Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Management by Using VIKOR: A Case Study of USA States

Transcription

1 Modern Appled Scence; Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 ISSN E-ISSN Publshed by Canadan Center of Scence and Educaton Evaluaton of Hazardous Waste Management by Usng VIKOR: A Case Study of USA States Mohsn Al 1,2, Amt Yadav 2, Mara Ans 2 & Raeev Kumar Shah 2 1 Department of Envronmental Scence, Inernatonal Islamc Unversty, Islamabad, Pakstan 2 School of Management & Economcs, Unversty of Electronc Scence & Technology of Chna, Chengdu, Chna Correspondence: Mohsn Al, Department of Envronmental Scence, Inernatonal Islamc Unversty, Islamabad, Pakstan; School of Management & Economcs, Unversty of Electronc Scence & Technology of Chna, Chengdu, Chna. Tel: E-mal: mohsnal757@gmal.com Receved: May 27, 2016 Accepted: June 8, 2016 Onlne Publshed: November 4, 2016 do: /mas.v11n1p180 URL: Abstract Global warmng s the maor problem of the modern world due to envronmental polluton, where hazardous waste dsposal poses threat to the envronment. USA s urbanzed country but stll gong through hard tme due to ndecorous management of hazardous waste. To manage such problem are always dffcult for the related partes because every ndvdual have ther own udgement. Whch s dffcult to put everyone opnons together for the decson makng. The obectve of ths study was to elucdate hazardous waste problem of USA. Ths paper espouses VIKOR (VIseKrterumska Optmzaca I Kompromsno Resene) methods whch s prevalent method appled n mult-crtera analyss (MCA). The emprcal studes ranked each state of USA from best to worst for hazardous waste management and wll help EPA (envronmental protecton agency) to mprove hazardous waste of each state by comparng wth the best. Keywords: hazardous waste, USA, VIKOR, MCA 1. Introducton Hazardous waste s any unsolcted materal or sold waste whch s dsposed n open envronment and causes threat to t. It can be n any form such as explosve, emttng radaton, erodng materals, toxc etc. Sources of hazardous waste are tmber treatment, petroleum product, metal fnshed, ndustral waste, hosptal waste etc. There are numerous ways to extravagance those waste such as neutralzaton, reducton, oxdaton, hydrolyss, mcroorgansms, ncneraton, encapsulaton and separaton etc. It ndcates dentfcaton and confrmaton of the chemcal and physcal propertes of waste, where ths s done ether by testng or applyng knowledge of waste. If such hazardous waste were well managed then there would be clean envronment and also not essental to perform any ste remedaton. Hazardous waste management promnence on hazardous waste storage necesstes, above ground storage tanks, underground storage tanks, hazardous waste handlng, hazardous waste transportaton and dsposal. In compettve worlds all countres are rushng towards development and most of the hazardous waste s generated by developed countres such as USA. A waste s consdered hazardous when t stances a threat to human health or the envronment stated by USA Resource Conservaton and Recovery Act (RCRA) of Speedy mprovement and upgradng of varous ndustres machneres, products and practces normally ncrease the generaton rate of hazardous substances. As stated above most of hazardous waste producers are developed country and same as to USA. From oral vew, related partes mght fnd that USA s well managed and free of hazardous waste but the truth s dfferent. Lot of proects n waste were ploted but many of them fal to acheve ther goals, brng out socal and envronmental gltches n the communty (Ng et al., 2001; Chu, 2003). Fung (2001) ndorsed sustanablty dea wth the partcular authortes and the related partes attempt to progress the desgn proposal. Compettve world makes rapd mprovement of ndustral technologes, products and practces frequently addtonally alongsde also generates hazardous waste. In ths research hazardous waste data, nformaton and condton n USA s collected by EPA (envronmental protecton agency). Evdence s acheved of the chemcal and physcal propertes needed to effectvely canned, process or regulatory, stored or dsposed of the waste n accordance wth authorzaton. Every state of USA has ther own treatment facltes and those facltes have nformaton of the safe and effectve treatment of hazardous waste. It seems that t s well managed but the evdence s gven by ths study 180

2 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 that stll there s lot to mprove n the hazardous management. To know the condton of hazardous waste of each states some mportant varables are taken n consderaton for analyss.e. waste generated, receved and managed, shpped offste, receved for transfer storage, populaton densty and number of facltes. In order to ensure that fnal result s wnnng over author have used VIKOR method, whch s popular method appled n MCA (mult-crtera analyss). The VIKOR (VIseKrterumska Optmzaca I Kompromsno Resene) n other word means Multcrtera Optmzaton and Compromse Soluton. The goal of ths study s to manage hazardous waste of USA by comparng wth the best ranked hazardous waste manage state, gvng related offcals to take dea from the well managed state and how they follow steps to manage hazardous waste to acheve polluton preventon and human health protecton at the source of hazardous waste. Study wll also show the condton of hazardous waste, populaton densty and number of facltes n each state. Ths paper s organzed n 5 sectons, where secton 1 summares hazardous waste, secton 2 gve bref descrpton about the past work on VIKOR and hazardous waste management, secton 3 s followed by the methodology for analyss on hazardous waste, secton 4 shows elucdaton of data analyss and the fnal secton explan the result and gve vews on mprovement of hazardous waste n USA. As recorded n the Annex III of the waste Framework Drectve that waste s classfed as beng hazardous when t exhbtons one or more of the hazardous propertes. The pertnent propertes are grtty by property testng, concentraton bases crtera. Where on other sde, EPA (envronmental protecton agency) s essental to develop a Natonal Hazardous Waste Management Plan that has esteem to the preventon and mnmzaton of hazardous waste, the gatherng and crusade of hazardous waste, the recovery of hazardous waste, dsposal cannot be prevented or recovered. There are many facltes such as petroleum nvestgaton, refnsh, metal, mnng, steel manufacturng etc. whch are nvolved n generaton of hazardous waste n USA (Reed et al., 2000). Those waste cause negatve effect on the workers health, land, water, ar, flora, fauna and neghborhoods. Some of the maor cause of such effect are due to hazardous waste dumped llegally ust outsde the cty, exposure of the neghborhoods and communtes to abandoned or close to the waste as well as ndustral facltes, maor ndustral hazardous waste transported to muncpal landflls and not securely stored, nadequately treated ndustral process waste water causes water polluton etc. (Reed et al., 2000). Herarchy for decson makng s the best methodology for managng any waste whch addresses waste generated, receved and managed waste, offste shppng of hazardous waste, populaton densty and number of facltes n each states of USA. Hazardous waste generaton n each state are at varous rates but wth vrtual vews or lookng at data of hazardous waste producton that cannot decde the condton of hazardous waste management. To handle such complex decson makng, mult-crtera decson makng (MCDM) are worthful for makng decson whch cannot resolute straghtforwardly. A summary equatng the features of numerous MCDM methods and dealng wth nterdependent crtera as well local problems nvolvng both quanttatve and qualtatve ssues are explaned by De Monts et al. (2000). Decson makers n multfaceted decson stuaton nvolvng mult crtera arsng from socal, economc and envronmental consderaton helped by MCDA n decson makng process (Fguera et al., 2005; Hwang & Yoon, 2012; Saaty, 1980; Keeney & Raffa, 1976). Amng at solvng MCDM problems n whch the weghts of crtera are unequal usng nterval- valued fuzzy set concepts the nterval-valued fuzzy VIKOR method s used (Vahdan et al., 2010). To solve the MCDM problems wth contradctory or non-commensurable crtera the VIKOR method was developed (Oprcovc 2009). VIKOR s prevalent method pragmatc n mult-crtera analyss (MCA) but have delnquent n solvng MCDM problems. Chang (2010) developed a modfed VIKOR method to evade numercal dffcultes n resolvng gltches by tradtonal VIKOR method. To confrm the upgradng of soluton effcency, several synthetc experments were desgned. Even the fnest soluton cannot gratfy all crtera when contradctory crtera exst (Oprcovc & Tzeng, 2004; Tong et al., 2007). VIKOR method and a herarchy MCDM model created on fuzzy sets theory s proposed to deal wth the suppler selecton problems n the supply chan system (Sanaye et al., 2010). To deal wth the evaluaton of servce qualty problems n the nternatonal arport, the combned concepts of VIKOR and grey relaton analyss (GRA), a new fuzzy MCDM method was proposed (Kuo & Lang, 2011). Tong et al. (2007) employs the VIKOR method whch s a compromsng rankng method used for MCDM and to optmze the mult response process. Though VIKOR s benefcal tool for multple crtera analyss but there are some gltches for whch tradtonal VIKOR method has no soluton (Hsu, 2008). Ths study used the antcpated VIKOR method for the rankng of USA states accordng to the condton of hazardous waste. Factors whch affect the wzard of hazardous waste such as waste produced, conventonal & managed, dspatched offste, receved for transfer storage, populaton densty and number of facltes n each state are taken for analyss. The obectve of ths study was to propose a rankng of state accordng to well managed hazardous waste and the worse managed, then renderng to result 181

3 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 suggest the worse managed hazardous waste state to follow the well managed procedure for the mprovement, llustrate lackng of worse manage state and effect of populaton on hazardous waste. 2. Methodology The VIKOR method compromse rankng method used for MCDM and to optmze the mult-response process. It was orgnally developed by Ducksten & Oprcovc (1980) to solve decson problems wth contradctory and non-commensurable (dfferent unts) crtera, assumng that compromse s acceptable for conflct resoluton, the decson maker needs a elucdaton that s the closest to the deal, and the alternatves are evaluated accordng to all establshed crtera. VIKOR ranks alternatves and determnes the soluton named compromse that s the closest to the deal. The dea of compromse soluton was ntroduced n MCDM by Po-Lung (1973), and Zelrny (1973). Oprcovc (1990) named VIKOR acronym for VIseKrterumska Optmzaca I Kompromsno Resene that means Multcrtera Optmzaton and Compromse Soluton, wth artculaton: VIKOR. The real applcatons were presented n 1998 (Oprcovc, 1998). Oprcovc & Tzeng (2004) contrbuted to the nternatonal recognton of the VIKOR method. The compromse-rankng method VIKOR s an applcable technque for MCA. It was developed for mult-crtera optmzaton n complex systems. The VIKOR method focuses on rankng and selectng from the alternatves wth conflctng crtera (Tzeng et al., 2005). Assumng that each alternatve s evaluated accordng to multple crteron functons, the compromse rankng s performed by comparng the measure of closeness to the deal alternatve (Oprcovc 1998; Tzeng et al., 2002; Oprcovc & Tzeng, 2004). The compromse-rankng algorthm of the tradtonal VIKOR has followng steps. x Step 1: The varous alternatves are denoted as 1, x 2,..., x m. f aspect s denoted by,.e., number of alternatve and n s the number of crtera. for an alternatve the mert of the th f s the value of th x crtera functon for the alternatve. Where, m s the x f =, = 1,2,.., m; = 1,2,.., n m X = 1 2 Where x = performance of alternatve A Step 2: Determne the maxmum f and mnmum f values of all crtera functons, = 1, 2, 3,... n. x, (1) f = max f = max[( f ) = 1, 2,..., m] (2) f = mn f = mn[( f ) = 1, 2,..., m] (3) Step 3: Compute the values S R &, = 1, 2, 3,... m. n = ( ) / ( ) = 1 S w f f f f (4) R w f f f f n = m ax [ ( ) / ( ) = 1, 2,... ] (5) S Where and R x represents the utlty measure and the regret measure, respectvely, for the alternatve. w are the weght of th crteron, whch represents the relatve mportance of crtera., 1, 2,.... Step 4: Compute the values of Q = m S S R R S S R R (6) Q = v + (1 v ) S = S = S = m m n m n[( ) 1, 2,..., ] S = m ax S = m ax[( S ) = 1, 2,..., m ] R = R = R = m m n m n[( ) 1, 2,..., ] R = m ax R = m ax[( R ) = 1, 2,..., m ] 182

4 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 Where v s the weght for the strategy of maxmum group utlty and 1-v s the weght of the ndvdual regret. v s usually set to 0.5 (Kackar, 1985; Oprcovc, 1998). Step 5: Rank the alternatves by Q. The greater the value of Q s, the better decson of the alternatve s. Snce t provdes a maxmum group utlty of the maorty and a mnmum ndvdual regret of the opponent, the obtaned compromse soluton s acceptable by decson makers (Oprcovc & Tzeng, 2007; Tong et al., 2007). 3. Data Analyss The massve maorty of hazardous waste n the U.S. s treated or apt off on-ste by the generator. For a developed country lke U.S. hazardous waste s one of the maor problems because as country move towards development, the rate of hazardous waste gears up due to manufacturng products, ndustral waste or dsposal, chemcal use etc. The U.S. Resource Conservaton and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978 stated that hazardous waste s such waste whch causes threat to human health. To prepare sustanable hazardous waste management proposal researchers stll have to gve an effort to work out the elaborated desgn based on the resources accessble. Data of hazardous waste had been posed from RTKNet (Rght to Know Network) and use of VIKOR made t convenent to dscrmnate condton of hazardous waste n each state of U.S. To make decson effectve and satsfy the maorty researcher have taken value of waste generated, receved and managed, shpped offste, receved for transfer storage, populaton densty and number of facltes for analyss as shown n Table 1 The basc structure of an MCDM problem establshed the 50 state of U.S. named A and labeled as A1-A50 n Table 2. Table 1. Hazardous waste data of U.S. Alternatves Waste Receved & Shpped Receved for Populaton Number of Generated Managed Offste Transfer Densty Facltes (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) Storage (Mllon) Alaska Calforna Colorado Hawa Idaho Montana Nevada Oregon Utah Washngton Wyomng Arzona New Mexco Oklahoma Texas Illnos Indana Kansas lowa Mchgan Mnnesota Mssour Nebraska North Dakota Oho South Dakota Wsconsn Alabama Arkansas Florda

5 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 Georga Kentucky Lousana Msssspp North Carol South Carol Tennessee Vrgna West Vrgn Connectcut Delaware Mane Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshre New Jersey New York Pennsylvan Rhode Island Vermont In Table 1, there are sx crtera known as quanttatve crtera whch show the value of each crtera and those measure had been taken from RTKNet. Those varables are the man factors whch affect hazardous waste management, where populaton densty was derved from formula: total number of people n the state/ total area of the state n km (klometers). The data s normalzed between 0 and 1. Table 2. Rankng of USA States for Hazardous Waste Management Alternatves Values S Sortng S Values R Sortng R Values Q Sortng Q Rankng A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

6 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Accordng to above steps, S, R and Q value had been evaluated as shown n table 2. Here mn value of S, max value of S, mn value of R and max value of R are shown below: S =mn value of S = 0.306, S =max value of S = 0.713, R = mn value of R =0.175, R = max value of R = 0.3 & V= weght for the strategy of maxmum group utlty =0.5 Renderng to the Q values, rankng of each state s done wth respect to analyss result of hazardous waste management. 4. Result The fnal result had been shown n Table 2, whch revel VIKOR based method for the rankng states of USA accordng to the alment of hazardous waste. Result llustrate that Oho s ranked 1st n the well managed hazardous waste n comparson to other states. Oho wth mllon populaton densty of state wth number of facltes 917 for hazardous waste management s ranked 1st but Texas wth less populaton densty (96.3 mllon) and hgh number of facltes (1020) s ranked 50th. Even havng hgher number of facltes to manage hazardous waste n comparson to the 1st ranked, Texas ranked last whch shows that there s lack of management n hazardous waste. Smlarly, Pennsylvana s ranked 2nd wth populaton densty of mllon and havng 853 number of facltes. In some cases such as Washngton has maxmum populaton densty ( mllon) n comparson to other states wth 420 facltes of hazardous waste. Washngton s ranked 3rd and t seems that hazardous waste management s sound but stll need mprovement to get the top rankng. New York s ranked 9th, but t have maxmum number of facltes (1476) n comparson to other states and havng populaton of mllon. Ths shows that even havng maxmum number of facltes but lack of proper hazardous waste management cannot be accomplshed. Smlarly n Calforna 2nd hghest number of facltes s 1269 wth populaton of ranked 4th. Calforna has less populaton and hghest number of facltes n comparson to Oho (ranked 1st). 5. Concluson Envronmental degradaton s maor problem n the recent world and a developed country lke USA. For enhancng mult-response problems, some methodcal processes have been developed n recent years but n ths study a systematc technque s used that nvolves applyng the MCDM compromse rankng method VIKOR to optmze what factors are contrbutng to the hazardous waste of a developed country lke USA. The steps followed for the analyss are computng the populaton densty and number of facltes n each state, fndng value of VIKOR and optmal condton, carryng out and analyze result of hazardous waste. To optmze the mult-response process the VIKOR ndex consders the utlty and regret measure. 185

7 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 Overall analyss result shows even havng maxmum number of facltes wth less populaton or hghest populaton wth maxmum number of facltes doesn t have substantal hazardous waste management. If there s proper management then even wth maxmum populaton wth lowest facltes hazardous free envronment can be constructed. The result from VIKOR model ranked the states of USA renderng to state of hazardous waste. It s beleved that ths rankng result wll be helpful for the EPA (Envronmental Protecton Agency) to mprove hazardous waste of USA. Result wll be also helpful for the EPA and the government n decson makng, fnancal management and ther polcy makng. References Chang, C. L. (2010). A modfed VIKOR method for multple crtera analyss. Envronmental montorng and assessment, 168(1-4), Chu, E. (2003). Unmaskng the Naturalness of Communty Eclpse : The case of Hong Kong. Communty Development Journal, 38, De, M. A., De, T. P., Droste-Franke, B., Omann, I., & Stagl, S. (2000). Crtera for qualty assessment of MCDA methods. In: 3rd Bennal Conference of the European Socety for Ecologcal Economcs. ESEE, Venna, 3 6 May Ducksten, L., & Oprcovc, S. (1980). Multobectve Optmzaton n Rver Basn Development. Water Resources Research, 16(1), Fguera, J., Greco, S., & Ehrgott, M. (2005). Multple Crtera Decson Analyss: State of the Art Surveys. Sprnger, New York. Fung, B. C. K. (2001). Plannng for hgh-densty development n Hong Kong. Plannng Department, Hong Kong. Hsu, C. H. (2008). The prorty strateges on the restrant of land use actvtes for Tseng-Wen reservor watershed by usng VIKOR method. Department of Envronmental Engneerng and Scence, Cha-Nan Unversty of Pharmacy and Scence. Hwang, C. L., & Yoon, K. (2012). Multple attrbute decson makng: methods and applcatons a state-of-the-art survey, 186. Sprnger Scence & Busness Meda. New York. Sprnger, Berln. Kackar, R. N. (1985). Off-lne qualty control, parameter desgn and the Taguch method. Journal of Qualty Technology, 17, Keeney, R. L., &Raffa, H. (1976). Decsons wth Multple Obectves: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. Wley, New York. Kuo, M. S., & Lang, G. S. (2011). Combnng VIKOR wth GRA technques to evaluate servce qualty of arports under fuzzy envronment. Expert Systems wth Applcatons, 38(3), Oprcovc, S. (1990). Programsk paket VIKOR za vsekrterumsko kompromsno rangrane. SYM-OP-IS Oprcovc, S. (1998). Mult-crtera optmzaton of cvl engneerng systems. Belgrade: Faculty of Cvl Engneerng. Oprcovc, S., Tzeng, G. H. (2003). Fuzzy mult-crtera model for post-earthquake land-use plannng. Natural Hazards Revew, 4(2), Oprcovc, S., & Tzeng, G. H. (2004). Compromse soluton by MCDM methods: A comparatve analyss of VIKOR and TOPSIS. European Journal of Operatonal Research, 156, Oprcovc, S., & Tzeng, G. H. (2007). Extended VIKOR method n comparson wth outrankng methods. European Journal of Operatonal Research, 178, Oprcovc, S. (2009). A compromse soluton n water resources plannng. Water Resour Manage, 23(8), Po-Lung, Y. (1973). A Class of Solutons for Group Decson Problems. Management Scence, 19(8), Ng, M. K., Cook, A., & Chu, E. W. T. (2001). The road not travelled: A sustanable urban regeneraton strategy for Hong Kong. Plannng Practce and Research, 16, Reed, C., Jacott, M., & Vllamar, A. (2000). Hazardous Waste Management n the Unted States-Mexco Border States: More Questons than Answers. Red Mexcana de Accón Frente al Lbre Comerco (RMALC), La 186

8 mas.ccsenet.org Modern Appled Scence Vol. 11, No. 1; 2017 Neta Proyecto Emsones: Espaco Vrtual, Mexco Cty, D.F. Mexco and Texas Center for Polcy Studes, Austn, Texas (2nd Ed.). Saaty, T. L. (1980). Analytc Herarchy Process. McGraw Hll, New York. Sanaye. A., Mousav. S. F., & Yazdankhah, A. (2010). Group decson makng process for suppler selecton wth VIKOR under fuzzy envronment. Expert Systems wth Applcatons, 37(1), Tong, L. I., Chen, C. C., & Wang, C. H. (2007). Optmzaton of mult-response processes usng the VIKOR method. The Internatonal Journal of Advanced Manufacturng Technology, 31(11-12), Tzeng, G. H., Ln, C. W., & Oprcovc, S. (2005). Mult-crtera analyss of alternatve-fuel buses for publc transportaton. Energy Polcy, 33, Tzeng, G. H., Teng, M. H., Chen, J. J., & Oprcovc, S. (2002).Multcrtera selecton for a restaurant locaton n Tape. Internatonal Journal of Hosptalty Management, 21(2), Vahdan, B., Hadpour, H., Sadaghan, J. S., & Amr, M. (2010). Extenson of VIKOR method based on nterval-valued fuzzy sets. The Internatonal Journal of Advanced Manufacturng Technology, 47(9-12), Zelrny, M. (1973). Compromse Programmng. In J. L. Cochrane & M. Zeleny (Eds.), Multple Crtera Decson Makng, Unversty of South Carolna Press, Columba. Copyrghts Copyrght for ths artcle s retaned by the author(s), wth frst publcaton rghts granted to the ournal. Ths s an open-access artcle dstrbuted under the terms and condtons of the Creatve Commons Attrbuton lcense ( 187