Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Syed Shabih-ul-Hassan Zaidi MM Pakistan (Pvt; Ltd.

Transcription

1 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan Prof. Dr. Syed Shabih-ul-Hassan Zaidi MM Pakistan (Pvt; Ltd.), Lahore

2 URBANIZATION DEFINED Urbanization is defined as a process or phenomenon by which urban fraction of population increases (and consequently the rural fraction of population decreases) in a region or country. Thus urbanization phenomenon is represented by a change in the rural-urban divide of population in an area. 2 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

3 Factors Responsible for Urbanization Natural Increase of Population: It takes place due to the excess of births over deaths in an area. Its contribution to the total magnitude of urbanization in an area is 70%. Rural-Urban Migration: It is the shifting of people (permanently) from rural areas to the urban areas. This factor contributes up to 22% in urbanization. Reclassification of Rural areas into Urban: A) The rural areas grow to become urban areas and their population is counted as urban population in the ensuing census. B) The growth and sprawl of cities engulfs the villages surrounding them and the population of these villages is counted as urban in the ensuing census. This factor causes 8% of the total magnitude of urbanization in an area. 3 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

4 Urbanization in Pakistan Year Urban Rural % 85.0% % 82.2% % 77.5% % 74.6% % 71.7% % 67.5% % 61.5% Future Estimate: % 49.9% 4 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

5 URBANIZATION IN SAARC COUNTRIES 5 Source: Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision, Data Tables and Highlights (ESA/P/WP.173, 20 March 2002). Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

6 Population of Major Cities of Pakistan Sr. No. Name of City Population Average Annual Growth Rate KARACHI 5,208,132 9,339, LAHORE 2,952,689 5,143, FAISALABAD 1,104,209 2,008, RAWALPINDI 794,834 1,409, MULTAN 732,070 1,197, HYDERABAD 751,529 1,166, GUJRANWALA 600,993 1,132, PESHAWAR 566, , QUETTA 285, , ISLAMABAD 204, , Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

7 GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN LAHORE 8 (EX-MCL & CANTONMENT) POPULATION GROWTH RATES (THE ESTIMATED POPULATION OF LAHORE IS 8.7 Million in 2015) HOUSEHOLD SIZE INCREASED FROM 5.8 (1961) TO 7.1 (1998) Source: IMPL URBAN DISTRICT = 4.30 % 3.66% = 4.48 % 4.06% = 3.75 % 3.79% = 3.32 % 3.46% Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

8 CONCLUSION: RAPID URBANIZATION A study of the preceding tables and graphs shows that: 1. Pakistan is a Rapidly Urbanizing Country 2. The Rate of Population Growth of Metropolitan Cities is Higher than the Small and Intermediate Cities 8 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

9 KEY ISSUES RESULTING FROM RAPID URBANIZATION Although Urbanization has some great advantages for economic development of the country, the uncontrolled, rapid urbanization has some grave consequences as given below: Housing Shortages resulting in formation Slums and Katchi Abadis Education and Health Issues in Urban Areas Traffic and Transportation Issues Environmental Issues causing Environmental Degradation of cities Security and Law & Order Deterioration 9 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

10 URBAN ISSUES DUE TO RAPID URBANIZATION 10 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The environmental impacts of the rapid urbanization are: 1) Environmental Pollution, due to uncontrolled development, industrialization and growing traffic causing diseases of various types for human beings, animals and the plants. 2) Rapid Consumption of Natural Resources, (such as water, woods, fossil fuels, and fertile lands) causing shortage of these resources for the coming generations. 3) Global Warming and Climate Change, due to the increased use of energy and CFCs and population explosion causing greenhouse effect, de-freezing of glaciers and depletion of ozone layer which may ultimately destroy our earth planet. 11 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

12 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Air Pollution: This type of pollution comprises of the presence of higher proportions of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Mono-oxide, smoke, dust and other harmful gases in the air. It is mainly caused by traffic and industrial emissions. Liquid Waste Pollution: This type of pollution is created by effluent discharges from industries and domestic sewage and foul water discharges which are not properly disposed off. Water & Soil Pollution: This type of pollution comprises of higher quantities of liquid wastes present in the rivers, streams, lakes, ground water as well as soil. It is mainly due to disposal of domestic sewage, and industrial wastes into the fresh water channels and the soak pits dug for the disposal of domestic liquid wastes/ sewage. Solid Wastes Pollution: Solid wastes comprise of paper, tin, glass, plastics, kitchen wastes and human and animal excreta. These are produced by all types of urban uses as well as by the industry. Noise Pollution: When noise level crosses a certain limit (85dB according to NEQS) it becomes harmful for human health. Noise pollution is mainly caused by automobile traffic, workshops and industry. 12 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

13 CAUSES OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 1. Uncontrolled Population Growth and Urban Sprawl: The uncontrolled growth of population is one of the main cause of environmental degradation in the urban areas. Man is the greatest polluter on the earth. On the other hand the policies of the local development authorities have caused urban sprawl due to low density planned development on the outskirts of the metropolitan cities which ultimately results in the increased use of fuel for automobiles. 2. High Density Living in the City Slums: High density living in the slums mainly located in city centers causes concentration of pollution in small areas. The pollution levels rise to dangerous levels in these areas and badly affect the health of the residents. 3. Industrial Development without EIA: Growth of industries without any planning and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) causes environmental degradation. Absence of proper Town Planning and Zoning laws results in the growth of noxious industry close to residential areas which may cause serious health problems for the people. 4. Improper Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes: Improper disposal of liquid and solid wastes with treatment causes the degradation of the environment which ultimately results in the spread of diseases. 13 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

14 14 CAUSES OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Continued 5. Tremendous Increase in the Number of Automobiles: There has been a tremendous increase in the number of automobiles registered in the cities during the past decade. For example, according to an estimate, the number of vehicles registered in Lahore during the last 15 years increased 8 times while the population of the city almost doubled during this period. 6. Lack of Recycling and Treatment Plants: There is an acute shortage of recycling and treatment plants in various cities of Pakistan. This results in the disposal of liquid and solid wastes directly into fresh water channels, thereby polluting them to a level that they become dead. 7. Lack of Open Spaces and Parks: Parks and open spaces are natural oxygen factories which absorb pollution and produce oxygen for us. Most of our cities are suffering from an acute shortage of parks and open spaces. The unauthorized sub-division of land usually does not provide any space for trees and development of Parks. This is a single most important reason for the degradation of our urban environments. Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

15 Urban Sprawl Causing Increased Use of Fuel/ Gasoline 15 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan-- -Dr. S.H. Zaidi

16 WHO Standards in Comparison with Air Pollution Levels in Lahore (2005) According to a recent study, average air pollution in big cities is about 4 times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) limits.* NAME OF SPOT Nox ppb PM10 (μg/m3 ) CO ppm WHO Standards Yateem Chowk Khana Chearing Cross Bank Square Qurtaba Chowk Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Lahore data, 2005 * (Accessed on )

17 Pollution Levels WHO Standards in Comparison with Air Pollution Level in Lahore (2005) WHO Standards in Comparison with Air Pollution Level in Lahore (2005) Nox ppb PM10 (μg/m3 ) CO ppm WHO Standards Yateem Khana Chow k Chearing Cross Bank Square Qurtaba Chow k Reference Points/ Locations

18 Noise Pollution in Lahore Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Mild noise can be annoying; excessive noise can destroy a person s hearing.* Parameter Spot Noise db (A) WHO Standard 65 Azadi Crossing 75 Qurtaba Crosssing 82 Chouburji Crossing 78 Chairing Crossing 78 Source : Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO) * (Accessed on )

19 Water Pollution River Ravi and the Lahore Canal is being polluted by directly disposing off untreated domestic sewage and industrial waste into them. Main Causes Disposal of untreated municipal liquid waste Leaking sewer lines Industrial waste water Effects Drinking water contamination Pollution of Water Bodies i.e River Ravi, Hudiara drain, Lahore Branch Canal Sub-soil water pollution Loss of aquatic life Crop damages Heavy metals in food chain Increased rate of water borne diseases 19 Source: (Accessed on ) Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

20 Soil Pollution Soil Pollution is the presence of materials in the soil which are harmful to the living beings when they cross their threshold concentration levels. Main Causes Municipal solid waste Hospital waste Excessive use of pesticides/fertilizers/herbicides Ponding of industrial effluents Disposal of industrial solid waste on open land Effects Loss in fertility Accumulation of pollutants in edible crops Leaching of harmful contaminants Surface and ground water contamination Unaesthetic look 20 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

21 21 Pollution in Lahore AIR POLLUTION DATA FROM WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PM (Micrograms per cubic meter) PM (Micrograms per cubic meter) PM 10 Pollution Level: Extremely High Perceptions about Pollution in Lahore, Pakistan Air Pollution: High Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility: Moderate Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal: Moderate Dirty and Untidy: Moderate Noise and Light Pollution: Moderate Water Pollution: High Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City: Moderate Dissatisfaction with Green and Parks in the City: Low Source: (Accessed on ) Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

22 Pollution in Faisalabad Perceptions of Pollution in Faisalabad, Pakistan Air Pollution: Very High Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility: Very High Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal: Very High Dirty and Untidy: High Noise and Light Pollution: Moderate Water Pollution: Very High Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City High Dissatisfaction with Green and Parks in the City: Moderate 22 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

23 Three Pakistani cities among 10 most polluted cities in the world Karachi ranks number five just ahead of Peshawar and Rawalpindi which stand at six and seven in the list of 10 most polluted cities, as per the most recent statistics from the World Health Organisation (WHO) compiled from more than 1,600 cities for the years 2008 to Delhi (India) 2. Patna (India) 3. Gwalior (India) 4. Raipur (India) 5. Karachi (Pakistan) 6. Peshawar (Pakistan) 7. Rawalpindi (Pakistan) 8. Khoramabad (Iran) 9. Ahmedabad (India) 10. Lucknow (India) Source: (Accessed on ) 23 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

24 Availability of Infrastructure Services in Lahore Infrastructure Service Percentage of Population Served 2008 Percentage Population Served 2011 of Water Supply 70 % houses 90% Sewerage System 54 % area 80% Solid Waste Management Public Transport Buses 60% of total waste collected 55% of the buses required 85% 65% Source: Office records (2008) of WASA, CDGL and Transport Department, Govt; of Punjab and ALMEC Corporation, Oriental Consultants Co. Ltd. The Project for Lahore Urban Transport Master Plan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Interim Report Phase 1 April 2011

25 RESOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Planning for Sustainable Development is the key to the environmental conservation. The following steps can be taken in this connection: 1. Master Planning: Vision and Coherent Policy Framework A Master Plan provides a vision and coherent policy framework in order to provide comprehensive guidelines for future development of a city or region. Master Planning should be done for the entire areas of cities and regions so that compatible uses are put together and incompatible uses are separated. Very Low densities as well as High densities may be avoided and adequate level of light and ventilation may be ensured through proper building and development control. The average trip lengths to workplaces, schools and shopping areas can be reduced through compact development, mixed use zoning and proper location of public uses resulting in the reduced consumption of fuels and reduced pollution levels. 25 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan---Dr. S.H. Zaidi

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27 Neighbourhood Plans for Low Energy in Dodoma, Tanzania

28 2. Traffic Management and Public Transport Planning: Proper traffic management and provision of a planned public transport system (Mass Transit Systems of buses, light rail transit, or underground railway) can result in reduced pollution levels. Traffic calming techniques, motor vehicle examination and control of noise and smoke may be adopted, particularly, in the city centers. Pedestrianization of the Central Business Districts (CBDs) can be a useful option to control the environmental pollution in the central areas of the cities. 28 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

29 Sustainable Public Transport takes less road space and creates less pollution

30 3. Tree Plantation and Development of Parks: Development of a system of parks and open spaces in the cities and plantation of trees along roads can help to maintain the vital oxygen balance in the urban areas. New forests should be grown at regional level and tree plantation campaigns should be carried out in the cities. Green medians should be developed along roads. Small open spaces (Patric Geddies Garden type) may be created in the busy inner city areas by purchasing low cost dangerous buildings sites through community based organizations. Roof gardening and Community gardening should be encouraged in the cities. 30 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

31 Green Shade Streets 31 Dr. Zaidi, Landscape Design Concepts

32 Landscaping with flowers and water channel 32 Dr. Zaidi, Landscape Design Concepts

33 PARADISE GARDEN AL-AIN, UAE 33 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

34 4. Infrastructure Development: Development of proper infrastructure services such as water supply, sewerage and drainage system, electricity and gas may be carried out to reduce pollution levels in our cities and districts as a whole. Ground water and surface water should be used after treatment so as to avoid spread of water born diseases. Similarly, the development of a proper sewerage system will reduce the pollution of ground water and improve the overall environment. Provision of gas will result in the reduced cutting of trees for fuel purposes. A proper solid waste collection and disposal system is a must for all cities. 34 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

35 Piped Water Supply

36 Separate Sewerage and Drainage Systems

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38 COMMUNITY S INVOLVEMENT IN SWM Integrated solid waste management is the involvement of community in the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals.

39 5. Use of Alternate Fuels and Energy Conservation: The use of alternate fuels, such as kerosene oil, gas and electricity, to the traditional ones such as wood should be encouraged to avoid deforestation in the hilly areas. Thus land sliding and flooding can be curtailed by reduced cutting of trees in the mountains. The lighting fixtures on streets, homes and offices should be replaced with LED lights. Similarly, Energy Audit should be introduced in all government offices and city-owned facilities. It is imperative that the use of renewable sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy should be encouraged in all cities. 39 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

40 40 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

41 41 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

42 6. 3-R Approach For Environmental Protection From Domestic And Industrial Waste: We must use the following 3 R approach while using energy and other resources for development and while treating the domestic and industrial waste in order to protect our environment: a) Reduce (the amount of waste) b) Reuse (put the waste to another use) c) Recycle (extract the raw material from waste such as glass, tin, paper, plastic) 42 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

43 How to achieve Clean Environment AVOIDANCE Minimization Reuse Recycling Recovery Treatment Disposal

44 7. General: Reduced use of CFCs and use of lead free petrol may help in the conservation of the environment. Population control can also be an effective tool for environmental conservation. Walk-able neighbourhoods should be developed and the use of private cars should be discouraged at all levels in the cities. Walking should be encouraged for short visits to shopping centers, schools and work places. School children may be encouraged to participate in Street Cleaning or Seaside Cleaning Compaigns. In this connection, an awareness campaign should also be carried out through mass media to help in the improvement of the environment. 44 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi

45 Walk-able Streets

46 POSTERS FOR AWARENESS AT SCHOOL LEVEL

47 POSTERS FOR COMMUNITY

48 THANK Y OU 48 Environmental Impact of Rapid Urbanization in Pakistan--- Dr. S.H. Zaidi