 1 ton/month of PET, 3 ton/month of cardboard, 1200 kg/month of glass. N O R T E

9 Sampling points number determination It was necessary to pre-sample at one site in order to determine the final number of samples according to the variation of each material The initial number of samples were 6 (3/uncovered waste, 3/covered waste) Due to earth/cover material bias the covered samples were eliminated The confidence approach was 95% Result: five to six samples per site, 2m 3 each

10 A random number table was used to select the sampling points A 100 m 2 square grid was traced over a plane of the disposal site With selected points of the random number table, the sampling points are located on the grid If a number falls out of the site, a new one is selected (next in the generated list) Sampling points selection A 50 B N O R T E 173,45 E 211,5 82,3 D 220,5 C

11 A random number table was used to select the sampling points A 100 m 2 square grid was traced over a plane of the disposal site With selected points of the random number table, the sampling points are located on the grid If a number falls out of the site, a new one is selected (next in the generated list) Sampling points selection

12 Each 2m 3 sample was mixed and divided in 4 equal quarters, according to Mexican guide NOM-015-ECOL opposite quarters are rejected, and the accepted are mixed and divided in quarters again 2 opposite quarters are rejected, and the accepted (at least 50 kg) are classified Materials classification

13 Waste Caracterization Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries

14 Materials MATERIAL Temascalapa San Martín Soyaniquilpan Confident approach 95% Confident approach 95% Confident approach 95% % Range % Range % Range Cotton Cardboard Leather Small waste Multifoil cardboard Hard vegetable fiber Synthetic fiber Bone Rubber Tin cans Ceramic

15 Materials Wood Demolition waste Iron and steel Non ferrous metals Paper Toilet paper Disposable diapers Plastics Other plastics Kitchen waste Garden waste Feminine napkins

16 Materials Cloth Glass Shoes Hospital waste Toner Batteries Solvents and paints Others

17 Distribution 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Waste composition Wastes ditribution by site Temazcalapa San Martín Soyaniquilpan Disposal sites Others Shoes Glass Cloth Feminine tow els Garden Wastes Food w astes Other plastics Plastics Disposable diapers Paper Non f erous metals Iron and steel Demolition w astes Wood Ceramic Cans Rubber Synthetic fiber Hard vegetable fiber Multifoil cardboard Small w aste Leather Cardboard Cotton

18 Other findings Main subproducts Paper, diapers, plastic bags, food waste, yard waste and cloth Temascalapa: 63.4% San Martin 52.5% Soyaniquilpan: 64.3%.items with less than 1% Bones, aluminum cans, iron, color glass, glass sheets, no alcaline bateries Items not found in any of the three sites Cupper tonners Items only found in all sites: San Martin: poliuretane, biological-infectious residues, solvents Soyaniquilpan: non ferric metals Non alcaline bateries Only in two of the sites (San Martin y Soyaniquilpan) Alcaline bateries In all sites

19 Other findings Significant differences among sites: Aluminum cans: Soyaniquilpan=SanMartin>Temascalapa Ceramic Soyaniquilpan>Temascalapa=San Martin Food waste Temascalapa=Soyaniquilpan>San Martin Glass Soyaniquilpan>Temascalapa=San Martin

20 No. Subproducto Porcentaje promedio 1 Algodón Cartón Cuero Polvo (residuos < 2mm) Papel multicapa 1.09 Con aluminio Sin aluminio Fibra dura vegetal Fibra sintética Hueso Látex (caucho) Latas 1.16 Hierro Aluminio Cerámica Madera Escombro Hierro (chatarra) Metales no ferrosos 0.38 Aluminio (trastes, papel, perfil) Cobre Bronce, zinc, plomo Papel 3.37 Papel tisue Papel bond Pañales desechables Plásticos 21.21

21 Limitations and future work. Only disposal sites near MCMA were characterized Differences considering markets for recycling products Collection (recycling) Industrial and small commercial activities Raining conditions in some samplings Electronics were observed in the sites (toys, bulbs, printers ) although not quantified in the sampling To develop a methodology to characterize and quantify products in regards of D&F emissions when burning

22 Future work. Next months Shipping of waste to EPA Burning at EPA laboratory Emissions analysis D&F determination at site by EPA group next year Correlation with previous works in open burning. subrogates?

23 Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements 2006: MILAGRO measurements campaign (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) Key findings: contribution of diffusive air pollution sources such as biomass burning and others 2007 MILAGRO: Biomass burning emissions measurement Focused on real time trace gases of low molecular weight, carbon and fine fraction of particulate matter and laboratory analysis of particles elemental composition and C2-C9 volatile organic compounds, CO2, CO FTIAR, Gas Hg monitor, Total PAH monitor, Nephelometer, Data RAM, temperature monitor, SPMminivol samplers and VOC-canister samples University of Montana-Misoula (Dr. Yokelson, Dr. Christen); University of Washington-Seatle (Dr. Alvarado) INE-CENICA, Molina Center for Energy and Environment Sources measured: Charcoal kilns Brick Kilns Wood combustion to cooking Open dump garbage burning

24 Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements Charcoal production and use

25 Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements Wood for cooking

26 Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements Agricultural residues open burning

27 Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries

28 Hazardous Substances from Open Burning of Waste in Developing Countries Emissions from biomass burning: 2007 measurements

29 2007 and Workshop on emissions from metal and cement industry (CEC) NIP main draft Update on D&F emission inventory National monitoring and evaluation program (first meetings) 2008 NIP submission National POPs monitoring and evaluation program implementation and publication of emission inventory Open dump burning attention Some implementation activities at state level Dioxin and furans air monitoring network operation National monitoring and evaluation program Biomonitoring follow up Analytical capacity Workshop on analytical and sources (CEC) Brick kiln project (TBD) Analysis from biomass burning measurements Emissions Temperature, burning process