Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

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1 Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/22 Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere October/November hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages. DC (LK/JG) [Turn over

2 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 Fig. 1.1 shows the distribution of three forest biomes (A, B and C), the topography and the weather pattern for northern Costa Rica. west east biome B prevailing winds Pacific Ocean biome C biome A Caribbean Sea (not to scale) cloud forest biome B dry forest biome C Fig. 1.1 tropical rainforest biome A

3 3 (a) (i) Describe the characteristics of the vegetation in each of the biomes labelled A, B and C shown in Fig A... B... C......[6] (ii) Briefly describe the conditions which have enabled the formation of biomes A and B shown in Fig [4] [Turn over

4 4 (iii) Fig. 1.2 shows a climate diagram for the area where biome C occurs. dry months wet months dry months temperature 20 / C rainfall 40 / mm 10 Key temperature rainfall 20 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 1.2 For each of the months of February and September briefly explain how rainfall and temperature shown in Fig. 1.2 would affect plant growth in biome C....[4]

5 5 (b) Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica, located within biome C shown in Fig. 1.1, was created in 1989 to conserve this biome, using forest restoration from remaining isolated patches of forest. Suggest what measures could be taken to encourage sustainable use of forest within the Guanacaste National Park [6] [Total: 20] [Turn over

6 6 2 Fig. 2.1 shows the changing extent of the Aral Sea from 1977 to The Aral Sea is at the centre of a basin of inland drainage within an arid climatic area Aralsk 2010 Aralsk KAZAKHSTAN Kzyl-Orda UZBEKISTAN Nukus ia ia ar ar r-d Sy r-d Sy Kzyl-Orda KAZAKHSTAN Nukus UZBEKISTAN Tashkent Tashkent TURKMENISTAN r ia Da uam r ia Da uam Bukhara TURKMENISTAN cotton and rice widely irrigated food crops, partly irrigated fish exports Aral Sea fish imports river / canal Aral Sea Satellite images of the Aral Sea. Fig. 2.1 Bukhara dam cotton and rice exports river / canal

7 7 (a) (i) Describe the changes shown in the extent of the Aral Sea in Fig [2] (ii) Suggest reasons for the changes to the extent of the Aral Sea....[4] (iii) Suggest the possible impact of these changes on aquatic species....[2] (iv) Describe the possible socio-economic impact of these changes on societies living around the edge of the Aral Sea since [4] [Turn over

8 8 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows the amount of water extracted from rivers leading into the Aral Sea from 1970 to 2010, with two possible scenarios, A and B, for the future total 120 available 100 runoff amount of water / km3 per year rising demand extraction of water amount of 100 water / km3 per year stable demand extraction of water year A year B Fig. 2.2 (i) Describe the changes from 1970 to 2010 in the extraction of water shown in Fig [2]

9 9 (ii) Describe and explain the possible effect of the two future scenarios, A and B, on the extent of the Aral Sea. A... B......[6] [Total: 20] [Turn over

10 10 Section B Answer one question from this section. Fig. 3.1 shows a map of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. to Soronera Ascent Road Lemaka Access Road Malanja depression r H Lemala Lodge Riv er Mandusi Swamp R ive na to Empakaa Mung o Laya R ive r 3 lio ro Lake Makkat O to Endulen S Ngoitokitok Swamp Lerai Forest Crater S H Lodge Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority HQ H Wildlife Gorigor Swamp Lodge H Rhino Lodge to Arusha Key H S N park HQ lodge footpath main road lake forest shop airstrip road rivers swamps park boundary Fig. 3.1 scale 1:

11 11 Fig. 3.2 shows the numbers of tourists visiting the area from 1962 to tourist numbers / thousands year Fig. 3.2 (a) With reference to Figs. 3.1 and 3.2, briefly discuss why this area is in need of conservation and outline how this may be achieved. [10] (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, explain how wildlife management helps to conserve ecosystems. Assess the extent to which this has been successful in achieving the objectives. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over

12 12 4 Fig. 4.1 shows the profile of the River Ganges in India, together with the concentration of industrial pollutants. 400 Himalayas A approximate altitude 300 /m 2 B 1.5 Bay of Bengal C concentration of industrial pollutant / mg per litre approximate horizontal distance / km Key approximate altitude along the Ganges River system concentration of industrial pollution Fig. 4.1 (a) Suggest reasons for the changes in the concentration of industrial pollutants at A, B and C shown in Fig [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, describe other human activities which may affect river pollution. Assess the strategies that could be adopted to manage river pollution. [30] [Total: 40]

13 13 5 Fig. 5.1 shows a solar powered sea water desalination process. co n de ns at e solar energy vapour salt water distilled water distilled water Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain how the desalination process shown in Fig. 5.1 works and suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using this method of desalination. [10] (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, assess the extent to which MEDCs cope with the issue of water supply, in contrast to many LEDCs. [30] [Total: 40]

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16 16 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgement: Question 1 Fig. 1.1 Joan Pearson UCLES. Question 2 Fig. 2.1 USGS EROS Data Center. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.