EUROPEAN HISTORY. Unit 9. The Industrial Revolution. in 19 th Century Europe. Form 4

Transcription

1 EUROPEAN HISTORY Unit 9 The Industrial Revolution in 19 th Century Europe Form 4

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3 Unit 9.1 The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Source A Source B Source C 1. Economic changes in 18 th century Europe Nineteenth-century Europe was shaped by two revolutions: The French Revolution sent ideas of liberty and equality across Europe; the Industrial Revolution transformed the pattern of everyday life. The Industrial Revolution was the processes by which hand craftsmanship in the home or the workshop gave place to machine-work in factories. In the mid 1700s people everywhere survived by working the land. Western Europe was beginning to recover from decades of famine, disease and slow population growth. Europe started enjoying good harvests and a slowly growing population. In the course of the 18 th century Britain became transformed from an agricultural to a nation of city dwellers. This pattern of change was repeated across Europe and the United States in the 19 th century and in the rest of the world in the 20 th century. How did this change come about? Eighteenth-century Europe was open to new ideas and new technologies, especially due to the Scientific Revolution of the 17 th and 18 th century. The Dutch excelled in canal building, the Germans in mining, the French in engineering. In Britain serfdom had been dead for centuries, while in Europe, feudalism still tied peasants to the land they cultivated. 2. Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain in the 18 th century? During the 18 th century, all the conditions necessary for industrialisation came together in one place, i.e. Britain. All these factors helped to make Britain the wealthiest and the most powerful European Great Power. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 had deposed King James II who tried to rule as an absolute monarch. This revolution established Britain as a Constitutional Monarchy where King and Parliament governed the country. This gave Britain a stable government where trade and commerce could flourish. The Agrarian/Agricultural Revolution: After around 1760 British farmers started using more efficient farming methods and in animal breeding, resulting in an increase in production and a reduction of famine at a time was population was growing steadily. Many small farmers were left without land and unemployed. These started migrating to the cities in search of employment in industry. British overseas trade and colonial empire: During this period Britain enlarged her colonial empire, opening up new markets for her goods and acquired raw materials for the manufacturing industries in England. Britain had a large merchant navy and a powerful navy to protect her trade routes. Britain had a well developed system of banking and insurance. Britain did not have internal customs barriers that restricted trade. British nobles started opening mines or quarries to extract coal, stone or iron ore. Others invested in turnpike roads, canals, aqueducts and bridges to provide a cheap and efficient means of transporting goods across the country. The Cotton industry: All that was needed to set off the Industrial Revolution in Britain was to find a way how to increase the rate of production. This breakthrough came in cotton clothing. Two new machines (the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny) were invented to turn cotton into 2

4 cloth more quickly. In 1769 a new machine powered by water and later by steam meant that the cotton industry had to be located in spinning mills, giving rise to the first factories (e.g the Cromford Mill of 1780 which employed 300 workers). Mills sprang up everywhere, especially in Lancashire and Liverpool. By the 1820s export in cotton made up 50% of Britain s exports. Britain was ready for the next stage of the Industrial Revolution: the age of iron, coal and steam. The iron industry flourished in 1709 when a method of smelting iron ore using coke was discovered. Iron output rose rapidly in Britain. Cast iron was used for making cannon and to construct iron bridges. In 1784 wrought iron was made, more flexible and tougher than cast iron. As iron output rose, so did coal, since this was needed for smelting. The invention of steam power: In the 18 th century a technical problem was how to pump out water as the coal mine got deeper. A steam pump was invented for this purpose. This steam engine affected the entire course of the Industrial Revolution by converting up and down motion into rotary motion. Soon steam replaced water or muscle power to drive machines. The development of steam further increased iron output and production because only machines made of iron could stand up to the strains of steam power wooden machines soon became obsolete. Industries using steam power spread all over Britain because water power was no longer necessary. The invention of the railway: Heavy machinery made from iron needed an adequate transportation system the age of the railway took the place of the primitive turnpike roads. In 1804 an engine was built in Wales that moved on rails using steam power. In 1825 the first public railway for goods and passengers was inaugurated between Stockton and Darlington. Soon Britain embarked on a large programme of railway building. Other industries profited from the metalworking techniques required to build railways, such as construction of iron bridges, tunnels, iron steamships and armaments. Railway building provided work for many rural unemployed. In the Great London Exhibition of 1851 held at the Crystal Palace, Britain showed the world its pride in its machines. Britain had become the model for other countries to imitate. Source D Source E Source F Source G 3

5 Unit 9.2 The Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe in the 19 th century Source H Source I Source J 1. How did the Industrial Revolution spread to BELGIUM? Belgium had a good geographical position close to Britain and the trade routes of France and Germany. BELGIUM had an old and fine tradition of cloth-making, iron-works. It also had coal mines. In the 1830s the Government sponsored the construction of railway lines and canals to join rivers. Under a free-trade policy like Britain, Belgium became the second largest exporting country after Britain. 2. How did the Industrial Revolution spread to FRANCE? In France, industrialisation made some progress under Napoleon I ( ). But progress was slow because France had few coal resources, poor communications and the conservative outlook of the people who stuck to traditional methods. France s railway age begun in 1845 radiating from Paris. Industry made rapid progress under the government of Napoleon III ( ): the economy was expanded by setting up new banks for agriculture and industry, build new harbours and opened industries in silks, linen, fashions carpets and glassware. French capital undertook the construction of the Suez Canal in By the 1860s France had become Britain s major industrial rival. 3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread to GERMANY? Apart from the Zollverein (Customs Union), the greatest stimulus to trade in Germany was the building of railways from 1835 onwards. By 1850 the route mileage was twice that of France and half that of Britain. But since Germany was still divided in 1860, it had only few scattered areas of industrialisation. After 1850 the most striking advantages was the production of iron, coal and the growth of When Germany was united in 1871, science and technology boomed in such a way as to bring industrialisation to Germany in a way not yet known in Britain. Germany s steel, chemical and electric industries owned much to her advanced educational system and universities which emphasised scientific and technical training. The expanding steel industry after 1860 led to the construction of new shipbuilding yards at Hamburg, Bremen and Stettin, and the further expansion of the arms industry by Alfred Krupp in the Ruhr region. The chemical industry also revolutionised the production of armaments in the manufacture of explosives using nitro-glycerine, the dynamite and the blasting gelatine. Sulphuric acid resulted in the production of fertilisers which greatly increased crop production to feed the world s fast growing population. Though Germany became the greatest industrial producer in Europe by 1914, she was still behind Britain in the extent and value of her trade. 4. How did the United States industrialize in the second half of the 19 th century? In 1848 gold was discovered in California and a gold-rush led to many Europeans emigrating to the United States in search for gold. Then in 1859 mineral oil was discovered in Pennsylvania. In the 1870s other oil wells were discovered in Ohio and Texas. Oil soon became suitable for raising steam to drive machines. When refined in the form of petrol it helped to bring about the invention of the combustion engine of the 1880s. This engine was later developed into the motor-car and the aeroplane. By 1914 oil had already replaced coal some factories and power stations. In the manufacturing industries using electric power, the USA, followed by Germany became the leading industrial power. By the 1890s industrial development in the USA was faster than any country in Western Europe. Its population had trebled by 1910, its natural resources and its industrial production amounted for 35% of the total world output by The US was set to become a world's super power. 4

6 5. How did the Industrial Revolution spread to RUSSIA? In Russia, until 1860 life was still rural, conservative and based on serfdom. There were a few factories around St Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw but the industrial workers made up only 1% of the population. It was after 1890 that the Industrial Revolution really spread eastward towards Russia and Japan. Under Sergei Witte as Finance Minister ( ) Russia received help by French and Belgian loans to undertake the ambitious Trans-Siberian railway, constructed between ). During these years, two-thirds of Government expenditure was devoted to industrial expansion making Russia with the fastest growth rate in the world during the 1890s and early 1900s. 5. Conclusion By contrast, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Ottoman Empire started to industrialize very late in the 19 th century. Austria-Hungary, Spain and Portugal remained largely agricultural countries. The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont started to industrialize under PM Cavour in the 1850s. Southern Italy remained poor and agricultural. During the 20 th century industrialization spread to parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Meanwhile, in the older industrial nations, the course of the Industrial Revolution changed course in the direction of microchips, lasers and other advanced technologies. These are in turn producing a new range of machines, more complex and precise than those used in the 19 th century. Source K Source L 5

7 Unit 9.3 The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Industrialisation brought about certain common changes, some of these for the worse. As early as the 1820s there were calls for reforms, but industrialists refused to pay taxes to finance improvements in factories, housing and sanitation to reduce the hardships of the workers. The common changes were the following: Source M Source N The steady growth in population in the industrial towns: With the growth of population, the older towns became more crowded. Manchester rose from 36,000 in 1773 to 300,000 in All the problems of urban areas without sanitation soon appeared: building of slums, polluted cities caused by the burning of coal, poor sanitation, the spread of disease, drunkenness and crime. In Europe population rose from 266 million in 1850 to 460 million in Another 50 million migrated to North America during the same period. In the large industrial towns, the previous community spirit of the village was missing since people came from different parts of the country. On the other hand villages lost their skilled craftsmen who went to work in the factory mills. The free-market (or laissez-faire) became the political ideology that suited industrialisation best for it limited government control over the economy. In these circumstances, the rich became richer while the poor became even poorer. Laissez-faire resulted in competition and rivalry between firms and nations. Late in the 19 th century, some countries chose protectionism (i.e. high tariffs on imports) as a way to protect local industries from foreign competition. Appalling conditions for the lower classes: Early industrialisation generally resulted in long hours of work, low wages, female and child labour, dangerous machines, collapse and flooding of mines, appalling working conditions and unhealthy environments in factories and slums. The Poor Law of 1834 in Britain compelled the unemployed to work in bleak public factories known as workhouses. Factory workers had to work 12 to 14 hours a day to keep alive. Fathers sent their children into factories and mines at the age of five or less. In factories harsh discipline ruled. Workers exhausted themselves in the long hours trying to keep pace with the machines. Work in mines was dangerous for both men and children. For this reason the British Government set up a Commission to investigate abuses related to conditions in the factory and to women and child labour. The result was that the Ten-Hour Bill was passed in 1847 and the principle that Government could regulate industry was accepted by the industrialists. A group of sufferers called Luddites blamed their troubles on machines. In 1819 they organised a demonstration in Manchester where they broke into factories to break the machines. In the 1820s and 1830s the Chartists (followers of Chartism) marched in support for universal male suffrage and other basic rights. Trade Unionism: The growth of large-scale industries and concentration of people in the towns brought about movements aimed at improving the conditions of the workers, i.e. trade unions. In Britain trade unions were recognised by law in 1871, in France and Spain in the 1880s, in Germany in 1890 and in Russia in With the development of mass unions, there entered the new principles of the general strike and collective bargaining. 6

8 Socialism: Since people concentrated in the bigger towns, such as Paris and Lyon, discontent spread among the poorer classes. This expressed itself in the growth of socialism and in bitter clashes with the richer classes during the revolts of the Paris June Days of 1848 and the Paris Commune in Socialist Democratic Parties aimed at the social improvement by the state began to spread across Europe after the 1870s. One of the first such parties was set up in Germany in By the 1890s socialism became a considerable force among the working classes in France, Spain and Italy and Russia. Britain s Labour Party was one of the last to be set up in Democracy: The working classes were given greater political power when after 1884 most males over 21 years were given the right to vote. Democracy coupled with socialism had come to reduce the powers of the aristocracy and the upper middle class. A general rise in living standards: As work became more skilled, pay and conditions in factories gradually improved. New styles of living were emerging. Women factory workers became more economically independent than before. Wealth created in industry spread to the middle classes and to some of the working classes who could afford to get away from slums. Reform by government action: In order to improve the conditions of the workers, governments open spaces in cities for recreation, expanded sewage, water and electricity services introduced a state primary education (in Britain, 1867) and laid the foundation of welfare legislation such as accident and sickness insurance and an old age pension (in Germany in the 1880s). All these led to better health, better nutrition, better clothing and a longer life expectancy for the workers. In the rest of Europe, industrialisation developed more slowly than in Britain, but its impact on human life was largely the same. One negative consequence has been and still is the ever increasing pollution and environmental damage to the countryside, rivers, lakes and the atmosphere in general due to urbanisation and the burning of fossil fuels and the discharge of chemical waste. This is an open issue that is continuously and directly affecting our present and future life.... Source O Source P Source Q 7

9 Unit The Industrial Revolution in the 19 th and Early 20 th Century 1. Write down TRUE or FALSE to these statements about the Industrial Revolution: a b c d e f g h i j The Industrial Revolution transformed the economic life while the French Revolution transformed the political life of 19 th century Europe. The first country in Continental Europe that started to industrialise was France. The Industrial Revolution had been preceded by the Scientific and the Agrarian Revolutions. The transport revolution was one aspect within the Industrial Revolution. Iron, coal and steam were important for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18 th century. Britain was against a free-trade policy during the Industrial Revolution. The USA became the first industrial power by 1900, followed by Britain, Germany and France. Russia started to industrialise immediately after the fall of the Tsarist Monarchy in Electricity and mineral oil replaced steam and coal as the main sources of energy after Areas in Asia, Latin America and Africa started to industrialise their economies during the course of the 20 th century. (10 x 1 = 10 marks) 2. Name five developments or inventions that occurred during and were directly connected to the Industrial Revolution. (5) 3. Water power was substituted by steam power. Steam power was in turn replaced by electric power. Explain briefly the advantages of steam power over water power and the advantages of electric power over power. (4) 8

10 4. Link these industries with their respective country: a Cloth-marking France b chemicals Britain c Metal-works Belgium d fashion Germany e Textile mills Sweden (5 x 1 = 5 marks 5. Which major development can be said to have triggered (started) the Industrial Revolution in the following countries: (a) Belgium: (b) France: (c) Germany: (d) Italy: (e) Russia: (5 x 2 = 10 marks) 6. Identify three differences brought about by the Industrial Revolution in Britain from the source in the above source entitled The Making of Modern Britain. (3) 9 (Total = 40 marks)

11 Unit The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution in 19 th Century Europe Explain how these developments are related to the Industrial Revolution in the 19 th century. 1. Population growth: 2. The Agrarian Revolution: 3. Working conditions in factories: 4. Child labour: 5. The Luddites: 6. The Chartist Movement: 7. The spread of socialism and democracy: 8. The transport revolution: 9. Trade union movements: 10. Harm caused to the environment: (10 x 2 = 20 marks) 10

12 Unit The Industrial Revolution - Questions on Sources A. Identify source A invented in England in 1717: water pump, steam engine, coal driller (1) B. What type of energy did it use? (1) C. What do the grey parts in the map show? (2) D. What type of economy did the rest of England have then? (1) E. Identify two contrasts in source D and E. (2) F. Which industries were the first to industrialize in Britain in the 18 th century? (2) G. Source D shows the first in late 18 th century England. (1) H. What are the women in source E doing? (2) I. Why was the spinning jenny (source F) an important invention in those times? (2) J. Source G shows the first that was to bring about a revolution in (warfare, industry, medicine, transport, technology, science). (2) K. How did this invention change the life of many Europeans in the 19 th century? (2) L. Why did Britain hold the Great London Exhibition of 1851? (2) M. The first European country to industrialize after Britain was (1) N. Sources I and J show aspects of the Industrial Revolution in (1) O. Describe sources I and J. (4) P. When and how did France start to industrialize? (2) 11

13 Q. Which project showed the advance of French industrialization in the 1860s and why? (3) R. Which two major developments helped the USA to start to industrialize? (2) S. Which three factors made the USA the leading industrial world power by 1914? (3) T. Which European power was the last to industrialize as late as the 1890s and why? (2) U. Identify the contrasts between sources M and N. (4) V. What sort of people are seen in sources M and N? (4) W. Which aspect of the early industrial revolution is seen in source O? (2) X. What brought about this unhappy development and how was it checked after the 1830s? (4) Y. Source P shows a demonstration by the Movement in Britain in (1) Z1 Explain briefly the aims of this movement. (3) Z2. Give two reasons why so many Europeans emigrated to the US after the 1880s. (2) (Total marks 60) 12

14 Unit The Industrial Revolution Essay Questions Read carefully the following essay titles and answer any ONE in about 200 to 300 words. Essays carry 20 marks each. PAPER 2A 1. (a) What led to the Industrial Revolution in Europe? (6) (b) Why was England the logical place for the Industrial Revolution to begin? (6) (c) Discuss the main changes brought about by the revolution by the end of the 18 th century. (8) (SEC 1995) 2. Account for the consequences of the Industrial Revolution in 19 th century Britain and Europe. 3. How did the Industrial Revolution effect the lives of the middle and the working classes in Europe? 4. Describe the principal characteristics of the process of industrialization in France and Germany. What were its social consequences? (SEC 2010) 5. (a) Which social problems arose as a result of the Industrial Revolution? (10) (b) How did the Industrial Revolution transform European society? (10) (SEC 2011) PAPER 2B 1. (a) Why and how did the Industrial Revolution start in England? (10) (b) How did this revolution spread to other parts of Europe in the 19 th century? (10) 2. (a) Account for some of the most important inventions that were made during the early Industrial Revolution. (10) (b) What impact did these inventions have on the economic life of some European countries in the 19 th century? (10) 3. (a) Name two European countries where industrialization occurred during the 19 th century. (2) (b) What did capitalism imply? (6) (c) What effects did industrialization have on the working class? (6) (d) Describe the influence of Karl Marx on socialist ideas. (6) (SEC 2010) 4. (a) What was the Industrial Revolution? (3) (b) Explain what developments were made in the means of communication during the Industrial Revolution. (6) (c) Define Socialism (3) (d) Indicate factors that encouraged industrial development in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. (8) (SEC 2011) 13