Ash of Sugar Cane Block, Solution, Ecological, and Efficient energy material In east java Indonesia

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1 1 Ash of Sugar Cane Block, Solution, Ecological, and Efficient energy material In east java Indonesia Totok Noerwasito Dept. architecture-institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya Kampus ITS Sukolilo-Surabaya 60111, Indonesia Telp Abstract Ash of sugar cane block is wall material, raw material of block is ash of sugar cane from sugar mill. In now, sugar mills in east java (Indonesia) have a lot of the waste ash of sugar cane, for these mills, that is a problem, because a lot of people refuse that waste, and it isn t utilized for anything, so that, every day the waste increases, and for the future time, it can make problem environment. This block is as ecological material and recycled material, because it uses waste from sugar mill and it changes waste to be a building material. Production process block is not burned, but it is compacted, and its density is g /cm 3, its resistance compression is kg/cm 2. In other side raw material of block is easy obtained, especially locations which are near sugar mill, so this block is local material, low embodied energy material and friendly environmental (non pollution and none deforesting). Ash of sugar cane block can be utilized as bearing wall, which does not need concrete columns in simple building, also the wall doesn t need be plastered (exposed) and makes natural performance with its black color. That construction also reduces usage of high embodied energy material, so that building will has the low embodied energy. In Indonesia ash of sugar cane block is not yet been produced in mass production, it is new material, and material of green product to support the green architecture in sustainable architecture Keywords: ecological, recycled, embodied energy, green architecture. Introduction Main problem of building material now is how to maximize utilizing of raw material in location, so that energy transportation of the construction material can be reduced.

2 2 City is highest consumption of building material, but in city, raw materials of building materials are difficult to be obtained, even if it is there, it is very expensive. Possibility for obtain area of raw materials is the area is near the city which is not yet populous. Raw material can to be obtained from various sites, such as extraction from local and non local. The weakness raw materials extraction from local or non local is: when raw materials is in the original form, for example wood or clay, these materials have to be managed or controlled with the regulation of local government, because that activity has relation to depletion of natural sources. One of solutions problem in wood is to change woods which are taken away with other new plant into the forest and with sustainably managed forests. Utilizing raw materials of waste of factory which are taken away from a other area or abroad, it is very recommended, because it supports ecological and reduces environmental damage. Ash of sugar cane block is building material, which uses ash of sugar cane from sugar mill as its raw material, from local or non local. It is one of materials which is very depend to waste of mills, though it is ecological material. 1. Ash of Sugar Cane Block Ash of sugar cane block is architectural material, wall material, and its performance is natural and likes brick but difference in color and condition surfaces Raw material. Ash of sugar cane is raw material of the block; it is waste from sugar mill. In east java, there are about 50 sugar mills, they have problem about ash of sugar cane, because the waste is heaping in wide site into area factory. Now this material not yet used anything, most people don t understand how to use the waste and the farmers refuse it into their rice field and farm. Ash of sugar cane is the last waste of process production in Sugar mill, before the process it is named dregs which can be utilized for building materials, paper and to improve soil for agriculture Stabilized material. Cement is a stabilized material for ash of sugar cane; Lime can be used for change cement, if there isn t cement in the site Method

3 3 Ash of sugar cane block isn t burned like brick; it only is pressed with a force until reach density g/cm 3. Performance block is depend to form molding, and its form is based to both architect design and user need. Block color also depend to composition of mixer; usually its color is dark-grey. There are two drying process; in wet condition and dry condition. In wet condition process, block is always wet; protected from solar direct and wind, block is covered by plastic in 5 7 days, after that plastic can be opened, but block is still protected to solar direct until 7 10 days. Dry block can tested in compression strength or absorption of water, normally for partition wall, compression strength minimum is 30 kg/cm 2, but for bearing wall is 50 kg/cm 2. Ash of sugar cane block wall can be exposed without plastered Characteristics Block color is dark grey, Dimension block is flexible, depend to user need and architect design. Normally dimensions are 22 x 10.5 x 6 cm and 19 x 9 x 6 cm. Block surface is flat and smooth, but aesthetic texture in surface is possible if it is needed, Density material is g/cm 3, Resistance compression is kg/cm 2, but it can be made plus from standard with increases composition materials and density material, Absorption of water is 25% of volume block. fig 1; ash of sugar cane block

4 4 2. Solution Building Material Ash of sugar cane is a problem for sugar mill, because it uses space site of sugar mill until reach about 1-2 hectares and makes air pollution for environment. The blocks use the waste as raw material in grand quantity. Percentage of usage ash for per block is 50 95% of weight dry block which is equal to kg or 0,003 0,005 m 3. With utilizing a middle machine, the production block is 4000 per days, and utilizing a high machine, production is upper 8000 block per days. With usage high machines and plus good marketing, that problem will be finish. Ash of sugar cane blocks are building materials which are depend to sugar mills, there are not sugar mills, also there are not ash of sugar cane blocks. Other solution of problem sugar mills; all sugar mills must have a manufacture of sugar cane ash blocks or more, to reduce waste ash and also to improve quality ash of sugar cane as raw material. Fabrics can together work with environment people or investors. 3. Ecological Building Material Ecological material is building material where its process production doesn t make environmental impact. Recycled process production is a focus of this design. Ash of sugar cane block is ecological material because: Block uses waste in grand quantities which will be environmental problem if no attention. Block is recycled from waste of sugar mill; Process production block doesn t make air pollution, because it doesn t have burning process; Block doesn t use wood from forest for firewood, which will support deforesting impact. Block doesn t use nonrenewable raw material, ash of sugar cane is renewable raw material. Block uses locally raw material, ash of sugar cane is local material. Building appearance represents natural building. 4. Efficient Energy Building Material Energy of building material is used for the extraction of raw materials; production of building materials and components; transportation; on-site construction; completion of the buildings; that energy called embodied energy building material.

5 5 Most embodied energy is used in the production of materials, while high and middle embodied energy are building materials which use fossil fuels. Ash of sugar cane block doesn t use the burning process in production of building material, but it uses the pressed process, so that that processes doesn t need fossil fuels. Ash of sugar cane block and stabilized earth block are building materials which are processed in the same process, the both Ash of sugar cane block and stabilized earth block are pressed until reach density g/cm 3 and without burned. Embodied energy of the block is MJ/kg (middle embodied energy material). (see table 1) Material Primary energy requirement (MJ/kg) High Energy Aluminium Polystyrene Copper > 100 Stainless steel > 100 Galvanized steel > 60 PVC Steel Lead > 25 Glass Medium Energy Cement 4 8 Lime 3-10 Autoclave aerated concrete 3 5 WoodWool Slabs 3-5 Ceramics, bricks and tiles Gypsum plaster 1-4 Concrete, blocks and tile Sand-lime-brick Concrete-in-situ Lime/cement mortar Cement-stabilized earth blocks Timber Low Energy Natural,stone,sand,agregate,soil <0.3 Source: UNCHS 1991a,b. Table.1. Primary energy requirement of building materials Ash of sugar cane block has product process and characteristic like adobe brick, they have conductivity W/mK and specific heat Wh/kgK. their conductivity and specific heat are good thermal properties material, following tabel thermal properties materials. (see table 2). Material Density kg/m 3 Conductivity Specific heat W/mK Wh/kgK Wood Adobe brick

6 6 Brick Clay Aluminium Concrete Cork, expanded Lightweight, concrete Mineral wood sand steel stone Source: Building Issues 1, 2000, vol 10,2001 Table.2. thermal properties of building materials 5. Green product material According to John Amatruda in Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). The characteristics of green products often vary depending on the product type; They promote good indoor air quality; They incorporate recycled content (post-consumer and post-industrial); They are made using natural and/or renewable resources; They are durable, and have low maintenance requirements; They have low "embodied energy" (the energy required to produce and transport materials); They do not contain CFCs, HCFCs or other ozone depleting substances; They do not contain highly toxic compounds; For wood products, they employ "Sustainable Harvesting" practices; They are obtained from local resources and manufacturers; They can be reused easily (either whole or through disassembly); They can be recycled readily (preferably in a closed-loop recycling system); and, They are biodegradable. Ash of sugar cane block has characteristics the following: It has good thermal properties, so that it will make good indoor into building; It is made from waste of sugar mill which recycled to be block as building material; It is durable; its strength can be designed according to structure design; It has low embodied energy, about MJ/kg; It does not contain highly toxic compounds; It use raw material local from sugar mill.

7 7 6. Aplication Ash of sugar cane is designed as bearing wall, as exposed wall and brick patch in wall. It used as bearing wall and exposed wall in new walls of new buildings, but for existing walls, it used as brick path. In this system structure, the building doesn t need concrete column, but the construction of wall must utilize the double block, there are double functions are the wall as structure and the wall as isolation to thermal. (See fig. 2). The weakness of utilizing the structure bearing wall is, the building into zone earthquake (region in side south of east java), because that structure has many problems in lateral forces like earthquake. Solution of problem is: installing steel as rigid structure into walls with distance per meter, Building which doesn t utilize concretes is efficient embodied energy building. WINDOW STEEL BEDROOM LIVING ROOM BEDROOM DOUBLE BLOCKS PLAN OF BEARING WALL SYSTEM Fig. 2; bearing wall system and double blocks Some times block is used as partition walls, in this case, block which used is block has low strength and it has to be protected to rain or water, so that the building must has wide and long overhangs. (See fig. 3). For block which has low strength, ideally is used as interior walls, because it isn t damage by climate problems, and for middle or high strength block can be constructed as exterior walls without plastered (exposed). For this structure, walls need some concrete columns as main structure, architect can design the wide windows.

8 8 rain 1.50 Fig. 3: overhang in building. Ash of sugar cane buildings have to be designed with use modular system, because it can reduces the waste of block or for efficient usage blocks. Conclusions Ash of sugar cane block is one of building materials, which is made from waste; it can t be used by fabric. In the future, the waste will be one of environmental problems in east java, if from now it isn t functioned as building material or other recycled product. Ash of sugar cane block, material supports sustainable architecture, especially for environmental and efficiency energy building. Ash of sugar cane block can make an inspiration for architect to design building with specific character both natural color and friendly environmentally. References..., Introduction Thermal Comfort, 4 Avril 2004 Baris Der Petrossian, Erik Johansson, [2000], Construction and Environment improving energy efficiency, Building issues No.2 vol , LCHS Lund University, Lund Sweden.. Doat, Hays, Houben, [1985].Construire en terre. Gamma Paris.France. Enno Abel [1994]. Low-energy buildings.energy and buildings 21 p Elsevier S.A. Sweden.

9 9 Hans Roselund, [2000], Climatic Design of Building using Passive Technique, Building issues No.1 vol , LCHS Lund University, Lund Sweden. John Amatruda, [2004], Green product, National Institute of Building Sciences, 3 agust Noerwasito totok, [2002], earth block non burning block, building research and the sustainability of the built environment in the tropics, procedings international symposium, october, jakarta, Indonesia. Noerwasito totok, [2003], the composition of ash sugar cane from sugar mill, clay and cement for brick without burning process, research repport, Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat ITS, Surabaya, Indonesie. Rigassi Vincent, [1995], Blocs de terre comprime Vol 1 Manuel de Production, CRA-Terre EAG, Grenoble, France. Stulz Roland and Kiran Mukerji, [1993], Appropriate Building Materials, Third Revised Edition. SKAT Publication. Switzerland. Tracy Mumma, [1995], Reducing the Embodied Energy of Buildings, construction, Home Energy Magazine Online January/February february WBDG Sustainable Committee, [2004], Use Environmentally Preferable Products, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC 20005, http/: 3 agust 2004.

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