The challenge of natural hazards

Transcription

1 Year 10 end of unit revision list The challenge of natural hazards Tectonic hazards Specification content Plate tectonics theory- what is this and what has it got to do with Alfred Wegner? To know where earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur and why The physical processes taking place at different types of plate margins (constructive, destructive and conservative) that lead to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Primary and secondary effects earthquakes Immediate and long-term responses to earthquakes Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth. Case studies/examples Nepal earthquake 2015 L Aquila -Italy earthquake 2016

2 Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard. (the 3 Ps) Weather hazards Specification content To know how general atmospheric circulation occurs. This involves knowing how the 3 cells operate (Ferrell, Hadley and polar)and how they create pressure belts and surface winds. Case studies/examples Know the global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons). An understanding of the relationship between tropical storms and general atmospheric circulation. Cause of tropical storms and the sequence of their formation and development. The structure and features of a tropical storm. How climate change might affect the distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms. Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms. Immediate and long-term responses to a tropical storm. Use named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses. Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, USA 2005

3 How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. (3 x Ps) Overview of types of weather hazard experienced in the UK. One example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate: causes Strom Desmond social, economic and environmental impacts how management strategies can reduce risk know at least 5 pieces of evidence to say that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK. Climate change Specification content to know how natural factors cause climate to change over a long time scale: orbital changes, volcanic activity and sun spots. To know how Human factors can cause climate change : use of fossil fuels effect of agriculture effect of deforestation. Know at least 3 effects of climate change on people and 3 on the environment. Be able to link these to real places in the world. Case studies/examples

4 Managing climate change: mitigation alternative energy production, carbon capture, planting trees, international agreements adaptation change in agricultural systems, managing water supply, reducing risk from rising sea levels. Challenges in the human environment Urban issues and challenges Specification content Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation - migration (push - pull theory), natural increase. Case studies/examples Why do we get mega-cities.

5 A case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate: the location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally causes of growth: natural increase and migration how urban growth has created opportunities: Rocinha, Brazil o social: access to services health, education; access to resources -water supply, energy o economic: how urban industrial areas can be a stimulus for economic development. how urban growth has created challenges: managing urban growth - slums, squatter settlements providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy providing access to services - health and education, reducing unemployment, crime managing environmental issues - waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion. An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Evaluation of the schemes (good and bad sides) Rocinha, Brazil Self-help schemes and slum upgrading

6 Overview of the distribution of population and the major cities in the UK. Birmingham, UK A case study of a major city in the UK to illustrate: the location and importance of the city in the UK and the wider world impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city how urban change has created opportunities: o social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems o environmental: urban greening how urban change has created challenges: social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield sites, waste disposal the impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the growth of commuter settlements. Stratford, London An example of an urban regeneration project to show: Stratford, London reasons why the area needed regeneration the main features of the project.

7 Features of sustainable urban living: BEDZED, Croydon,UK water and energy conservation waste recycling creating green space. Manchester Metro link How urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion. Cambridge guided busway London Congestion Charging The challenge of resource management Resource management Specification content Case studies/examples

8 The significance of food, water and energy to economic and social well-being. An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources. An overview of resources in relation to the UK. Food: the growing demand for high value food exports from low income countries and all year demand for seasonal food and organic produce larger carbon footprints due to the increasing number of food miles travelled and moves towards local sourcing of food. Kenya and importing food from LIC Lynford House Farm Agribusiness Riverford Organic Farms Areas of Food miles the trend towards agribusiness Water: the changing demand for water water quality and pollution management matching supply and demand areas of deficit and surplus the need for transfer to maintain supplies. Energy: the changing energy mix - reliance on fossil fuels, growing significance of renewables UK

9 reduced domestic supplies of coal, gas and oil economic and environmental issues associated with exploitation of energy sources.

10 Energy Key idea Specification context Case studies/examples Demand for energy resources is rising globally but supply can be insecure, which may lead to conflict. Areas of surplus (security) and deficit (insecurity): global distribution of energy consumption and supply reasons for increasing energy consumption: economic development, rising population, technology factors affecting energy supply: physical factors, cost of exploitation and production, technology and political factors. Impacts of energy insecurity exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive areas economic and environmental costs food production industrial output potential for conflict where demand exceeds supply.

11 Different strategies can be used to increase energy supply. Overview of strategies to increase energy supply: renewable (biomass, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, wave and solar) and nonrenewable (fossil fuels and nuclear power) sources of energy an example to show how the extraction of a fossil fuel has both advantages and disadvantages. Moving towards a sustainable resource future: individual energy use and carbon footprints. Energy conservation: designing homes, workplaces and transport for sustainability, demand reduction, use of technology to increase efficiency in the use of fossil fuels an example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC or NEE to provide sustainable supplies of energy. Gannet Oilfield BEDZED, Manchester Metro, London congestion Solar mini Grid Schemes in Tanzania and Kenya

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