Future Solar Fuels H 2, Syngas, and Jet Fuels
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1 FFF Hybrid Conference on Solar Fuels and High Temperature Solar Applications Johannesburg, South Africa, August 20-21, 2014 Future Solar Fuels H 2, Syngas, and Jet Fuels Dr Anton Meier Solar Technology Laboratory, Paul ScherrerInstitute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
2 Overview Introduction Solar thermochemical dissociation of ZnO Solar2Zinc 100 kw th solar pilot plant Solar thermochemical splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 using Ceria SOLAR-JET parabolic concentrator reactor receiver solar tower heliostat field 2
3 Overview Introduction Solar thermochemical dissociation of ZnO Solar2Zinc 100 kw th solar pilot plant Solar thermochemical splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 using Ceria SOLAR-JET parabolic concentrator reactor receiver solar tower heliostat field 3
4 H 2 O/CO 2 -splitting Concentrated Solar Energy Decarbonization H 2 O CO 2 Fossil Fuels (NG, oil, coal) Solar High-T Electrolysis Solar Thermochemical Cycle Solar Electricity + Electrolysis Solar Reforming Solar Cracking Solar Gasification Long-term goal Short/mid-term transition Solar Fuels (H 2, syngas, liquid fuels) Optional CO 2 /C Sequestration 4
5 H 2 O/CO 2 -splitting H 2 O CO 2 Concentrated Solar Energy Decarbonization Fossil Fuels (NG, oil, coal) Solar High-T Electrolysis Solar Thermochemical Cycle Solar Electricity + Electrolysis Solar Reforming Solar Cracking Solar Gasification Long-term goal Solar Fuels (H 2, syngas, liquid fuels) Optional CO 2 /C Sequestration 5
6 Solar Production of H 2, Syngas, and Liquid Fuels Metal oxide based thermo-chemical processes for H 2 and syngas production demonstrated at the 100 kw th power level Non-volatile metal oxides Volatile metal oxides H 2 production using Ferrite H 2 O-splitting cycle H 2 /CO (syngas) production using Zn/ZnO H 2 O/CO 2 -splitting cycle HYDROSOL (100 kw th ) at PSA, Spain Solar2Zinc (100 kw th ) at Odeillo, France 6
7 H 2 O/CO 2 -Splitting Thermochemical Cycles Concentrated Solar Energy MO ox 1 st step: Solar Reduction MO MO + O ox red 2 MO red O 2 H 2 O/CO 2 recycle red red 2 nd step: Oxidation MO + HO MO + H 2 ox 2 MO + CO MO + CO MO ox 2 ox H 2 /CO To Liquid Fuels 7
8 Overview Introduction Solar thermochemical dissociation of ZnO Solar2Zinc 100 kw th solar pilot plant Solar thermochemical splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 using Ceria SOLAR-JET parabolic concentrator reactor receiver solar tower heliostat field 8
9 H 2 O/CO 2 -Splitting Thermochemical Cycle based on ZnO/Zn Concentrated Solar Energy ZnO SOLAR REACTOR O 2 ZnO fi Zn + ½ O 2 H = 557 kj/mol, T H > 2000 K Zn NON-SOLAR REACTOR H 2 /CO H 2 O/CO 2 2Zn + H 2 O + CO 2 fi 2ZnO + H 2 + CO H = -67 kj/mol, T L = 700 K recycle ZnO To Liquid Fuels 9
10 Solar2Zinc From Lab Scale to Pilot Scale Lab-scale Reactor Prototype Pilot Plant Scale-up 10 kw 100 kw 50 kw 1000 kw High Flux Solar Simulator, PSI, CH Megawatt Solar Furnace, PROMES-CNRS, FR ASME J. Solar Energy Eng. 130 (2), /6, ASME J. Solar Energy Eng., 136(1), /11,
11 Solar2Zinc Solar Reactor Technology Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 insulation Al 2 O 3 bricks quench unit water-cooled copper cone quartz window concentrated solar radiation Ar nozzles hexagonal aluminum shell Partners:PSI & ETH Zurich Funding: SFOE, PSI, ETHZ 11
12 Solar2Zinc Solar Experimental Campaign parabolic concentrator reactor receiver shutter doors parabolic dish solar reactor tower solar tower Reactor and Process Modeling heliostat field heliostat field Ray-tracing code applied to simulate actual experimental configuration: Tracking heliostats, shutter opening, DNI, sun position, etc. Transient heat and mass transfer model validated with exp. data: ZnO dissociation extent Energy conversion efficiency Partners:PSI & ETH Zurich Funding: SFOE, PSI, ETHZ 12
13 Solar2Zinc Solar Experimental Campaign Experimental Setup and Operation 100 kw th solar reactor and periphery mounted on mobile carriage at MWSF Typical experimental run: Solar power input Q solar, cavity temperature T, Ar quench flow rate, and O 2 release from the ZnO dissociation reaction after quenching the products Partners:PSI & ETH Zurich Funding: SFOE, PSI, ETHZ 13
14 Achievements experiments with >60 hours of on-sun testing (3-9 hours per run) Thermal and mechanical stability of reactor cavity demonstrated Transient heat & mass transfer model validated with experimental data Challenges Reliable reactor operation Purge gas and carrier gas flows: Aerodynamic window protection Transport of gaseous products Efficient quench Solar2Zinc Solar Experimental Campaign (Next experimental campaign in September/October 2014) CNRS 1 MW Solar Furnace Odeillo, France Partners:PSI & ETH Zurich Funding: SFOE, PSI, ETHZ 14
15 Overview Introduction Solar thermochemical dissociation of ZnO Solar2Zinc 100 kw th solar pilot plant Solar thermochemical splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 using Ceria SOLAR-JET parabolic concentrator reactor receiver solar tower heliostat field 15
16 Solar Thermochemical Splitting of H 2 O and CO 2 based on Ceria Concentrated Solar Energy CeO 2 1 st step: Solar Reduction δ 2 2 δ CeO CeO O CeO2 δ O 2 H 2 O/CO 2 2 nd step: Oxidation CeO + HO CeO + H 2 δ δ 2 2 δ 2 CeO2 δ + δco2 CeO2 + δco H 2 /CO recycle CeO 2 To Liquid Fuels 16
17 Solar Reactor Technology δ 2 2 δ CeO CeO O Reduction step: Oxygen evolution Concentrated Solar Radiation Quartz Window Porous CeO 2 CPC Al 2 O 3 insulation 1500 C O 2 O 2 O 2 Inconel Wall Science 330, , O 2 17
18 Solar Reactor Technology CeO + HO CeO + H 2 δ δ 2 2 δ 2 CeO2 δ + δco2 CeO2 + δco Oxidation step: Fuel production Concentrated Solar Radiation Quartz Window Porous CeO 2 CPC Al 2 O 3 insulation 900 C Inconel Wall CO H 2 Science 330, , Syngas (H 2, CO) 18
19 Solar Experimental Results Splitting of CO 2 & H 2 O CeO 2 bricks porosity = 76 % SSA = 2.7 m 2 g -1 CO 2 -splitting H 2 O-splitting ηsolar-to-fuel, average = 04.% Science 330, , η solar-to-fuel, peak 0.8% for CO2-splitting = 07. % for HO-splitting 2 19
20 Solar Experimental Results Simultaneous CO 2 /H 2 O Splitting CeO 2 felt porosity = 96 % SSA = 6.0 m 2 g -1 H 2 O:CO 2 = 6.7 Energy & Env. Science 5, ,
21 Solar Experimental Results Splitting of CO 2 CeO 2 RPC porosity = 88 % SSA = 1.45*10-4 m 2 /g 3.8 kw, 2 l/min Ar 0 kw, 2.5 l/min CO 2 Energy & Fuels 26, , ηsolar-to-fuel, average = 1.73% ηsolar-to-fuel, peak = 353. % 21
22 H 2 O/CO 2 -Splitting Thermochemical Cycles Solar Production of Jet Fuel EU-FP7 Project SOLAR-JET ( ) Demonstrate at laboratory-scale a process that combines concentrated sunlight with CO 2 and H 2 O to produce jet fuel in a Fischer-Tropsch unit. Develop and optimize solar reactor technology for producing syngas a precursor of Fischer-Tropsch fuels (methanol, diesel, jet fuel). First jet fuel produced in FT unit from solar-produced syngas! Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow 29, , Materials 5, , Partners:Bauhaus Luftfahrt (D), ETH (CH), DLR (D), SHELL (NL), ARTTIC (F) Funding: EC 22
23 Source of CO 2? For a truly sustainable process, CO 2 should be captured from atmospheric air 23
24 ambient air ADSORPTION CO 2 Capture from Air CO 2 -depleted air pure CO 2 DESORPTION 25 C, 1 bar 90 C, 150 mbar Energy Environ. Sci. 4, , Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, ,
25 Closing the Materials Cycle Solar Energy Concentrated Solar Energy atmospheric air adsorption desorption CO 2 reduction oxidation syngas catalytic conversion H 2 O CO 2 -depleted air liquid fuels for transportation H 2 O CO 2 25
26 Contact SolarPACES Operating Agent Task II (Solar Chemistry Research) Dr. Anton Meier PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT (PSI) Deputy Head, Solar Technology Laboratory WKPA/ Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: Fax: Internet: Further Information
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