Moving Beyond Coal? Household Fuel Transition & Ambient PM Pollution in Peri-Urban Beijing

Transcription

1 Moving Beyond Coal? Household Fuel Transition & Ambient PM Pollution in Peri-Urban Beijing Anna Zimmermann Zoë A. Chafe, Kirk R. Smith Yu Tao, Shan Ming, Xudong Yang Yiqun Han, Zhu Tong Li Haixi, Liu Guangqing UC Berkeley, School of Public Health Tsinghua University, Dept. of Building Science Peking University, College for Environmental Sciences and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology

2 Energy Use in Rural China ~ 50% of population is rural Rural, peri-urban areas use solid fuels for cooking & heating s: National Improved Stove Program (NISP) disseminated ~180 million biomass chimney stoves Recent shifts from biomass to coal and cleaner fuels 1.04 million premature deaths from household air pollution in China (2010 GBD, Lim et al 2012) 5 th leading risk factor for disease

3 Bonjour et al, CRA-2010, Environmental Health Perspectives (forthcoming 2013)

4 Estimating household solid fuel use Percentage of population using solid fuels (%) China Africa South East Asia Western Pacific World Eastern Mediterranean Americas Europe % (51, 78) % (41, 67) % (33, 59) year Percent of households cooking with solid fuels by region Bonjour et al., CRA-2010

5 1.2 million deaths, 22 million DALYs - OAP Portion of outdoor pollution caused by household Cookfuels, ~0.19 million deaths

6 How much does household solid fuel use contribute to ambient air pollution? In East Asia, Brauer (2011) estimated 99% of population lives in areas that exceed WHO PM Air Quality Guideline (10 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 annual avg) Quic ktime and decompres sor are needed to see this Few direct measurements of ambient air pollution concentrations in rural areas QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

7 % of Ambient PM 2.5 from Cooking, 2010 Source: Chafe et al. (submitted)

8 Study Aims Determine solid fuel contribution to outdoor PM air pollution in a village near Beijng, China Measure use of solid fuel stoves / furnaces with SUMS Measure outdoor PM 2.5, PM 10 concentrations Understand transition from solid to clean fuels Measure the relative use of stoves/electric devices Investigate the social, cultural, economic drivers of the shift What barriers remain to make a complete shift to gas, electricity, renewables in the region?

9 Er He Zhuang Village, 40 km from central Beijing

10 200 households Village demographics Recruited 32 households for our study (from Tsinghua survey of 102 households in April, 2011) Average household size = 3 people Middle school high school education Farming, work in industry/retail outside village Median household income = 30,000 RMB ($4,800 US) Most families own refrigerator, washing machine, TV, rooftop solar hot water heater

11 Fuels Used in EHZ (survey data) Fuel Type Number of households reporting use % households reporting use Twigs (wood) % Charcoal (wood) 1 3.1% Crop residue % Honeycomb coal % Loose coal / coal balls % Electricity % LPG (liquid petroleum gas) %

12 Reported Solid Fuel Use by Task Task (winter) Nonsolid fuel (0) Use Solid fuel (1) Does not perform this task Task (summer) Nonsolid fuel (0) Use Solid fuel (1) Does not perform this task Stirfry cooking Stirfry cooking Rice cooking Rice cooking Bread cooking Bread cooking Animal feed cooking Animal feed cooking Water boiling Water boiling Primary heating fuel Secondary heating fuel

13 Measure Stove & Appliance Use 120 appliance / stove use monitors employed during summer + 50 additional SUMS in winter Average cooking stoves/appliances per household = 3.7 Average space heating stoves/systems per hh = 1.7 Provide objective stove use data over time

14 Stove Use Monitoring System (SUMS) Placed SUMS on/near solid fuel cooking and water heating devices starting summer SUMS placed on coal heating stoves, furnaces, and biomass heated beds kang in winter

15 Stove Use Monitoring System (SUMS)

16

17 SUMS Data Biomass Kang Temp (C) Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov-12 1-Dec-12 4-Dec-12 Time Clear diurnal use patterns from kangs in 25% of homes November March heating season

18 SUMS Data 40 Radiator (Coal Powered) Temp (C) Jan-13 4-Jan-13 6-Jan-13 8-Jan-13 Time Coal furnaces with radiators as primary heating in 86% of homes

19 Outdoor (ambient) PM 2.5 and PM 10 monitoring Dust Trak PM monitors co-located on 2 rooftops in village Meteorological data collected throughout study

20 Ambient PM 2.5 Concentrations Winter: µg/m 3 24-hr Averages Peak at night, often in morning Summer: µg/m 3 24-hr Averages PM2.5 (mg/m3 January 17-18, Ambient PM :54 PM 5:14 PM 8:34 PM 11:54 PM 3:14 AM 6:34 AM 9:54 AM 1:14 PM Time

21 Er He Zhuang Village Site 24-hr PM 2.5 (Jan 18-19): 680 µg/m 3

22 Urban Beijing 24-hr PM 2.5 (Jan 18-19): 334 µg/m 3 Source: PM data from US Embassy monitors in Beijing - Photo from AP Images:

23 Stove Use & PM Monitoring Stove use & PM2.5 time series data at 1-5 minute intervals for collected from June 2012 May 2013 Winter: diurnal patterns of household solid fuel combustion & ambient PM concentrations were positively correlated Summer: limited household solid fuel use, significant correlations with PM levels not detected

24 Non-household Emissions

25 Mobile Air Quality Monitoring EHZ Measured BC, PM, CO, NO x, O 3, SO 2 pollutant concentrations in village and surrounding area Identified additional non-household (mobile and industrial) sources of local air pollution, particularly traffic during summer Elevated PM 2.5, SO 2 in winter indicate household coal contributions

26 Qualitative Methods To understand social, cultural, and economic drivers for fuel transition: Held 2 focus groups with villagers using a range of solid and improved fuels Completed survey in 32 study homes Interviewed village leaders

27 Focus Group Results 13 middle aged participants in 2 groups Changes over time: used to cook more with biomass. Before the 1990s, everyone cooked with wood. Living conditions improved, so people were able to use gas to cook. Village electrified s Some started using LPG or electricity (rice cooker, griddle, hot plate) to cook 10+ years ago Now I still don t use them, I don t dare. My pressure cooker and hot plate are just decorations Initial fear of leaks & fires with LPG -> most prefer it now

28 Focus Group Results Switch to cooking with clean fuels saves time, hassle, less smoky than before Taste preferences: Biomass > LPG > Hot plate for stirfry. The dishes taste best using the big [biomass] stove. I m not willing to use the electric hot plate to stirfry. But use it for noodles or dumplings. Heating with coal furnaces and kang beds: Sleeping on a kang is very comfortable. Better than sleeping on an electric blanket. Even if the price of coal went up, we d still have to use it. We ve been doing this for generations. Heating with electricity is too expensive.

29 Survey Results Collected data on fuel, stove prices, installation date LPG starting in early 1990s, stoves ~200 RMB Coal furnaces newer, RMB RMB per ton anthracite coal Portable coal stoves <50 RMB. 0.8 RMB per honeycomb coal briquette New village project (~ ) Failed biomass gasification systems, stoves used for <10 days New roads, flush toilets, efficient raised Kangs

30 National Fuel Use Survey (Preliminary Results): 91,000 Households, 31 Provinces Biomass Coal Solar/electricity Gas Other For cooking Total 30.26% 10.98% 11.86% 46.68% 0.22% Rural 47.64% 13.53% 10.24% 28.49% 0.10% Urban 11.98% 8.30% 13.56% 65.82% 0.35% For heating Total 12.03% 16.12% 16.35% 55.50% a Rural 19.00% 21.45% 9.51% 50.04% a Urban 4.69% 10.52% 23.55% 61.24% a For either cooking or heating Total 31.77% 21.35% 26.30% Rural 49.21% 26.94% 18.50% Urban 14.29% 15.75% 34.42% Source: CRAES, Chinese National Environmental Related Human Activity Survey

31 Conclusions Recent shift away from solid fuels for cooking in EHZ, but much of rural China still cooks with biomass & coal Both progression up energy ladder & fuel stacking Household solid fuel use contributes substantially to ambient PM pollution & burden of disease in rural & peri-urban China Biggest contribution from winter coal & biomass heating Need for low emissions, affordable winter heating option Comprehensive pollution control efforts for urban air basins must address household sources

32 Funding: UCB - Center for Global Public Health, Center for Chinese Studies, Kirk Smith Research Group; Tsinghua University; Peking University; Chinese Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Thanks to collaborators in US & China, especially Er He Zhuang village leaders & residents for their ongoing support.

33 References Bonjour S, Adair-Rohani H, Wolf J, Bruce N, Mehta S, Pruss-Ustan A, Lahiff M, Rehfuess E, Mishra V, Smith KR, Solid fuel use for household cooking: Country and regional estimates for , Environmental Health Perspectives (forthcoming 2013) Brauer M., Amann M., Burnett R.T., Cohen A., Dentener F., Ezzati M., Henderson S.B., Krzyzanowski M., Martin R.D., Van Dingenen R., Van Donkelaar A., Thurston G.D Exposure Assessment for Estimation of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Outdoor Air Pollution. Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (2), Chafe Z., Brauer M., Klimont Z., Van Dingenen R, Mehta S., Rao S, Riahi K, Dentener F, Smith K.R. Contribution of Household Cooking with Solid Fuels to Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (PM2.5). (submitted, 2012) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science. Household fuel use for cooking and heating in China: results from the first Chinese National Environmental Exposure Related Human Activity Patterns Survey. (correspondence with Xiaoli Duan) Lim, S et al., The Burden of Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors and Risk Factor Clusters in 21 Regions : A systematic analysis, Lancet 380: Yang X., Jiang Y., Yang M., Shan M Energy and Environment in Chinese Rural Housing: Status and Future Perspective. Front. Energy Power Eng. China. 4(1): Zhang, J and K.R. Smith Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions. Environmental Health Perspectives 115.6:

34 Conclusions Recent shift away from solid fuels for cooking in EHZ, but much of rural China still cooks with biomass & coal Household solid fuel use contributes substantially to ambient PM pollution & burden of disease in rural & peri-urban China Biggest contribution from winter coal & biomass heating Need for low emissions, affordable winter heating option Comprehensive pollution control efforts for urban air basins must address household sources Anna Zimmermann, Global Health & Environment MS, UC Berkeley: