Mainstreaming Environment for Poverty Reduction (RETA6422) Subproject Proposal

Transcription

1 A. Basic Data Mainstreaming Environment for Poverty Reduction (RETA6422) Subproject Proposal 1. Subproject Title: Air Quality Interventions: Improving Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Asian Cities 2. Project Officer: Vijay Joshi Division/Department: RSES 3. Date Prepared: 16 August Implementing Organization: ADB NGO Others (Specify) Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center, Inc. 5. Type of Intervention: Analytical Study Pilot Intervention 6. Amount of Request: US$ 250, Period this funding request will cover: September 2011 to November Region/Country: Asia (South East Asia, South Asia, East Asia) B. Description of Implementing Organization, if not ADB The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) promotes better air quality and livable cities by reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors. CAI-Asia was established in 2001 by the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and USAID, and is part of a global initiative that includes CAI-LAC (Latin American Cities) and CAI-SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa). Since 2007, this multi-stakeholder initiative is a registered UN Type II Partnership with more than 200 organizational members and eight Country Networks. The secretariat of the CAI-Asia Partnership is the CAI-Asia Center, a non-profit organization with headquarters in Manila, Philippines and offices in Beijing, China and Delhi, India, with 20 full-time staff, and an annual budget of about 1.8 million USD. In July 2007, ADB and CAI-Asia Center signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) to enhance opportunities for collaboration in improving urban air quality and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Asia. CAI-Asia s projects and activities aim to achieve the following outcomes, and partnerships, networks and collaboration with stakeholders are at the core of our work: 1. Strengthened and harmonized regional and national policies and standards. CAI-Asia supports environment ministries by developing a roadmap for air quality standards to bring Asian standards closer to World Health Organization guideline values. It assists countries in developing action plans to improve fuel quality and vehicle emissions standards. 2. Enhanced national and local frameworks for sound policies, programs and urban development. CAI-Asia facilitates the development and implementation of Clean Air Plans and policies that integrate management of air quality and climate change, using the Clean Air Scorecard. It also supports cities in low emissions urban development. CAI-Asia also facilitates the establishment of a Green Freight Program in China and other Asian countries to realize the potential of reducing fuel use and costs, and CO2 and air pollutant emissions from trucks. 3. Increased awareness and access to information, tools and partners. CAI-Asia is further expanding the Clean Air Portal ( developed with support from ADB through the Japan Special Fund (TA-6510: Capturing and Transferring Air Quality Management (AQM) Knowledge in Asia). The Portal includes CitiesACT, an online database that features data and information on Air quality, Climate change & energy, and Transport ( CAI- Asia develops and mainstreams tools, such as the Transport Emissions Evaluation Models for Projects (TEEMP). It organizes its flagship event, the Better Air Quality (BAQ) conference, every two years, and the ADB is one of the organizing partners. RSES will administer this subproject under the Mainstreaming Environment for Poverty Reduction (RETA6422) technical assistance project of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). CAI-Asia and ADB will enter a partnership agreement which will govern contractual arrangements. 1

2 C. Proposed Activity 1. Background and Rationale: A majority of people living in Asian cities may be exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. According to a CAI-Asia Center analysis of 2008 particulate matter (PM 10 ) data from 264 Asian cities, the aggregated annual average PM 10 concentration for all the cities is 85 µg/m 3 and in several cases reached levels above 200 µg/m 3 exceeding the 70 µg/m 3 World Health Organization (WHO) air quality interim target. Only 47% of cities surveyed meet the 70 µg/m 3 WHO interim target and only 2% of these cities meet the 20 µg/m 3 annual guideline; the latter including smaller cities and districts in Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam. 1 From a poverty perspective it is important to address urban air pollution. Research is not conclusive as to whether and how air pollution affects the health of the poor more than the non-poor. But as relatively more poor people in cities travel with public transport, walk and cycle, they are deemed to be more exposed to air pollution. Rapid urbanization in Asia is largely the result of migration of poor people to cities. Poor have less financial means to get medical help (e.g. treatment of children for asthma, medicines for high blood pressure) and loss of income and jobs resulting from air pollution induced/enhanced diseases (e.g. absence from work due to asthma, pneumonia or recovery from a heart attack) have more severe consequences for the poor and their families. One of the focal areas of the RETA6422 is reduction of air and water pollution. To manage air quality effectively, air quality must be measured using appropriate air quality monitoring systems. A large number of Asian cities are still unable to report air quality due to limited or inexistent air quality monitoring capacity. Results of CAI-Asia s application of the Clean Air Scorecard ( Scorecard ) to eight pilot cities in Asia confirm this. The Scorecard is a tool to assess AQM capacity in Asian cities and identify areas for improvement, including air quality monitoring (see As data and information is part of AQM, applying to Scorecard will also help to identify data/information gaps and areas for improvement. In 2009, the Scorecard was developed by CAI-Asia Center with support from ADB TA-6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management and Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia (SUMA). In 2010, CAI-Asia Center piloted the Scorecard in eight cities (Bangkok, Colombo, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Jakarta, Jinan, Kathmandu, Manila) with partial support from TA-6510: Capturing and Transferring Air Quality Management Knowledge in Asia. Results showed air quality monitoring as a weakness in most of the cities. The Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI), the first of three indices of the Scorecard, assesses city air pollution levels against WHO guideline values and interim targets. 2 This index includes seven pollutants (PM 10, PM 2.5, SO 2, NO 2, CO and Pb). Cities with air pollution levels that meet WHO guidelines and the most stringent WHO interim targets would receive a high APHI score. Application of APHI and identification of cities with good and poor air quality offers a very practical way of improving air quality in Asian cities by south-south twining among cities with poor air quality (recipient cities) with the cities with good air quality (mentor cities). This approach will help the recipient cities learn 1 In 2006, the WHO issued an air quality guideline (20 µg/m 3 ) and interim targets (IT) for PM 10 (IT-1 of 70µg/m 3, IT-2 of 50 µg/m 3, and IT-3 of 30µg/m 3 ). The possibility of adverse effects remains, even if the PM 10 air quality guideline is achieved. The reasons for the interim targets are to (a) define steps in a progressive reduction of air pollution in more polluted areas; and (b) promote a shift from concentrations with acute, serious health consequences to concentrations that, if achieved, would result in significant reductions in risks for acute and chronic effects. (Source: M. Krzyzanowski presentation at BAQ 2006 on New WHO Air Quality Guidelines - see cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/sp1_1.ppt) 2 The tool is composed of three indexes: Air Pollution and Health, Clean Air Management Capacity, and Policies and Action. 2

3 how the mentor cities addressed the air pollution issues and affected infrastructure as well as managerial changes to achieve improved air quality. The subproject findings could also help ADB identify the priority cities in Asia from the point of view of investments in urban transport infrastructure under the Sustainable Transport Initiative. CAI-Asia Center maintains the most comprehensive database of annual average ambient air concentrations from over 250 Asian cities for PM 10, SO 2 and/or NO 2. For effective AQM interventions, though, the air quality data must be reliable.. Reported air quality levels by cities may not be reliable in all cases and therefore it is important to assess reliability of reported data and help cities improve the quality of their air quality monitoring infrastructure, The primary purpose of this subproject is to identify the cities that need air quality improvement interventions most urgently and link them with the cities that have been able to overcome the problem of poor air quality and thus have technical and managerial knowhow to assist the other cities. The main project activities include (a) benchmarking of Asian cities according to ambient air quality levels using the Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI), (b) assessing the technical soundness of air quality monitoring systems of selected cities, and (c) establishing twinning arrangements between cities to facilitate sharing of best practices in air quality monitoring and management. 2. Objectives: The proposed project aims to contribute to improving the availability and reliability of air quality data in Asian cities to assist policymakers in (a) effective policy and investment decision-making, (b) policy and project impacts monitoring, and (c) communicating to the public on the status of air pollution. Target groups include: City governments and to some degree national governments who require reliable and up to date air quality monitoring data to make decisions on how to reduce air pollution. The public and other stakeholders who want to know the quality of the air that they are breathing and have the confidence that government is taking the right policies to bring air pollution levels down Development agencies, including ADB, who want to know where investments are needed to improve air quality monitoring so that air pollution can be controlled more effectively. 3. Impact and Outcome: The long term impact is improved air quality in Asian cities due to better policies that are informed by reliable and meaningful data from air quality monitoring and learning from successful experience within the region. The short term impact is better awareness and access to know how to improve air quality monitoring system and interpretation of air quality data. The intended outcome of this project is improved information and data sharing and technical guidance on air quality monitoring systems for Asia cities resulting from improved understanding of best practices in air quality monitoring. Performance Indicators: Updated air quality data for 250 cities available online in the CitiesACT database Technical information on air quality monitoring system for Asian cities available in the CitiesACT database Assessment of best practices of air quality monitoring in 5-10 Asian cities Best practice guide on air quality monitoring systems in Asian cities Twinning arrangements established between 4-10 cities 3

4 4. Expected Outputs: The primary outputs of the project will be: Output 1. Asian cities benchmarked according to ambient air quality levels using the Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) including 250 cities with air quality data in the CitiesACT database List of 20 cities with high and 20 cities with low APHI scores Output 2. Assessed technical soundness of air quality monitoring systems of the 40 selected cities under output 1 resulting in 40 cities with air quality monitoring system information in the CitiesACT database Survey Report of air quality monitoring systems in 40 cities Best practice guide on air quality monitoring systems in Asian cities Recommendations for air quality monitoring system improvement, and where investments are required, for at least 5 cities with different population sizes 3 with low APHI score Output 3. Established twinning arrangements between mentor cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems, and cities that can learn from them on air quality monitoring and management. Output 4. TA results are disseminated in CAI-Asia s Better Air Quality (BAQ) 2012 Conference and other forums Assumptions and Risks: Cities are committed to participate in the project and learn from other cities. By working with air quality experts to assess AQ monitoring systems, it is more likely that cities will participate because they will receive credible feedback on how to improve their monitoring systems. Secondly, areas where investments may be needed will be identified, which can help cities secure loans for these from development banks and other financing sources. To maximize the success of twinning cities, CAI-Asia will seek advice from CityNet and other city networks that have experience in twinning cities Willingness to publicly share data on the CitiesACT database. In most cases, data collected is eventually made public, but through CAI-Asia the data is make public earlier and at a centralized location. Representativeness of annual air quality data. This will be assessed for up to 40 cities based on a survey of their monitoring systems, and for 10 cities in more detail through an AQ monitoring system assessment in the city itself. 5. Scope of Work/Description of Proposed Approaches: The table summarizes the activities, which are described in more detail below the table. Stakeholders roles and Activity Participation Needs of vulnerable groups responsibility 1. Asian Cities Benchmark CAI-Asia to conduct City government agencies to provide updated AQ data City government, research institutes More complete / updated information on air pollution levels in 250 Asian cities available online to the public. Better informed residents can more pro-actively demand action from government. Anticipated conflicts/risk Unavailability of data. CAI-Asia has past data for about 250 cities and knows where to get these from, therefore risk is minimized 3 Population of large cities (more than 5 million), medium cities (1 to 5 million), and small cities (less than 1 million) 4

5 2. Assess AQ monitoring systems CAI-Asia and AQ experts to conduct City governments to provide information on AQ monitoring systems City government, research institutes Information on strengths and gaps in AQ monitoring systems for 40 cities will help government determine how to improve monitoring. As this feeds into AQ management this is the basis for improvements in air quality that will benefit city residents, including the poor. Participation of cities in AQ monitoring system assessment. By working with experts 3. Establish twinning arrangements between cities CAI-Asia to conduct City governments to help determine areas for collaboration with other cities City governments and relevant stakeholder groups in cities Learning from other model cities will help cities that are behind to improve AQ monitoring and management, thus in improving air quality Commitment needed from city governments to collaborate with other cities and formalize this 4. Results dissemination at BAQ 2012 and other forums CAI-Asia to organize Cities and AQ experts to present or be panelists City government representatives and AQ practitioners and policy makers from across Asia Dissemination of results is the basis for replication by other cities Cities need to send a representative with the right profile Activity 1. Benchmark Asian cities according to ambient air quality levels using the Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) a) Collect, through survey and desk research, annual average air quality (PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2 ) concentrations for at least 250 Asian cities from 2008 to the most recent year available. CAI-Asia existing database with annual average air quality data for over 250 Asian cities will be used as starting point. b) From the 250 cities in CAI-Asia s database pre-select cities according to the following criteria The city is monitoring PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2 The city has monitoring data for at least 50% of days in a year The city responded to the survey questionnaire c) For pre-selected cities, undertake a Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) assessment for PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2 for 2008 until the most recent year. Identity 20 cities with high and 20 cities with low APHI scores. d) Categorize selected cities by population size. 4 e) Prepare APHI benchmarking report (draft and final) f) Update air quality data for 250 cities available online in the CitiesACT database Activity 2. Assess technical soundness of air quality monitoring system of selected cities a) Prepare survey questionnaire on air quality monitoring for 40 selected cities. The survey will inquire about the following: Number of monitoring stations Monitoring station information, such as, location (coordinates and physical location), station type, parameters monitored, type of monitoring, sampling height, monitoring equipment used Frequency of monitoring Quality assurance and quality control procedures 4 See Footnote 4 5

6 Monitoring station management and others. b) Send survey questionnaire to CAI-Asia s contacts in environment departments in cities. c) Collect and analyze survey questionnaires. d) Prepare Survey Report e) Amend, as necessary, the current CitiesACT database to accommodate the changes required to upload air quality monitoring system information using results from the survey questionnaire; and upload air quality monitoring system information for Asian cities in the CitiesACT database. f) Shortlist 10 cities for detailed investigation representing cities with good and poor air quality levels, and good and poor air quality monitoring systems, and preferably covering cities of different sizes. g) For these 10 cities, conduct site visit to assess information received through the survey questionnaire. This will involve visiting air quality monitoring stations within the city and evaluating the system and major components of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) with assistance of technical experts. h) Prepare an Assessment Report on air quality monitoring systems for the 10 cities recommending air quality monitoring system improvements, identifying best practices, and investment opportunities by potential funders and development banks. i) Select cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems to identify possible candidate mentor cities for the twinning arrangements described in Output 3. j) Prepare the Best Practice Guide on Air Quality Monitoring Systems for Asian Cities Output 3: Twinning arrangements are established between mentor cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems, and cities that can learn from them on air quality monitoring and management. a) Identify twinning partners to the mentor cities b) Discuss with cities the areas and mechanisms for collaboration between the cities, and the contribution of each city in implementing the agreement c) Hold meeting with twinning cities as a pre-event to BAQ 2012 to discuss collaboration as basis for twinning agreements d) Prepare draft twinning agreement for consideration by twinning cities Output 4. Project results are disseminated at BAQ 2012 Conference and other forums a) Present at and/or organize sessions at BAQ 2012 Conference and other forums b) Prepare report of BAQ session 6. Workplan and Reporting: Activity Monitoring requirements Progress reporting 1. Asian Cities Benchmark APHI benchmarking report draft in November 2011 (based on current data) and updated in July 2012 (based on updated data) Updated air quality data for 250 cities available online in the CitiesACT database June Assess AQ monitoring Uploaded air quality monitoring system information for 40 cities in the CitiesACT database July 2012 Monthly TAPR Progress Report - Nov 2011 Monthly TAPR 6

7 systems Completed Survey Report November 2011 Completed city visits Feb 2012 Best Practice Guide on Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Asian cities April 2012 (draft) June 2012 (final), and September (published) Assessment Reports with findings and recommendations for air quality monitoring system improvement for the 10 visited cities draft April 2012, final July Establish twinning arrangements between cities 4. Results dissemination at BAQ 2012 and other forums Establish twinning arrangement July-Oct 2012 Submission of draft city twinning agreements to twinning cities Nov 2012 Session at BAQ 2012 October 2012 Report of the BAQ session - November Evaluation and Information Dissemination: Progress Report - Nov 2011 Semi-annual monitoring report - April 2012 Monthly TAPR Final report narrative and financial report November 2012 Monthly TAPR Final report narrative and financial report Nov 2012 All related documents and results of this subproject will be posted on the Clean Air Portal ( and disseminated through CAI-Asia activities including the Better Air Quality (BAQ) Conference in Any data collected will be uploaded on the CitiesACT database. All 250 cities will be sent a letter with the results of the project. At the completion of the project a short survey will be sent to the 10 cities on whether they found the review of air quality monitoring systems and facilitation of twinning arrangements between cities useful and effective. This will give an indication as to whether these cities will continue pro-actively improving their air quality management. 8. Sustainability (in case of Pilot Intervention): Not applicable 9. Scope of Replication/Use in ADB Operations and DMCs: The potential for replication by other Asian cities is facilitated by: Including updated air quality data for 250 cities and information on air quality monitoring systems in the CitiesACT database, thus cities can compare their air quality with that of others, which is an important factor in policy makers decisions to improve on air quality management The Best practice guide on air quality monitoring systems in Asian cities will be written for policy makers at the city level, outlining best practice examples and thereby providing a basis for other cities to decide on concrete improvement areas for their air quality monitoring systems The BAQ 2012 conference attracts practitioners, policy makers and funders from across Asia, including city representatives. D. Cost Estimate and Disbursement Schedule No. Item Partner Contribution Requested Total Disbursement Schedule 1 Activity 1: Asian Cities Benchmark see below table 1 Collect updated AQ data for 250 cities and upload in CitiesACT database Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) assessment and select 20 cities with high and 20 cities with low APHI score Prepare APHI Benchmarking Report Activity 2: Assess AQ monitoring systems 7

8 2.1 Conduct survey of AQ monitoring systems for 40 cities, prepare Survey Report and upload information on AQ monitoring systems on CitiesACT database 2 City visits for AQ monitoring systems assessment and preparation of assessment report 2 Prepare Best Practice Guide on Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Asian cities and editing/printing as publication 3 Activity 3: Establish twinning arrangements between cities Identify cities; hold meetings; prepare twinning draft agreements Activity 4: Results dissemination at BAQ 2012 and other forums 4.1 Present at and/or organize sessions at BAQ 2012 Conference and other forums, and prepare report on BAQ session Miscellaneous 6 Project management including liaison with ADB and progress reporting Total Expenses The partner contribution includes administrative charges of 15% of remuneration and 5% of other expenses, that has been included in past LOAs between ADB RSES and CAI-Asia, but that is waived for this LOA. In addition, CAI-Asia s development and ongoing maintenance of the CitiesACT database is valued at US$ 25,000, and this project can build on existing database infrastructure. The disbursement schedule is as follows: USD 80,000 in September 2011 upon signing of contract. USD 80,000 in January 2012 upon acceptance of draft APHI benchmarking report, AQ Monitoring System Survey Report, and Progress Report, and of plan for city visits USD 60,000 in July 2012, upon acceptance of Best Practice Guide on Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Asian cities, Assessment Reports for Cities, and the Semi-Annual Progress Report USD 30,000 upon completion of the project and acceptance of final report. 8

9 E. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK Design Summary Performance Targets/Indicators Data Sources/Reporting Mechanisms Assumptions and Risks Impact Improved air quality in Asian cities due to better policies that are informed by reliable and meaningful data from air quality monitoring. Outcome Improved information and data sharing and technical guidance on air quality monitoring systems for Asia cities resulting from improved understanding of best practices in air quality monitoring Assumptions Updated air quality data for 250 cities available online in the CitiesACT database Technical information on air quality monitoring system for Asian cities available in the CitiesACT database Assessment of best practices of air quality monitoring in 5-10 Asian cities Best practice guide on air quality monitoring systems in Asian cities Twinning arrangements established between 4-10 cities CAI-Asia current AQ database which covers about 250 cities. Ministry of Environment websites and reports, and responses to data request. CAI-Asia has limited air quality monitoring system information for about 10 cities. Draft twinning agreements Report of pre-event to the BAQ 2012 conference Risks Assumptions Cities are committed to participate in the project and learn from other cities. Willingness to publicly share data on the CitiesACT database. Representativeness of annual air quality data. Risks Insufficient number of cities wanting to participate in an assessment of AQ monitoring systems and share results Best practices in air quality monitoring systems need to be presented in a way that other cities can translate this into practical ways to improve their own systems Outputs Output 1. Asian cities are benchmarked according to ambient air quality levels using the Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) 250 cities with air quality data in the CitiesACT database List of 20 cities with high and 20 cities with low APHI scores CAI-Asia current AQ database which covers about 250 cities. Ministry of Environment websites and reports, and responses to data request. Cities are willing to share AQ data or AQ data are readily available from city websites and reports. Output 2. Technical soundness of air quality monitoring system of selected cities assessed. 40 cities with air quality monitoring system information in the CitiesACT database Best practice guide on air quality monitoring systems in Asian cities completed CAI-Asia has limited air quality monitoring system information for about 10 cities. Cities are willing to share AQ monitoring information and respond to survey in timely manner. Recommendations for air quality monitoring system improvement for at least 5 cities with different population sizes with low APHI score completed 9

10 Output 3. Twinning arrangements are established between mentor cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems, and cities that can learn from them on air quality monitoring and management Twinning agreements between cities drafted Draft twinning agreements Report of pre-event to the BAQ 2012 conference The training approach results in long-term capacity strengthening in the recipient city Output 4. TA results disseminated in CAI- Asia s Better Air Quality (BAQ) 2012 Conference and other forums Air quality community in Asia are informed of project results BAQ 2012 Conference report Report of pre-event to the BAQ 2012 conference Active participation of Asia air quality community in the BAQ 2012 Conference Listserv announcements Activities with Milestones Output 1. Asian cities are benchmarked according to ambient air quality levels using the Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) Inputs ADB: $250,000 a) Collect annual average air quality (PM 10, SO 2 and/or NO 2) concentrations for 250 Asian cities from 2008 to September May 2012 b) Pre-select cities to undertake Air Pollution and Health Index (APHI) assessment based on the three parameters (PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2). September 2011 c) Identify 20 cities with high and 20 cities with low APHI scores using PM 10, SO 2 and NO 2 data for 2008 until most recent year. October 2011 d) Categorize cities by population size (large, medium, small) October 2011 e) Prepare APHI benchmarking report draft in November 2011 (based on current data) and updated in July 2012 (based on updated data) f) Update air quality data for 250 cities available online in the CitiesACT database June 2012 Output 2. Technical soundness of air quality monitoring systems of selected cities assessed. a) Prepare survey questionnaire on air quality monitoring for 40 selected cities. September 2011 b) Send survey questionnaire, collect and analyze survey responses. September - October 2011 c) Prepare Survey Report. November 2011 d) Upload air quality monitoring system information for Asian cities in the CitiesACT database. July 2012 e) Shortlist 10 cities for detailed investigation of the air quality monitoring systems. December 2011 f) Conduct site visit to selected 10 cities to verify information received through the survey questionnaire. January - February 2012 g) Prepare assessment report on air quality monitoring system in selected 10 cities with recommendations for air quality monitoring system improvement for one large, one medium and one small city with low APHI score and category for potential funding by donors and development banks. Draft April 2012, final July 2012 h) Select cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems to identify possible candidate mentor cities for the twinning arrangements (see Output 3). March 2012 i) Prepare Best Practice Guide on Air Quality Monitoring Systems in Asian cities April 2012 (draft) June 2012 (final), and September (published) 10

11 Output 3: Twinning arrangements are established between mentor cities with good air quality levels and good air quality monitoring systems, and cities that can learn from them on air quality monitoring and management a) Identification of twinning partners to the mentor cities. May 2012 b) Discuss with cities the areas and mechanisms for collaboration between the cities, and the contribution of each city in implementing the agreement. July - October 2012 c) Hold meeting with twinning cities as a pre-event to BAQ 2012 to discuss collaboration as basis for twinning agreements. October 2012 d) Prepare draft twinning agreement. September - November 2012 Output 4: TA results disseminated in CAI-Asia s Better Air Quality (BAQ) 2012 Conference and other forums a) Present at and/or organize sessions at BAQ 2012 Conference and other forums. October 2012 b) Prepare report of BAQ session. November