Restoring Rivers Through Dam Removal
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1 Restoring Rivers Through Dam Removal Thomas Ardito Narragansett Bay Estuary Program Chris Fox Wood-Pawcatuck Watershed Association
2 Who We Are: Narragansett Bay Estuary Program Mission: To protect and restore Narragansett Bay and its watershed through sound science, collaborative action and community involvement NBEP Particulars: Located at URI Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, R.I. Provide Technical Assistance in Ecosystem Restoration.
3 Wood Pawcatuck Watershed Association Mission: To Promote and Protect the Integrity of the Lands and Waters of the Wood Pawcatuck Watershed WPWA Particulars: Located on the Wood River at the Barberville Dam in Hope Valley, RI The Wood Pawcatuck Watershed encompasses a 320 square mile area of land in southern RI and southeastern CT
4 CT R.I. Mass. Providence Narragansett Bay Atlantic Ocean Where we are: Narragansett Bay Region Estuary = 130 square miles Watershed = 2000 square miles (15 times Bay) ~200 species of fish and shellfish Boundary between mid-atlantic & North Atlantic marine ecosystems Watershed pop n = ~2 million 100 cities & towns Watershed Mass./R.I./CT
5 Comparative Basin Size Mississippi Basin: 2,980,000 km2 (1,151,000 mi2) Columbia Basin: 673,000 (260,000 mi2) Chesapeake: 163,000 km2 (63,000 mi2) Long Island Sound: 41,000 km2 (16,000 mi2) Narragansett Bay: 4700 km2 (1800 mi2) (1/600 Miss.)
6 Blackstone System Woonasquatucket R. Percent Impervious Surface vs. CWA Impairment Taunton System 3 Largest Bay tributaries are all in urbanized areas; others largely suburban Pawtuxet System 10-Mi. R. Hunt & Annaquatucket Systems
7 R.I. Pawtuxet System Wood/Pawcatuck System (Drains West) Blackstone System Woonasquatucket R. Hunt & Annaquatucket Systems Narrow 10-Mi. R. Providence Kickemuit Narragansett Bay Mass. Taunton System Nonquit R. Atlantic Ocean Narragansett Bay Sub-Basins Avg. Flows, m3/s All Rivers = 93 Taunton = 30 Blackstone = 21 Pawtuxet = 10 (collectively 2/3 of flow) Others < 10 Larger systems flow into northern (upper) reaches of estuary
8 Blackstone System Woonasq. R. Pawtuxet System Taunton System Principal Hydrologic Flows from Watershed to Estuary Narrow
9 Blackstone System Woonasq. R. Taunton System Historic & Present Fish Migration Biological Flows between Estuary & Watershed Historic Pawtuxet System Narrow Diadromous fish historically present but now largely absent from 2 of NB s 3 largest systems Today
10 Diadromous Fish: Native Sea-Run Migratory Fish (Anadromous + Catadromous = Diadromous) River Herring or Buckies Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus Blueback Alosa aestavalis American shad Alosa sapidissima American eel Anguilla rostrata (Atlantic Salmon extirpated; Atlantic sturgeon status unknown)
11 #1 Obstacle to Fish Passage: Dams 500 dams in R.I. alone R.I. the Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution
12 More than 3,000 Dams The loss of river habitat has restricted species that depend on flowing water to a fraction of their former habitat
13 Small Dams Built for Water Power & Water Supply, 17 th 20 th C. Barriers to fish passage Modify river habitat Modify physical characteristics (temp, DO) Trap sediments
14 Pawtucket Falls, Blackstone River Main Street Dam (Pawtucket, R.I.) 18 Low Tide FERC hydro First dammed: 1716!
15 Slater Mill, Blackstone River, 1793
16 Hunts Mill, Ten Mile River Historic Site, Horseshoe dam
17 Turner Reservoir, Ten Mile River Large water supply dam
18 Historic Industrial Uses Dams Wetland filling Floodwalls Chemical contamination
19 Physical modification Legacy of historic & current land uses Channelization Floodwalling Culverts Dredging Wetland fill Road crossings, etc.
20 Weird Water Control Structures
21 Ecological Impacts of Dams Block migratory fish Change species composition Increase temperature Trap sediment and nutrients Degrade water quality
22 Dams Transform Rivers into Millponds
23 Harm Native Watershed Wildlife
24 Interfere with River Recreation
25 Economic Realities - Maintenance, Repair and Inspection Repairing an aging dam has typically cost 3-5 times the cost of removal Including repair estimates to bring dam to modern safety standards or to provide effective fish passage Finite Design Life Approx. 50 years Continual Repairs - $32 million needed to repair state- owned dams in Massachusetts (one-time)
26 Benefits of Dam Removal Ecosystem-Based Management Restore Native Migratory Fish Restore Native Instream Fish Restore associated wildlife Eliminate DownstreamFlood Risk/Hazard Eliminate Maintenance Costs Restore Canoe Passage
27 Yet Restoration Has Often Focused on Fish Ladders: Engineered solution
28 Obstacles to Dam Removal Aesthetic Change Recreational Change Historical concerns Stinking Mudflats Perceived Flood Storage Permitting Issues wetland change Sediment issues exposure, mobility, contamination Engineering certainty Ownership issues Perceived Liability Perception of Static Landscape
29 Considerations: Is Dam Removal Appropriate? Current uses of dam Ownership Size Extent of Impoundment Extent of Wetlands Flood hazard Condition Other infrastructure (roads, pipes, etc.) Licensed hydro? Anadromous fish potential? Recreational impacts Historic issues Upstream landuses
30 Examples of successful projects Silk Mill & Ballou Dam, Becket, Mass. Town Brook, Plymouth, Mass.
31 Silk Mill Dam Removal, Becket, Mass.
32 Ballou Dam, Becket, Mass.
33 Ballou Dam, Becket, Mass.
34 Billington Street Dam Town Brook, Plymouth
35 Planned Projects in R.I. Pawtuxet River, Warwick & Cranston Upper Pawcatuck River, Richmond, Charlestown & South Kingstown, R.I.
36 Pawtuxet River
37 Pawtuxet Falls Restoration Dam constructed for water supply & recreation Aesthetics / historic considerations key 7+ river miles of habitat ~3 spillway Target spp.: river herring, American shad Project in planning phase Alternatives under evaluation: Denil ladder, dam removal, rock ramp fishway Partial breach alternative looking good Construction 2008? NRCS probable lead federal partner & funder Other key partners: Pawtuxet River Authority, R.I. DEM, NBEP, R.I. CRMC, NOAA, US F&WS, Save the Bay
38 Upper Pawcatuck River Richmond, Charlestown & South Kingstown Lower Shannock Falls Horse Shoe Falls Kenyon Mill Dam Habitat goal: Worden s Pond
39 Lower Shannock Falls, Pawcatuck River
40 Horseshoe Falls, Pawcatuck River
41 Kenyon Mill Dam, Pawcatuck River
42 You Can Help Us! Identify dam removal opportunities research potential projects Advocate for improvement of state regs Advocate for funding state, federal and private Build community support educate stakeholders regarding natural river ecosystems!
43 Visit Us!
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