Road Specific Environmental Assessment Report. Road Sector Assistance Project (RSAP) Western Province

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Road Specific Environmental Assessment Report Road Sector Assistance Project (RSAP) Western Province Rehabilitating and Upgrading the Selected Road Sections of A002 Road and AB Road Section 1 (A 002 Road): (from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Kurusa Junction (18+450km) 2. Road Section 2 (AB 011 Road): (from Kurusa Junction (00+00km) to Panadura Bridge Junction (6+800km) 3. Road Section 3 (A 002 Road): (from Panadura Bridge Junction (25+250km) to Nalluruwa 30 th km Post Junction (30+00km) October 2012

2 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 6 Abbreviation 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Information Objectives of the Proposed Project Objectives of Environmental Assessment Study Extent and Scope of the Study Environmental Assessment Requirements Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project World Bank Policy on Environmental & Social Safeguards 23 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT Location of the Project Need of the Project Alternative Analysis Project Activities Road Route Type, ROW and Adjustments to Alignments Repair of Bridges Improvements to Drainage and Service Ducts Widening and Stabilization of Embankments Sources of Material Used Generation of Wastes and their Disposal Storing of Reusable Soil Materials Resettlement and Necessary Rehabilitation Activities Temporary De-routing of Traffic and Traffic Impacts Land Acquisition Safety Features Staffing and Accommodation of Employees Schedule of Project Activities Operation and Maintenance Activities Other Project Activities 38 1

3 2.6..Work Force (Requirement and Availability during Construction) Proposed Schedule of Implementation 39 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Physical environment Biological Environment Social Environment 58 CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES Construction Stage Felling of Trees Soil Erosion Siltation Minor Slope Failures / Collapsings Protection of Water Sources & Quality due to Road & Related Works Noise Pollution due to Operation of heavy vehicles & equipment Air Pollution Protection of Cultural & Religious Places & Properties Traffic Management Disposal of Harmful Construction Wastes Storage & Handling of Construction Materials Flooding Labour Camps Disposal of Spoil Construction Machinery Work on Culverts over Minor Streams Removal of Unauthorized Sections of Boundary Walls and Temporary Boutiques and Houses Built within Road Reservation Use of Sand Rock Quarries Burrow Pits Impacts on Existing Biological Environment Operational Stage Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris. 86 2

4 4.2.2 Road safety Encroachment of new ROW 87 CHAPTER 5 ROAD SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 88 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 89 CHAPTER 7 LIST OF REFERENCES 92 3

5 FIGURES Page Fig. 1: Location Map Showing Selected Section of Galle Road from Maliban Junction to Nalluruwa Junction for Rehabilitation 27 Fig. 2: Geological Map Covering Selected Section of Galle Road from Maliban Junction to Nalluruwa Junction for Rehabilitation 42 Fig. 3: Typical coastal sand aquifer 47 ANNEXES Page Annex - A: Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora Recorded 99 Annex - B: Terrestrial and Aquatic Fauna Recorded 104 Annex - C: Trees to be Removed or Affected 109 Annex- D: EMOP for the Project 126 Annex - E: Baseline data on Ambient air quality,noise levels & water quality 127 4

6 TABLES Page Table 1: Monthly Rainfall data for the period of at the Angoda Mental Hospital Gauge Station 45 Table 2: Other monthly average meteorological parameters 46 Table 3: List & Chainage of Environmentally Sensitive Sites along the Roadway and its Close Vicinity (Noise and Air Pollution Sensitive Sites) 49 Table - 4: National ambient air quality standards 52 Table - 5: Summary of the Plant Species Recorded During the Study 57 Table - 6: Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study 58 Table - 7: GND s Situated Along the Road Ratmalana DS Division 60 Table 8: GND s Situated Along the Road Moratuwa DS Division 60 Table 9: GND s Situated Along the Road Panadura DS Division 61 Table 10: Existing Land Use Pattern 62 Table 11: Demographic Details of the Area 64 Table 12: Gender Composition of the Area 65 Table 13: Age distribution of the population 65 Table 14: Level of Education 66 Table 15: Occupation Patterns of the HHH at DSD level 67 Table 16: Types of the Houses 67 Table 17: Sources of Income, Analyzed at DSD Level 68 Table 18: Monthly Income Pattern 69 Table 19: Number of Community Establishments Situated Along the Road of the Project Area 70 5

7 Road Sector Assistance Project (RSAP) Environmental Assessment Report for Rehabilitating and Upgrading the Selected Section of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Kurusa Junction(18+500km)of (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction( km)of (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction(25+500km) to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000km) Executive Summary Road specific Environmental Assessment (EA) report and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed rehabilitating and upgrading the selected section of Galle road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) was conducted in order to ensure that the proposed development project is environmentally sustainable, economically viable and socially acceptable and also to identify potential environmental impacts that may arise due to the project activities and propose mitigatory measures.. This EA study has revealed that the proposed project will not create significant negative impacts to the physical, biological and human environment and also the impacts could be successfully mitigated without causing irreparable damages. Only minor scale negative impacts such as soil erosion, siltation, sediment run off, noise and air pollution, emission of vehicle fumes and dust generation are expected during the construction period of this project. These minor scale negative impacts could be minimized or compensated by adopting proposed mitigatory measures. However positive impacts such as rehabilitating national road network improvement of infrastructure facilities, more employment opportunities for the neighboring communities during the construction phase, land value increase etc. are predicted and therefore the project will cause favourable social impacts. The 6

8 project will also assist in the development activities of the Colombo and Kalutara Districts. Therefore the proposed rehabilitating and upgrading the selected section of Galle road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) could be identified as an environmentally sound, economically viable and socially acceptable project. It is necessary to implement the proposed monitoring plan to ensure that the proposed mitigatory measures are properly implemented. This will enable to detect any undesirable side effects at an early stage. The contractor has to play a leading role in facilitating environmental management of the project site. Funding for this is to be borne by the project. The contractor will have to work in collaboration with relevant government link agencies, on matters related to environment management. The RDA / PMU should take the leadership role in the monitoring process. The monitoring team will monitor all the activities of project proponent s monitoring plan. Presence of a geologist, soil scientist, ecologist, sociologist, hydrologist and a civil engineer is a must for the monitoring team By implementing the proposed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during the construction and operational phases, most of the expected impacts could be mitigated. Road specific EMP is produced as a separate report. By implementing the proposed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during the construction and operational phases, most of the expected impacts could be mitigated. Road specific EMP is produced as a separate report. Note: Within 500m radius of the proposed road, no environmentally sensitive sites such as Forest Reserves, Wildlife Parks, Landslide Prone Areas or Archaeological Sites are encountered. 7

9 However, Bolgoda Lake, Bolgoda Ganga and Sea are located within the 500m radius. Bolgoda Ganga crosses the road near Panadura. Distances to closest environmentally sensitive sites from the road trace with distances are as follows. Bolgoda Lake km Lunawa Lagoon km Pinwatta Ela km Sea m Environmentally sensitive sites located within 500m distance from the road trace were discussed under respective sections of this report and mitigatory measures were proposed to mitigate identified and expected impacts. 8

10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC - Asphalt Concrete ADB - Asian Development Bank ADT - Average Daily Traffic AP - Affected Persons ADD - Agrarian Development Department CBO - Community Based Organization CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board DBH - Diameter at Breast Height DoA - Department of Archeology DoF - Department of Forestry DS - Divisional Secretary EA - Environmental Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMP - Environmental Monitoring Plan ESC - Environmental Safeguards Compliance ESD - Environmental & Social Division FBO - Farmer Based Organization GN - Grama Niladari GOSL - Government of Sri Lanka GPS - Global Positioning System GSMB - Geological Survey and Mines Bureau ICTAD - Institute for Construction Training and Development IDA - International Donor Agency IEER - Initial Environmental Examination Report ILO - International labor organization IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature ID - Irrigation Department LA - Local Authority LHS - Left Hand Side 9

11 MOH - Ministry of Health NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBRO - National Building Research Organization NEA - National Environmental Act NEHRP - North East Housing Reconstruction Program NGO - Non Government Organizations NHSP - National Highway Sector Project NIRP - National Involuntary Resettlement Policy PHI - Public Health Inspector PMU - Project Management Unit RB - Right Bank RDA - Road Development Authority S - Right Hand Side ROW - Right of Way RSAP - Road Sector Assistance Project RSMP - Road Sector Master Plan SA - Social Assessment SEZ - Special Economic Zone WB - World Bank 10

12 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information The Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) has requested financing from the World Bank to assist them to rehabilitate, improve and maintain the national roads network with an objective to achieve improved and sustainable road transport by enhancing the durability, efficiency and economic impact of the national road network. The proposed project will only focus on rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance of national roads selected through a strategic study, in order to facilitate economic activity in the areas served and provides users with better road safety conditions. Projects and. Programs financed with IDA resources need to comply with World Bank Operational Policies. Therefore, sub-projects and components eligible for funding under a given project or program will be required to satisfy the World Bank's safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental legislation of the GOSL. The activities to be financed by the project do not have the potential to trigger significant negative environmental impacts. It is anticipated that environmental issues and impacts would be minimal for rehabilitation and maintenance projects of this nature. The "Road Sector Assistance Project - Second Additional Financing" of GOSL financed by IDA have the following components as described below: (i) Rehabilitation and improvement of selected national roads: This will include bringing existing deteriorated roads to previous/original conditions and improving road specifications. It will likely to involve improving drainage/slopes/embankments/other structures, strengthening pavements, complete resurfacing and recuperating civil works. Where rehabilitation will only take place, works will be on the existing platform or right of way and no additional land acquisition needed. If improvements are planned, while most of the work will be done in existing platform or right of way, if activities such as widening lanes and shoulders, adding extra lanes in steep inclines, improving curves and strengthening and widening bridges may require land acquisition. However, the new road segments (A002, 11

13 AB011 and A003) that will be included as part of restructuring do not reuire land acquisition. (ii) Financial support for maintenance: This component will include both routine and periodic works to maintain the road in working conditions. All of the work will be done on existing platform. It may include routine works, patching potholes, clearing drains, etc. and periodic works such as resurfacing, line marking and bridge maintenance. (iii) Improving road safety (iv) Capacity building The project will be implemented by the Road Development Authority (RDA) of Sri Lanka Objectives of the Project Specific Objectives of the project could be listed as follows: - Rehabilitating and improving of selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road km), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road km) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) through a strategic study in order to facilitate economic activity in the areas served and provides users with better road safety conditions and proper facilities. - Improve the horizontal alignment at selected locations to reduce acute curves in order to provide safe driving conditions. - Lifting road sections, in order to avoid water stagnation along the road stretches / at places, during rainy periods. - Only if needed, widening, repairing and reconstructing damaged culverts, box culverts, built up side drains and built up leaderways and construct new culverts, built up side drains, built up leaderways and silttraps at pre- 12

14 identified necessary locations in order to drain rain water in proper way without stagnating. - Remove any irregularities that are on the existing vertical profile, - Improve the vehicle operating speeds while ensuring safety of road users 1.3 Objectives of Environmental Assessment Study The purpose of this report is to assess the expected environmental impacts during the proposed rehabilitation work of the selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction( km) to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000). The entire road section is 16,650km long and falls within Colombo and Kalutara Districts. The entire road lies in Colombo and Kalutara 1:50,000 topographic sheets. The main objective of Environmental Assessment (EA) study is to ensure that the proposed development project is environmentally sound and sustainable, while the environmental consequences are recognized and appropriate actions are taken into account in the project designing phase. The EA process is conducted to assist the relevant public officials to make decisions that are based on the understanding of environmental consequences and take action to restore and enhance the environment. Based on the Environmental Assessment & Management Framework (EAMF) for National Roads Rehabilitation, Improvement & Maintenance Projects in Sri Lanka, all roads that will be rehabilitated, improved and/or maintained will need to prepare road specific Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Management Plans (EMPs), to ensure compliance with the World Bank's environmental safeguard policies and the relevant provisions under the National Environmental Act (NEA) and associated regulations. It is expected that EAs and EMPs will be prepared in close collaboration with the team designing roads specifications and thereby engineering requirements 13

15 needed to mitigate environmental issues should be incorporated into the designs. The road-specific EA and EMP should be ready prior to finalization of the bidding documents. Sufficient conditions should be specified in the bidding documents, as well as the contractual agreements clearly defining requirements of compliance to adhere to the EA, implement the EMP and any subsequent changes and penalties for non-compliance. The EMP will be cost estimated in order to allow the contractor to bid for the funds required to implement the EMP. It is recommended, the experience gained from Road Sector Assistance Project should be taken into consideration when preparing the above. Road specific EA s and EMP s will be prepared in close collaboration with the team designing roads specifications and thereby engineering requirements are incorporated into the designs, in order to mitigate expected environmental issues. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be set out in order to implement mitigatory measures for all expected environmental impacts during construction and operational phases. To monitor the implementation of relevant mitigatory measures for expected environmental impacts, a committee will be appointed, representing relevant government institutions as mentioned in the EMP. In this Environmental Assessment (EA) study, environmental characteristics of the study area within 500m either side of the centre line of the roads will be assembled and evaluated. In addition, if potential quarry site/s, burrow pit/s, sand mining site/s and debris disposal sire/s are encountered in close proximity to the respective roadways, environmental characteristics of such sites will also be gathered during field investigations. These include, gathering and provide information on, (i). Information about the following existing environmental settings of the project influential area; - Physical Environment (including topography, soil, geology, climate, air quality, surface and ground water hydrology and quality), - Biological Environment (fauna and flora and presence of endemic, endangered species), 14

16 - Social Environment (socio economic profile of the communities living in the project influence area, infrastructure facilities and land use etc.), (ii). Identify beneficial and potential adverse impacts on the existing environment during preconstruction, construction and operational phases of the project; (iii). Propose effective mitigation measures to avoid / minimize the project induced adverse impacts while enhancing the beneficial impacts, and; (iv). Formulate an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan to be incorporated in the Bid documents, so as to sensitize and guide respective divisions of RDA in environmental and social safeguards compliance during pre construction and operational stages of the project. Also sensitize and guide respective contractors in environmental and social safeguards compliance during construction stage. It is important to put additional emphasis in collecting environmental baseline data as soon as the roads have been identified such as river/stream flows, ambient air quality and water quality in random locations along the road, as well as strategic locations where increased levels of disturbances are expected (e.g. strengthening/widening bridges, town development, etc.). While it is recognized that collection of some of the environmental baseline data related to various sites such as crusher and asphalt plant sites and labour camps may not be possible prior to bidding process, provisions should be made to ensure the contractor with the close supervision of the supervisory consultant measures, records and reports on the baseline data once such sites have been identified and prior to commencing operations. Land acquisition is not required in this road rehabilitation project as road widening will not be carried out in this project. 1.4 Extent and Scope of the Study Scope of the study extends into the assessment of existing physical, biological, socio-economic, archaeological and cultural aspects and expected changes to 15

17 such aspects in the study area during the construction and after implementation of the project. The study area would be the road stretch and 500m either side of the centre line of the road. The EA study was carried out based on the results of the available information together with required additional information gathered according to the TOR during field investigations. However, some of the items of the EA study may not fulfill the required technical information for the implementation of the project. These details will be discussed in detail during the final design phase. An individual environmental consultant undertook the overall preparation of the EA report. After having discussions with the officials of the project office, the scope of work to be carried out and the reporting formats were finalized. A work plan was then prepared, methodology defined and the work schedule was determined. To get relevant information on Biological Environment (Flora and Fauna), services of a Consultant Ecologist was obtained while required information on Sociological Environment was gathered by employing a Consultant Sociologist. The next stage was the evaluation of impacts identified during the scoping exercise and recommending mitigatory actions for identified impacts. An Environmental Management Plan was then developed in order to incorporate all monitoring activities recommended by the consultants. Finally, the inputs of all the consultants were brought together into the specified format of the EA Report. This report was written according to the Terms of Reference forwarded to the Project Proponent by the World Bank. During the field reconnaissance, a corridor extending up to 500m to both sides of the road from the existing center line was examined for possible environmental and social impacts. The land use pattern of impact influential area on both sides of the existing center line of the existing road was studied during field study. Available 1:50,000 Topographic Map sheets (Colombo and Kalutara) published by the Survey Department, 1:100,000 Colombo Ratnapura Geological Map (Sheet No. 18) published by the GSMB, Soil Map published by the Land Use 16

18 Division of Irrigation Department, Ground Water Aquifer Map published by the Water Resources Board and Rainfall data obtained from Meteorological Department were used for this study. 1.5 Environmental Assessment Requirements National laws and regulations: The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EA) a legal requirement for a range of development projects. A list of projects requiring an EA is prescribed in Gazette (Extra Ordinary) No. 772/22 dated June 24, Road rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance are not listed as prescribed projects requiring EAs under the above gazette notification. Agreement has been reached with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the World Bank that projects financed through World Bank resources will be required to undertake an environmental analysis commensurate with the potential for environmental impacts of roads selected for rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance and prepare detailed EMPs that will be included for implementation as part of the Contractors contracts. The GOSL environmental clearance process, in principle, is consistent with World Bank environmental and public disclosure requirements. The exception being the screening criteria adopted in the GOSL process under the NEA, where project thresholds are used to determine the type of clearance required and the content of public consultation. However, all activities under the proposed project will be subjected to the EA process regardless of the project threshold, prior to disbursement of funds. The implementing agency will share the final versions of EAs and EMPs with the CEA for information. However, under the EIA activities including setting up and operating crusher plants, asphalt plants and quarry sites require obtaining an Environmental Protection Licenses (EPLs) and be valid at all times during operations. In addition to the National Environmental Act, which is the most important legislation governing the process of EA, there are three other legislations under which EA can be required. (I) Coast Conservation Act (CCA) No.57 of 1981 implemented by the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and applicable to the coastal zone as defined in the Act; (2) Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) No.2 of 1937 (amended in 1993) implemented by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. This act specifies that any development activity that takes 17

19 place within one mile of the boundary of a National Reserve declared under the Ordinance require an EIA/IEE; (3) The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995 is the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and forest resources. World Bank Policies: Projects financed with IDA resources normally need to comply with World Bank Operational Policies. For the current project two operational policies have been triggered which includes OP/BP/GP Environmental Assessment and OP/BP/GP Natural Habitats. World Bank OP 4.0I requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that these projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. EA is a process whose breadth, depth and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale and potential for environmental impacts of the proposed project. Considering the work involved and resultant environmental repercussions in road resurfacing and upgrading and/or provision of drainage in non-sensitive environments, this project can be treated as Category B. World Bank OP 4.01 is very clear that for a project in Category B proposed for financing under an IDA Credit, the developer must consult project affected groups and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) about the projects environmental aspects and take their views into account in the design and implementation. The EA should particularly incorporate such comments to improve social acceptability and environmental sustainability. Such consultations should be initiated as early as possible, in the Project cycle and it is mandatory that consultations are undertaken after the draft EA is prepared. In addition, the RDA and contractor are expected to consult with stakeholders throughout project implementation as necessary to address EMP related issues that affect them. The OP 4.01 also highlights the importance of analyzing alternative designs, technologies and operational strategies systematically in terms of their' potential environmental impacts in order to select the most environmentally friendly and economically viable option. The World Bank's Operational Policy 4.04 recognizes that conservation of natural habitats and other measures that protect and enhance the environment is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports 18

20 the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects that, involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. Bank financed operations will ensure that no activities will take place in designated protected areas as per Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance of Sri Lanka and designated Forest Reserves under the Forest ordinance of Sri Lanka. The design of road specifications and works and subsequent operations of the project must be in compliance with environmental safeguards as specified in the EA and EMP. The EAs and EMPs will be made available for public review and comment in appropriate locations in Sri Lanka and in IDA's Public Information Center in accordance with BP requirements of disclosure. Detailed EAs for individual sub-projects will need to be carried out by the implementing agencies and will be reviewed and cleared by the designated Project Approving Agency (PAA), as applicable, under prevailing national environmental legislation in Sri Lanka and by IDA prior to the approval of disbursement of funds. 1.6 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project The National Environmental Act (NEA) has made Environmental Assessments (EAs) a legal requirement for a range of development projects. A list of projects requiring an EA is prescribed in Gazette (Extra Ordinary) No. 772/22 dated Road rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance are not listed as prescribed projects requiring EAs under the above gazette notification. Agreement has been reached with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the World Bank that projects financed through World Bank resources will be required to undertake an environmental analysis commensurate with the potential for environmental impacts of roads selected for rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance and prepare detailed EMPs that will be included for implementation as part of the contractors contracts. 19

21 The GOSL environmental clearance process, in principle, is consistent with World Bank environmental and public disclosure requirements. The exception being the screening criteria adopted in the GOSL process under the NEA, where project thresholds are used to determine the type of clearance required and the content of public consultation. However, all activities under the proposed project will be subjected to the EA process regardless of the project threshold, prior to disbursement of funds. The implementing agency will share the final versions of EAs and EMPs with the CEA for information. However, under the EIA activities including setting up and operating crusher plants, asphalt plants and quarry sites require obtaining an Environmental Protection License (EPL) and be valid at all times during operations. When applying mitigatory measures for expected environmental impacts during rehabilitation, improvement and maintenance of selected provincial roads, following regulations will have to be adhered, in addition to National Environmental Act (NEA). 1. Disposal of solid waste and spoil Municipal Council / Ordinance and by laws of Local Authority. The purpose is to manage the disposal of solid waste in environmentally acceptable manner. Responsibility Dehiwala Galkissa Municipal Council (Municipal Councils Ordinance No 29 of 1947 amended in 1987 Chapter 252). 2. Disposal of solid waste and spoil Urban Council / Ordinance and by laws of Local Authority. The purpose is to manage the disposal of solid waste in environmentally acceptable manner. Responsibility Moratuwa and Pandura Urban Councils (Urban Council Act No. 61 of 1939 Chapter 255). 3. Disposal of solid waste and spoil Pradeshiya Sabha / Ordinance and by laws of Local Authority. The purpose is to manage the disposal of solid waste in environmentally acceptable manner. Responsibility Pandura Pradeshiya Sabha (Pradeshiya Saba Act No 15 of 1987). 4. Road rehabilitation work within the Coastal Zone Part of the road trace belongs to Coastal Zone. Hence, Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 implemented by the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and 20

22 applicable to the Coastal Zone as defined in the Act is required to follow when conducting road rehabilitation work in the road trace belongs to coastal zone. 5. Road rehabilitation work within the Land Administered by Sri Lanka Railways Some development activities will have to be performed within the land administered by the Sri Lanka Railways. Hence, Sri Lanka Railways Ordinance No. 9 of 1902 (final amendment Act No. 49 of 1983) implemented by the Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) and applicable to the Land administered by Sri Lanka Railways as defined in the Act is required to follow when conducting road rehabilitation work within the land administrated by Sri Lanka Railways. 5. Sand Mining Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of Project may not set up its own sand mining activities. All sand mining places must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). 6. Rock Quarrying - Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of Project may not set up its own rock quarrying activities. All rock quarrying places must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) and Environmental Protection License (EPL) from Central Environmental Authority (CEA). 7. Burrow Materials - Mines and Minerals Act No 33 of Project may not set up its own burrow pit. All burrow pit mining places must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) and Environmental Protection License (EPL) from Central Environmental Authority (CEA). 8. Restrictions to vehicle traffic during construction Motor Traffic Act Disruption to vehicular traffic during construction Responsibility Ratmalana, Moratuwa, Keselwatta and Panadura Police. 21

23 9. Air Pollution due to construction activities and operation of asphalt plants Environmental Protection Regulations under National Environmental Act Responsibility CEA. 10. National Antiquities Ordinance Protection of archeologically important monuments (if any) Responsibility Department of Archaeology (Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955). 11. Felling of Trees Felling of trees should be conducted under the authority of Ratmalana, Moratuwa and Panadura Divisional Secretary s (Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953). 12. Water Resources Act Prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water sources. 13. State Land Ordinance Act Provides guidelines to the protection of source, course or bed of any public stream, springs, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, lagoons, creeks, canals, aquaducts, etc, and prevention of erosion of soil and preservation of water supplies. 14. Soil Conservation Act Makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage by floods and droughts. It is possible to declare any area defined in the order to be an erodible area for the purpose of this act. 15. Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act Prevention of breeding of mosquitoes. 16. Provincial Council Act No. 42 of This Act was amended in 1990 (No. 27). By this act, power is vested on PC to govern provincial roads in addition to large number of different fields. 22

24 17. Labour legislation in Sri Lanka is consisted of 25 ordinances and all of them are administered by the Commissioner of the Department of Labour. However, the following are considered as the most important: - Wages Board Ordinance No. 21 of Workmen s Compensation Ordinance No. 19 of Trade Union Ordinance No. 14 of Shops Ordinance No. 19 of Service Contract Ordinance No. 11 of Payment of Gratuities Act No. 12 of Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act No. 47 of National Child Protection Authority Act No. 50 of Employees Trust Fund Act No. 46 of Employees Provident Fund Act No. 15 of World Bank Policy on Environmental & Social Safeguards In addition to national laws and regulations, an EA study should comply with World Bank Operational Policy (World Bank OP 4.01) which is the policy of the International Donor Agency (IDA) of this project. World Bank OP 4.01 requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for World Bank financing to help ensure that these projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. Considering the work involved and resultant environmental repercussions in road resurfacing and upgrading and/or provision of drainage in non-sensitive environments, this project can be treated as Category B. World Bank OP 4.01 specifies that for a project in Category B proposed for financing under an IDA credit, the developer must consult project affected groups and local non governmental organizations (NGOs) about the projects environment aspects and take their views into account in the design and implementation. The EA should particularly incorporate such comments to improve social acceptability and environmental sustainability. Such consultations should be initiated as early as possible, in the project cycle. In addition the Road Development Authority (RDA) and contractor are expected to consult with stakeholders throughout project implementation as necessary to address EMAP 23

25 related issues that affect them. The OP 4.01 also highlights the importance of analyzing alternative designs, technologies and operational strategies systematically in terms of their potential environmental impacts in order to select the most environmentally friendly and economically viable option. The design of road specifications and works and subsequent operations of the project must be in compliance with environmental safeguard as specified in the EA and EMP. The EAs and EMPs will be available for public review and comment in appropriate locations in Sri Lanka and in IDA s Public Information Center in accordance with BP requirements of disclosure. Detailed EAs for individual sub-projects will need to be carried out by the implementing agencies and will be reviewed and cleared by the designated Project Approving Agency (PAA), as applicable under prevailing national environmental legislation in Sri Lanka and by IDA prior to the approval of disbursement. 24

26 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 2.1 Location of the Project The proposed project is a road rehabilitation and improvement project which involves development of selected sections of two National roads in Western Province. The selected section of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) is one such road section selected for development, The proposed road section is originated at Maliban Junction (Plate I) via Kurusa Junction (Plate II), Panadura Bridge Junction (Plate III) and ended at Nalluruwa Junction (Plate IV). Both ends of the road are connected to Colombo Galle main road. The Maliban Junction is only km from Colombo while the Nalluruwa Junction is situated at 30km post of Colombo Galle main road. Total length of all three sections of the road is km long and falls within Colombo and Kalutara Districts. The entire road lies in Colombo and Kalutara 1:50,000 topographic sheets. Plate I Plate II Plate I: Starting point of the proposed road section (Maliban Junction) Plate II: End point of the road section 1 and starting point of road section 2 (Kurusa Junction) 25

27 Plate III Plate IV Plate III: End point of the road section 2 and starting point of road section 3 (Panadura Bridge Junction) Plate IV: End point of the proposed road section (road section 3 (Nalluruwa Junction) Figure 1 exhibits the location map of the entire road section selected for rehabilitation and improvement in Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) 26

28 27

29 2.2 Need of the Project Colombo - Waskaduwa stretch of the Colombo Galle main road could be considered as one of the busiest road stretch in the country. This is due to high population density, heavy traffic jam and significant development upto the boundary zone of the roadside. As a result, the road is extensively occupied by road users with large number of vehicles plying along the road throughout the day. In addition, it is not an easy task to widen the road in this stretch, due to occupation upto the roadside. Due to poor maintenance, the road surface has deteriorated to some extent. In addition, roadside drain system of this road stretch at most places is not functioning well due to blocky nature with debris materials. In addition, currently the road does not have good side drainage system, including leaderways to drain rain water properly. The existing culverts, side drains and leaderways are partly filled with debris materials and are partly damaged (Plates V, VI & VII). In some sections of the side drains, water is logged due to blocky nature (Plate VIII). These sections could be considered as significant locations for mosquito breeding. As a result, during high rainy season, mainly in SW monsoonal rainy season, some sections of the road and its side roads (Plate IX & X) and part of the houses along the road trace are get flooded. Some house holders mentioned that the flood situation occurs in every year and it is a very difficult situation for them. They insisted to develop good drainage system in either side of the road and erect built-up leaderways to cope up with high water flow during rainy season, concurrently with road development. Furthermore, size of most of the culverts throughout the road stretch is not enough to drain rain water properly. 28

30 Plate V Plate VI Plate V: Partly damaged culvert blocked with debris materials Plate VI: Blocked leaderway with debris materials Plate VII Plate VIII Plate VII: Blocked roadside drain with debris materials Plate VIII: Water stagnated roadside drain 29

31 Plate IX Plate X Plate IX: Water stagnation within the roadway Plate X: Flooding of roadway and side roads As a result of these factors, it does not provide sufficient road accessibility for its users. Therefore, it is necessary to rehabilitate and improve this road, including its side drains, culverts and leaderway system, without delay in order to provide sufficient road accessibility for the road users. 2.3 Alternative Analysis Without Project Scenario Similar to many of the other Natrional roads network, the condition of the proposed section of Colombo Galle main road is rapidly deteriorating due to lack of proper maintenance / rehabilitation during past several years. In addition, currently the road does not have good side drainage system, including leaderways to drain rain water properly. The existing culverts, side drains and leaderways are partly filled with debris materials and are partly damaged. In some sections of the side drains, water is logged due to blocky nature. These sections could be considered as significant locations for mosquito breeding. As a result, during high rainy season, mainly in SW monsoonal rainy season, some sections of the road and its side roads and part of the houses along the road trace are get flooded. 30

32 Some house holders mentioned that the flood situation occurs in every year and it is a very difficult situation for them. They insisted to develop good drainage system in either side of the road and erect built-up leaderways to cope up with high water flow during rainy season, concurrently with road development. Furthermore, size of most of the culverts throughout the road stretch is not enough to drain rain water properly. As a result of these factors, it does not provide sufficient road accessibility for its users. Therefore, it is necessary to rehabilitate and improve this road, including its side drains, culverts and leaderway system, without delay in order to provide sufficient road accessibility for the road users. With Project Scenario Under the proposed project, it is expected to rehabilitate and improve the selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000), including development of its side drains, culverts and leaderway system and other road furniture at required locations, in order to provide sufficient road accessibility for the road users. The asphalt re-surfacing, will also be conducted to bear with lorries transporting heavy loads. Finally, the project will facilitate a smooth traffic flow, reduced travel time, reduced operational and maintenance cost of vehicles resulting in increased transport efficiency. In addition, due to development of side drainage systems with its leaderways, flood situation during high rainy season could also be controlled greatly. 2.4 Project Activities Road Route Under this project it is expected to rehabilitate and upgrade the selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge 31

33 Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000), having a total length of km Type, ROW and Adjustments to Alignments Under the rehabilitation work, the proposed road sections will be re-surfaced with asphalt. However, road will not be widen. In addition, side drains and culverts will be re-built within the same stretch, after demolishing the existing drains and culverts. Existing leaderways will be cleaned, repaired / improved, except along the AB011 section depending on the condition of existing leaderways. No new leaderways will be introduced to the road sections. Since no road widening will be conducted during the road rehabilitation process, land acquisition will not be required. Hence, when carrying out field investigations for preparation of road specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP), only present width of road, pavements and side drains were studied in detail. The improved / rehabilitated road will have four to six traffic lanes, both sides side drains and both side pavements. The improved roadway will be re-surfaced with Asphalt Concrete (AC) which is comparatively a long lasting treatment. Please see below for typical cross sections of the road design, which also shows the construction corridor 32

34 Cross sections of culverts 33

35 General cross section of the road 34

36 Repair of Bridges Two bridges are observed within the proposed road trace. One is over Bolgoda Ganga near Panadura and the other bridge is a recently constructed minor bridge over a minor stream near Panadura Hospital. Since both these bridges are in good condition, repairs for bridges and cross drainage are not required Improvements to Drainage and Service Ducts Under this project, existing side drains will be demolished and concrete covered / uncovered built-up drains will be erected along both S and LHS of the roadway to enable for proper draining of rain water. In addition, concrete covered / uncovered built-up leaderways will be repaired / re-erected depending on the condition of existing leaderways. Furthermore, silttraps will also be erected at the relevant proposed locations. In addition, existing hume pipe and box culverts will be demolished and new box culverts will be erected with widening where necessary and based on the detailed designs to enable to drain rain water properly without stagnation. Refer Annex I of EMP for list and chainage of Existing Culverts (Hume Pipe & Box) to be Demolished & Rebuilt with More Space & Width, Built-up Leaderways to be repaired/ re-erected, Silttraps to be erected Widening and Stabilization of Embankments Embankment filling using suitable soil materials is needed for filling of roadside downward slope embankments between of AB011 stretch in both sides of the road section 2. Downward slope embankment of this section is about 1.5m deeper than the elevation of road surface. Then, grass will be turfed on the filled embankment slope to avoid soil erosion and slope collapsing and to further stabilize the slope. In addition toe walls will be erected to strengthen the side slopes of this section. 35

37 Sources of Material Used Quarrying Materials Number of existing IML A, IML B and IML - C category rock quarry sites located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. These quarry sites are located in several kilometers away from the proposed road section. Details of these quarry sites are mentioned in Annex V of the EMP. Quarrying materials required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned quarry sites, subject to suitability for road construction work. To check the suitability of rock materials encountered in the above quarry sites for road construction activities, it is recommended to carry out following laboratory tests. - Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV) Test - Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test - Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Test - 10% Fines Value Test Otherwise it is possible to identify a new quarry site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence rock quarrying activities by the contractor. Procedure to obtain Mining License for quarry operation is mentioned in Annex IX of EMP. Burrow Materials (Gravel) Number of existing IML A and B category burrow (gravel) pits are located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. These burrow pits sites are located in several kilometers away from the proposed road section. Details of these burrow pits are mentioned in Annex - IV. Burrow (gravel) materials required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned burrow sites, subject to suitability for road construction work. It is necessary to check the suitability of these burrow (gravel) materials for road development work, prior to purchase them. 36

38 Otherwise it is possible to identify a new burrow site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence mining activities by the contractor. Procedure to obtain Mining License for operation of burrow pits is mentioned in Annex VIII of EMP. Construction Sand Number of existing artisinal sand mining sites are located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. Of these, details of sand mining sites located in close proximity to the project site are mentioned in Annex - VI. Construction sand required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned sand mining locations. Otherwise it is possible to identify a new sand mining site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence sand mining activities by the contractor. Other than the above materials, cement, bitumen and emulsion are needed for the proposed road rehabilitation work Generation of Wastes and their Disposal During the construction work, considerable amount of soil and other debris materials will be collected. With the consent of engineer, contractor can use disposable debris materials to fill lands in an environmentally friendly manner for legally acceptable purposes. Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways, drainage paths would not get blocked. Proposed debris materials disposable sites are mentioned in Annex III Storing of Reusable Soil Materials Stripped top soil during edge widening for a specified depth of 150 mm should be stored in stockpile for a height not exceeding 2m, under the direction of the engineer. If the contractor is in doubt whether to conserve top soil in a given area, engineer should be consulted for advice. Stockpiles should be placed outside flood affected areas. 37

39 Such stockpiled topsoil should be used to re-fill the areas where topsoil has been removed. Residual topsoil must be distributed on adjoining / proximate barren areas as identified by the engineer in a layer of thickness of 75 mm 150 mm. Stockpiles should be placed outside flood affected areas/ Stockpiled topsoil for reuse shall not be surcharged or overburdened. As far as possible, multiple handling of top soil should be kept to a minimum. Advice & instructions should be given to operators, supervisors and other workers about the importance of top soil and thereby to minimize removal of it. Stockpiled materials (top soil and others) should be stored separately Resettlement and Necessary Rehabilitation Activities During the road rehabilitation process, no road widening will be conducted. Hence, none of the houses will be destroyed. Furthermore, no private properties such as boundary walls, fences, etc, will be affected. Hence, either resettlement or rehabilitation work is not required under this project Temporary De-routing of Traffic and Traffic Impacts Disruption to road users may be encountered during construction. This is expected due to closure of some road sections for traffic during construction activities. To connect to this road section, number of side roads exists at some sections while at some other sections no proper side roads exist. Hence, when construction work is in progress within the sections with no proper side roads, half a way traffic is proposed. That is when road construction is progress in one side, the other side will be opened for traffic & properly trained flagmen will be made available with proper sign boards for control vehicles. At the end of each day, debris that blocked access path will be cleared away under the supervision of a supervisor. Temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by frequent application of water. Personnel used for traffic control by the contractor shall be properly trained & provided with proper gear including communication equipment, luminous jackets for night use. Instructions & advice to be given to workers to implement safety at site. 38

40 Land Acquisition The road improvements (including side drains and pavements) will be carried out solely within the available ROW. Hence, land acquisition will not be required in this project Safety Features Use of road signs, barricades, cones & trained flagmen. All sign barricades, pavement markings used for traffic management shall be cleared to the standards approved by Police. Provision for traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work & follow ICTAD guidelines & any instructions given by the Police. The contractor shall ensure that the running surface is always properly maintained, particularly during monsoon rainy period. So that disruption to traffic will not be occurred Staffing and Accommodation of Employees Under this project it is not expected to build temporary buildings for workers camps and staff accommodation. Instead, houses / buildings around the project area will be rented / leased out for this purpose Schedule of Project Activities Schedule of project activities involved in the project are as follows. These activities are discussed in detail in the respective road specific environmental management plan. These activities cause the expected environmental impacts during the project implementation process. (A). Road Development - Site clearance and land development, including removal of trees and cutting of branches of trees. - Earthworks, excavation of roadway, including rehabilitation and construction of road related structures. - Impacts on Flora and Fauna - Protection of water sources & quality due to road & related works - Traffic management - Operation of heavy vehicles & equipment 39

41 - Protection of Cultural & Religious Places & Properties (B). (C) (D). (E). (F). (G). (H). Establishment of Camp Sites / Site Office Burrow Pit Development (directly or from suppliers) Quarry Operations (directly or from suppliers) Construction sand (from suppliers) Setting up of Crusher and Asphalt Mixing Plants Repairing and Servicing of heavy vehicles & equipment Access roads to / from establishments to the site areas Operation and Maintenance Activities - Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris will be avoided by regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of all culverts to reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of RDA should be followed to maintain the road drainage system - Following remedial measures will be adhered to overcome impacts due to road safety. (1). All road furniture will be maintained by RDA (2). A management plan will be formulated with the local police to avoid any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the carrying capacity (load) of the rehabilitated road. (3). Weigh stations could be introduced at selected locations to measure the load of vehicle. - To overcome expected impacts due to encroachment of new ROW, continuous monitoring and strict regulations will be followed. Executive Engineers under direct supervision of Chief Engineer and Provincial Director will conduct regular checking along the road and remove any unauthorized activities within the ROW. 40

42 2.5. Other Project Activities - Based on the field survey 3 number of trees will have to be removed and branches of 392 trees will have to be cut (Annex II of EMP) Plate XI: Extended branches of a tree towards roadside affects the movement of heavy vehicles due to their low heights 2.6. Work Force (Requirement and Availability during Construction) The construction activities would involve a labour force of about 75 skilled and unskilled workers. Unskilled workers are the largest component of the work force. Therefore there will be a significant opportunity for local employment. Presently, considerable number of people in the area is unemployed. A systematic employment programme will be organized with the assistance of Ratmalana, Moratuwa and Panadura Divisional Secretariat Divisions and Village Development Societies to offer employment opportunities in a proper manner. To run the site office during construction work, 1 - Project Manager, 6 Civil Engineers, 12 - Technical Officers, 15 Supervisors, 2 - Accounts Assistant, 10 - Office and Stores Staff will also be employed Proposed Schedule of Implementation Following two road sections are in this package. 41

43 1. Selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) 2. Selected Section of Negombo Road (A 003 Road) from Peliyagoda (0+700) to Dandugam Oya (20+000). Since both these proposed road sections are in single package, rehabilitation work of both roads will be awarded in one tender. Once the environmental clearance procedure of both road sections are completed, detailed designs and bid documents of both roads in this Package will be completed. Then the tender will be awarded to the successful contractor to commence construction work. It is expected to award the contract in late The project is scheduled to be implemented under WB funded National Roads Improvement Facility of Road Sector Assistance Project (RSAP). 42

44 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT In this section, existing environment (Physical, Biological and Sociological Environment) is discussed in detail. 3.1 Physical Environment Topography and Drainage Topographically, the area covered by proposed road belongs to the lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka. The relief of the road area varies from 5 7m a.m.s.l. (Fig. 1). Presence of flat topography with sandy coastal plain and minor lagoonal environment is a characteristic feature encountered around the project area. Bolgoda Ganga (Plate XII) crosses the road near Panadura. Bolgoda Lake, Lunawa Lagoon and Pinwatta Ela are observed in nearly km, km and km east and south of the road section respectively (Fig. 1) while the sea (Plate XIII) is located in about 30 50m west of the road section. Plate XII Plate - XIII Plate XII: Bolgoda Ganga crosses the road section near Panadura Plate XIII: Presence of Sea in about 30m away from the road section Number of minor streams, which are draining from east to west direction, are finally connected to Bolgoda Lake, located east of the road section. The Bolgoda Lake connect Bolgoda Ganga, before entering the sea at Panadura (Fig. 1). 43

45 Geology Geologically, the area covered by the proposed road section belongs to the Wanni Complex of Sri Lanka. The Wanni Complex is mainly characterized by thick sequences of ortho gneisses comprises of amphibolite grade, migmatitic, granitic and granodioritic gneisses. The rocks encountered around the project area on regional scale are charnockitic gneiss, charnockitic biotite gneiss, garnet sillimanite biotite gneiss and undifferentiated Proterozoc gneiss (Fig. 2). These rocks are occurred as NW-SE trending bands along the road trace (Fig. 2). NNW-SSE trending several tenths of kilometres long shear zone could be identified in about 3 4km east of the road trace (Fig. 2). These metamorphic rocks are underlain by several meters thick Quaternary and Pleistocene deposits, namely alluvium cover (flood plain of Bolgoda Lake & Bolgoda Ganga), sand dunes, beach sand (Plate - XIV and lagoonal and estuarine deposits (Plate XV and Fig. 2). It is expected that these Quaternary and Pleistocene deposits extends for 20 30m depth from the ground surface. Plate XIV: Presence of beach sand formation within the coastal zone 44

46 45

47 Plate XV: Presence of lagoonal deposits covering the Bolgoda Ganga & Lake Soil Types Within the area covered by road trace, main soil type is Latosols and Regosols on Old Red and Yellow Sands in flat terrain. In addition, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils with Soft or Hard Laterite in undulating and rolling terrain are observed in ssome sections of the road trace. When road trace trending close to the Bolgoda Lake / Ganga, soil type changes to Bog and Half-Bog Soils in flat terrain. Regosols are soils developed on transported sandy material. They exist along the coastal regions as wide stretches. They have developed in both dry and wet zones. Some landscapes on which they occur are raised beaches, beach plains and dune sands. The colour is yellow to brown. The texture is fine to moderately coarse sand. The top soil may have some organic matter. Having some weatherable minerals, the regosols supports a variety of deep-rooted tree crops, including coconut in both dry and wet zones and cashew in dry zone. Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils are the dominant soils in the low-country and upcountry wet zones. They also occur in the semi-wet and semi-dry intermediate zones. They are characterized by gery brown to yellowish brown top soil and mostly yellow or yellowish red sub soil. The top soil can have sandy loam, sandy clay loam or loam while the sub soil is sandy clay loam or clay. 46

48 Bog and Half-Bog Soils are found in the low-lying areas of the wet zone in the west, southwest and south. They are soils that contain a mixture of partially and fully decomposed organic material and are occur in marshy lands. Meteorological Parameters When the climatic zones are considered, the entire road section belongs to the wet zone. Rainfall A study of the available rainfall data around the project region at Department of Meteorology reveals that the nearest rainfall station is at Angoda Mental Hospital which is situated about 15km NE of the project site. Rainfall data on daily basis for the period of was obtained and are displayed in Table 1. The above meteorological data indicate that area experiences heavy rains from April to June when the SW monsoon prevails. The area is also receives fair amount of rainfall during the second inter-monsoon period (i.e. during the months of September and October. In comparison, amount of rainfall in rest of the months is very low. Other monthly average meteorological parameters at the Angoda Mental Hospital meteorological gauge station are given in Table - 2 Temperature: According to the Table - B, the highest average monthly temperature is recorded in the month of February ( C) while the lowest average monthly temperature is encountered in the month of December ( C). Wind Speed: When wind speed is considered, it is somewhat higher during the months of May to September while in rest of the months, wind speed is comparatively low. Humidity: When consider the Humidity values, it is somewhat higher during the months of November to December (82 83%) while in June to September Humidity is somewhat low (61 64%). 47

49 Table 1: Monthly Rainfall data for the period of at the Angoda Mental Hospital Gauge Station YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

50 Month Table 2: Other monthly average meteorological parameters Max. Temp 0 C Min. Temp 0 C Humidity % Wind Speed km/hr Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Surface Water, Drainage and Runoff Characteristics The entire road section is located within the Bolgoda river basin. Number of minor streams, which are draining from east to west direction, are finally connected to Bolgoda Lake / Bolgoda Ganga, located just east of the road trace. The Bolgoda Lake connect Bolgoda Ganga, before entering the sea at Panadura (Fig. 1). Currently the road does not have good side drainage system, including operational leaderways to drain rain water properly. The existing culverts, side drains and leaderways are partly filled with debris materials and are partly damaged. In some sections of the side drains, water is logged due to blocked nature. These sections could be considered as significant locations for mosquito breeding. As a result, during high rainy season, mainly in SW monsoonal rainy season, some sections of the road and its side roads and part of the houses along the road trace get flooded. 49

51 Some house holders mentioned that the flood situation occurs in every year and it is a very difficult situation for them. They insisted to develop good drainage system in either side of the road and erect built-up leaderways to cope up with high water flow during rainy season, concurrently with road development. The final review of the drainage system by the supervisory consultant indicates existing structures should be improved and strengthened and that new leaderways will not be needed. Therefore, there will not be any impacts to land, trees, etc. Ground Water The area covered by the road trace located mainly within the coastal plain. Hence, coastal sand aquifers dominate in the project area. Shallow aquifers are found in this coastal plain where comparatively thick unconsolidated sand formations are occurred. These coastal sand aquifers consist of lenses of fresh water, floating above the saline water (Fig. 3). The volume of fresh water in these aquifers usually depends on the climatic conditions of the area. It usually expands during rainy season while it contracts during dry season. Infiltration rates and lateral movement of water through these sand aquifers are relatively high. It will be clearly evident by studying the existing drainage pattern of the area. Fig. 3: Typical coastal sand aquifer 50

52 Air Pollution and Noise Pollution Air pollution and noise pollution data available from previous studies were reviewed. The information available can provide an idea about air pollution and noise situation along the trace. During construction period, the key potential sources of air pollution could be identified as follows: - Fugitive dust generation from activities such as clearing and reclamation of lands, earth cuttings, transportation of materials, construction work of project related structures, etc,. - Exhaust emissions from vehicles and other machinery. Few noise and air pollution sensitive sites such as Dispensary, PHI Office, Mosque, etc, are located along the road and its close vicinity. They are mentioned in the EMP (Annex VII). They are also listed in Table 3. 51

53 Table 3: List & Chainage of Environmentally Sensitive Sites along the Roadway and its Close Vicinity (Noise and Air Pollution Sensitive Sites) Road Section 1 (A 002 Road): (from Maliban Junction ) to Kurusa Junction ) Chainage Activity Raja Gopal Temple in S Technical College Ratmalana in S Deaf and Blind School in Ratmalana in LHS Soysaramaya Temple in S Soysaramaya Temple in S Soysa Navodya Maha Vidyalaya, Moratuwa in S Temple at Angulana Junction in LHS Ceylon German Technical Training Institute in LHS Ceylon German Technical Training Institute in LHS Apprenticeship Training Institute in S Apprenticeship Training Institute in S Apprenticeship Training Institute in S Janasetha Public Library, Katubedda in LHS St. Joseph Pre-School, Katubedda in LHS Rajeswari Church in LHS Rajeswari Church in LHS Baptist Church in S 52

54 Sirisena Daham Mandiraya & Daham Pasela in LHS District Courts and Magistrate Courts of Moratuwa in LHS Rawathawatta Temple in S Rawathawatta Temple in S Prince of Wales College in S Prince of Wales College in S Moratuwa Social Services Society and Elders Home in LHS St. Mark s Church in S Road Section 2 (AB 011 Road): (from Kurusa Junction 0+000) to Panadura Bridge Junction 6+800) Chainage Activity Weera Puran Appu Model School in LHS Methodist Church, Suduwella in LHS Ave Mariya Church in LHS Damma Nikethanaaya in LHS 53

55 Road Section 3 (A 002 Road): (from Panadura Bridge Junction ) to Nalluruwa 30 th km Post Junction ) Chainage Activity MOH Office, Panadura in LHS Mother of Sorrows Church in LHS Mother of Sorrows Church in LHS Panadura Hospital in S Panadura Police in S Public Library Panadura in S Divisional Secretariat, Panadura in LHS Child Care Centre in S Child Care Centre in S Panadura Montissori Home in LHS Panadura International Buddhist Foundation & Buddhist Temple in S Panadura Balika Vidyalaya in LHS Panadura Sri Kandasamy Kovil in S Panadura Balika Vidyalaya in LHS Panadura Bus Stand in LHS Methodist Primary School in S Methodist Church in S Panadura Royal College in LHS Panadura Private Hospital in LHS Sri Sumangala Balika Vidyalaya, Panadura in S 54

56 Gothami Children Development Centre, Nalluruwa Aruna Niwasaya in S Pinwatta Cemetery in S Pinwatta Cemetery in S During the construction phase of the project, material transportation is necessary in order to construct project related structures. Hence, there will be an increase in the volume of traffic during the construction phase and it may have some disturbances to the road trace. Increase of traffic would result dust generation. Continuous transportation may create noise pollution and it will affect the people living by the side of the road. An extract from the National Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations, declared in 1994 is presented in Table 4. Table 4: National ambient air quality standards Parameter Averaging time (hrs) NAAQS (mg m -3 ) NAAQS (ppm) Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide Lead TSP PM Source: Gazatte of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, 850/4 (20 December, 1994) PM 10 particulate matter < 10 μm * National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 55

57 Landuse Pattern General landuse category identified along the road trace is home gardens, which have specific wet zone characteristics (Plate XVI). In addition to Home Gardens, other Anthropogenic Sites, Roadsides (Plate XVII), Beaches, River and Associated Vegetations are the other land use patterns identified along the road trace. Plate XVI: Presence of home gardens along the road trace Plate XVII: Presence of roadside associated vegetation 56

58 Historical and Cultural Sites No special historical sites were identified along the entire road trace. However, number of Buddhist Temples, Churches, Mosques and a Kovil were identified within the road trace (Refer Table VII of EMP for chainages of these structures). Quarrying Materials Number of existing IML A, IML B and IML - C category rock quarry sites located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. These quarry sites are located in several kilometers away from the proposed road section. Details of these quarry sites are mentioned in Annex V of the EMP. Quarrying materials required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned quarry sites, subject to suitability for road construction work. Otherwise it is possible to identify a new quarry site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence rock quarrying activities by the contractor. Procedure to obtain Mining License for quarry operation is mentioned in Annex IX of EMP. Burrow Materials (Gravel) Number of existing IML A and B category burrow (gravel) pits are located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. These burrow pits sites are located in several kilometers away from the proposed road section. Details of these burrow pits are mentioned in Annex - IV. Burrow (gravel) materials required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned burrow sites, subject to suitability for road construction work. It is necessary to check the suitability of these burrow (gravel) materials for road development work, prior to purchase them. Otherwise it is possible to identify a new burrow site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence mining activities by the contractor. Procedure to obtain Mining License for operation of burrow pits is mentioned in Annex VIII of EMP. 57

59 Construction Sand Number of existing artisinal sand mining sites are located in Colombo and Kalutara Districts. Of these, details of sand mining sites located in close proximity to the project site are mentioned in Annex - VI. Construction sand required for road rehabilitation work could be purchased from these privately owned sand mining locations. Otherwise it is possible to identify a new sand mining site and obtain a mining license from the GSMB and EPL from the CEA to commence sand mining activities by the contractor. Other than the above materials, cement, bitumen and emulsion are needed for the proposed road rehabilitation work. 3.2 Biological Environment Ecological Resources Description of the Existing Environment Biogeographically, the proposed road sections lies within the low country wet zone. Floristically it is under Northern Wet Lowlands Floristic Zone and Coastal and Marine Belt Floristic Zone. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests are typical natural vegetation formations in the Northern Wet Lowlands Floristic Zone and Marine Mangroves, Salt Marsh, Sand Dunes and Strand Vegetation are typical natural vegetation formations in the Coastal and Marine Belt Floristic Zone. However such typical or natural vegetation formations cannot be observed beside the proposed road sections as the area is highly modified for human settlements and development. Home Gardens and other Anthropogenic Sites, Roadsides, Beaches, River and Associated Vegetations are major floristic habitats found in the area. Home Gardens and other Anthropogenic Sites Most of the areas along both side of the proposed road sections under human influence and developed. Home gardens, schools, sale centers, factories, buildings, religious places and other anthropogenic sites are placed along both sides of the proposed road sections. Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Terminalia 58

60 catappa (Kottan), Mangifera indica (Mango), Musa x paradisiaca (Banana), Filicium decipiens (Pehimbiya), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kos), Artocarpus incisus (Del), Polyalthia longifolia (Owila), Pisonia grandis (Wathabanga) are common plant species in home gardens and other anthropogenic sites. No endemic or threatened plant species found and Annex A includes all the plant species recorded in home gardens and other anthropogenic sites during the study with necessary information. Roadsides Weedy plant species such as Tridax procumbens, Boerhavia diffusa, Amaranthus viridis (Kura Thampala), Acalypha indica (Kuppameniya), Gomphrena celosioides, Sida acuta (Gas Bavila), Vernonia cinerea (Monara Kudumbiya), Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Tribulus terrestris, Ricinus communis (Beheth Endaru), Cleome rutidosperma are common naturally occurring plant species along the roadsides. Terminalia catappa (Kottan), Mangifera indica (Mango), Filicium decipiens (Pehimbiya), Ficus religiosa (Boo), Tabebuia rosea, Ficus benghalensis (Maha Nuga), Peltophorum pterocarpum, Acacia melanoxylon, Muntingia calabura (Jam) are common planted trees along the roadsides. Argyreia populifolia (Giritilla) is recorded endemic plant species and none of the recorded plant species listed as a threatened. Annex - A includes all the plant species recorded in roadsides during the study with necessary information. Beach Most of the parts of AB 11 road section are going near to the western coast line and Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Ipomoea pes-caprae (Mudu Bin Thamburu), Tridax procumbens, Boerhavia diffusa, Pandanus odoratissimus, Premna obtusifolia (Maha Midi) are commonly inhabited plant species in the coast line. No endemic or threatened plant species found and Annex - A includes all the plant species recorded in beach during the study with necessary information. River and Associated Vegetations The road section AB 11 is going on the Bolgoda River. Associated vegetation of the Bolgoda River section close to the road is highly disturbed and only a few isolated individuals of mangrove species, Sonneratia caseolaris (Kirala), Rhizophora mucronata (Kadol), Bruguiera sp. (Mal Kadol) are observed. 59

61 Terminalia catappa (Kottan), Cyperus spp., Phragmites karka, Eichhornia crassipes (Japan Jabara), Annona glabra (Wel Atha), Colocasia esculenta (Gahala) are other common plant species in associated vegetation of the Bolgoda River section close to the proposed road. No endemic or threatened plant species found and Annex - A includes all the plant species recorded in the associated vegetation of the Bolgoda River section close to the proposed road during the study with necessary information. Flora of the Project Area A total of 91 plant species including one endemic species were recorded during the field survey within the study area (Table - 5). Argyreia populifolia (Giritilla) is a recorded endemic plant species and it is a common species found in wet zone. Further more than 45 % of the plant species recorded at the study site are exotic species which indicates that the area is highly disturbed due to human influence. All recorded flora species are not unique or restricted to the project area. Annex - A includes all the plant species recorded in the project area during the study with necessary information. Table 5: Summary of the Plant Species Recorded During the Study Total Species Threatened Endemic Native Introduced (54%) 41 (45%) Fauna of the Project Area The fauna comprise mainly of common species that are found associated with man modified habitat. A total number of 60 faunal species including one common endemic frog species were recorded from the proposed project area (Table - 6). All recorded fauna species are not unique or restricted to the project area and the project rehabilitation work will not have any significant impacts towards the wellbeing of these fauna. Animal species recorded during the field study are listed in Annex B. 60

62 Table - 6: Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study Taxonomic Group Total Number Endemic Species Nationally Threatened Exotic Species Birds Butterflies Dragonflies Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Fish Snails Total Details of the trees that are going to be removed or affected Total numbers of 3 individual trees belonging to 3 plant species will be removed and 392 individual trees belonging to 35 plant species will be affected due to cutting of branches. Details are given in Annex C. 3.3 Sociological Environment Methodologies Used in the Sociological Investigation. The investigation, particularly the information collection is mainly focused on the qualitative data sources which were available at relevant Divisional Secretariats, Urban councils, Pradeshiya Sabhas, Road Development Authority and Grama Niladaries etc. In addition observations were made to identify the existing human settlements, commercial establishments and government and privately owned properties along the road within the proposed project area. Overall Situation in the Districts Colombo district is situated in the Western province and the smallest district in Sri Lanka with an area of 642 km² on the western coast of the island. Sri Lanka s commercial capital, Colombo and the political capital, Sri Jayawardanapura 61

63 Kotte are located in this district. The urban sector of Colombo district comprised of four Municipal Councils (MCs))namely Colombo, Dehiwala Galkissa, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte and Moratuwa and five Urban Councils namely Maharaghama, Boralasgamuwa, Kolonawa, Seethawakapura and Kasbawa. Colombo district has a population of 2,235,000 (2001 census) and has the highest population density of all Sri Lankan districts (3,500 inhabitants/km²).and also Colombo is the capital city of the country. Kalutara district is also situated in the Western province and total population is 1,066,239. The inter-censual increase of population between 1981 and 2001 is 236,535 persons or 28.5 percent. The highest population is reported from Panadura divisional secretary's division and it is 163,492. The urban sector of Kalutara district comprised of Panadura Urban Council, Horana Urban Council, Kalutara Urban Council and Beruwala Urban Council. Kalutara district has a land area of 1,576 square kilometres (sq.km). It has a population density of 677 persons per sq.km. The rate of migration to Colombo from other areas in the country is very high and as a result of that there is an exploding population resulting in turn in a very high demand for land (sending the land values sky-rocketing) and huge traffic jams especially in the mornings and evenings. All Government Ministries and headquarters all government and private organizations are located in the Colombo district. Majority of main roads (for example to Galle and Kandy) start from Colombo. Overall Socio Economic Profile in the Project Area This section shows briefly the social, economic cultural and geographical background in the proposed project area. Geographical Background Administration Boundaries The proposed project area is situated within the Western Province of Sri Lanka and runs through two districts namely Colombo and Kalutara. Also it runs through three Divisional Secretary s Divisions (DSDs) and four Local Authority (LA) areas starting from Dehiwala-Galkissa Municipal Council (MC) area, running through Moratutuwa Municipal council (UC) area and Panadura Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) 62

64 area and ends up at in Panadura UC Limits. The length of the portion of the highway proposed for upgrading with flood control capacity is around 17.3 km. altogether the proposed part of road to be upgraded is running through 48 Grama Niladhari Divisions (04 GNDs in Ratmalana, 26 GNDs in Moratuwa and 18 GNDs in Panadura Divisional Secretary s Division). The following table shows the GNDs situated along the proposed part of road. Table 7: GND s Situated Along the Road Ratmalana DS Division No GND number Names of the GND Sq. land area Number of villages/wards Aththidiya South Kandawala E Vihare Ratmalana East Source- Socio-economic resource profile, Ratmalana DSD, 2011 The proposed part of the road falls under the Ratmalana DSD and this portion is situated in a highly populated and commercialized area. Dehiwala- Mt. Lavinia MC is managing main public utilities as the local authority in the area and all administrative functions are being carried out by the Ratmalana Divisional Secretariat. Table 8: GND s Situated Along the Road Moratuwa DS Division No GND number Names of the GND Sq. land area (He.) Number of villages/wards Kaldemulla 42, A Soysapura North B Soysapura North C Dahampura Laxapathiya South A Laxapathiya North B Laxapathiya Central Katubedda A Kuduwamulla Idama

65 11 552A Yanwatta South B Yanwatta North Moratumulla South A Moratumula North B Moratumulla Western C Uswatta Koralawella North A Koralawella South B Koralawella West C Koralawella East Katukurunda North A Katukurunda South Egodauyana North A Egodauyana Central B Egodauyana South Rawathawatta East A Rawathawatta West B Rawathawatta South Source- Socio-economic recourses profile, Moratuwa DSD, 2011 The largest portion of the proposed extent of road runs through the Moratuwa DS division. It runs through 28 GNDs. The above table indicates that the land area is smaller in comparison to the number of villages and this situation indirectly shows the high level of population density in the area. Among those GNDs comparatively Idama GND has a lager extent of lands in comparison to Moratumulla North GND. Rawathawatta West GND has a larger number of villages or wards in comparison to Soysapura North GND which has only one village. Table 9: GND s Situated Along the Road Panadura DS Division No GND number Names of the GND Sq. land area (He.) Number of villages/wards B Horonthuduwa North Horonthuduwa A Horonthuduwa South

66 04 670C Horonthuduwa Central Gorakana A Gorakana South Sarikkamulla Kesselwatta A Heenamulla B Pallimula Gorakapola Wallana Pattiya North C Bazzar West D Sagara place B Pattiya A Uyankele A Nallooruwa North Nallooruwa Source- Socio-economic recourses profile, Panadura DSD, 2011 The above table indicates that the road runs through 19 GNDs in Panadura DS division and the figures do not differ much from the situation in the Moratuwa division. Here also the number of villages in a smaller extent of land indirectly shows the high level of population density. The end of project area (especially Nallrooruwa area) shows rural features than urban features. The portion of the road in Panadura DS division mainly falls under the Pandura MC area and a small portion falls under the Pandura Pradeshiya Sabha area. Land Use Pattern in the Project Divisions The following table shows the existing pattern of land use in all three DS Divisions Table 10: Existing Land Use Pattern Type of Land used Rathmalana Moratuwa Pandura Lands used for buildings and home 85% gardens Water bodies and other 15% Total Source- Socio-economic resource profiles,ratmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD,

67 Existing land use paten indicates that on an average over 82% lands have been used for settlements and other human activities. Only around 18% of lands represent water bodies. This situation directly shows the existing situation of population pressure in the area. Natural Disasters These three DS divisions are vulnerable to periodical natural disasters. The main natural disaster they face is floods. During every heavy rain some lands and houses go under water. Especially dwellers living along the Galle road within the proposed project area are mostly vulnerable to floods. The main reason for floods in this area is the lack of a proper drainage system to discharge the large quantity of water during heavy rains. The recent climatic changes have resulted in heavy rains within a short period causing large quantities of rain water flooding the roads and homesteads. This is the main disaster the dwellers are faced with at present and the proposed project has been formulated mainly to address this issue. In addition heavy winds blowing during some periods also is a crucial natural disaster faced by dwellers in this project area. Recently it has been recorded that heavy winds are also an effect of climatic changes. All these three DS divisions have been affected during the previous Tsunami which occurred in the year The proposed project will definitely help control floods in these areas. Historical Background Ratmalana Existing historical evidence indicates that Ratmalana has a history of over 2000 years. According to the folklore during the reign of King Devanapiyatissa, a Dethispala bodirukkha has been brought to Sri Lanka and one of them has been planted in the premises of Ratmalana Sri Darmarama Purana Temple in year 237 A.D. This Bodhi Tree is still venerated by the people as an important religious object. King Parakrambahu VI built a palace at Attidiya for protection from Alkeshewara. According to folklore a flower garden had been established in this area giving it the name Ratmalana. 66

68 Moratuwa Moratuwa is referred to as Moratueliya in ancient literary works, for example in Thisara sandesha written in 1348 and later in Gira Sandhesa. Moratuwa has been popular among the Dutch during their ruling period because many cinnamon plantations were situated there. However Moratuwa Urban council has been established in 1930 during the British Raj. Pandura The Book of Ceylon gives a description of Panadura and its beautiful environment. The historic Panadura Vaadaya was held in Panadura from 6 th to 28 th August in the year History of Colombo Galle Road Colombo-Galle road is one the main roads in the country which connects the two provinces Western and Southern. It has been in existence from the times of ancient rulers. According to history the work on the road commenced in the year The then Dutch Governor of Ceylon Dariclop Vaan Hoyender initiated the work, which has been completed within a few years. The road has later been upgraded during the British colonial period. Demographic Feature The following table shows the current population in the project area based on the Divisional Secretary Divisions. Table 11: Demographic Details of the Area District DS `Division NO. of GNDs Are (Sq km.) Population Population density(persons per Sq.km) Colombo Ratmalana Colombo Moratuwa Kaluthara Pandura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Rathmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s,

69 Above table indicates that population density is comparatively higher in project areas falling under Colombo district than the Kalutara district. That may be because Kalutara district has more rural features than the Colombo district. Gender Composition of the Population The gender composition in the area shows that the female population is higher than the male population. However an improved road network will help women to save time spent on traveling and the saved time could be used for productive purposes in the family as well as in the society. Table 12: Gender Composition of the Area DS Division Female % Male % Toatal % Ratmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Ratmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 Age Distribution The following table shows the age distribution of the population in the proposed project area Table 13: Age distribution of the population Age distribution of the population DS division 0-5 % 6-18 % % Over 60 % Total Ratmalana Moratuwa Pandura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Ratmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 The age group representing the labour force (19-60) is dominant in all three DS divisions. Infants represent averagely 08%. Elderly population is around 16% in all three DS divisions averagely. These details indicate that the proposed project has the opportunity to find employees from the area itself. 68

70 Levels of Education Levels of education are one of the basic social parameters in recognizing the overall social status of the people living in an area. Therefore, the level of education of all the dwellers in the study area was studied. Table 14: Level of Education Level of education DS Division No schooling Never schooling Gr.1-5 Gr Gr Higher education Total Ratmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Ratmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 Above table shows that literacy levels among both male and female populations are at a high standard. Majority has received at least a primary education and significant amount of population has received a secondary education. The percentage who has never attended school was very low and the number of graduates is at a considerable level in all three DS divisions. Socio Economic Conditions This section tried to identify the socio-economic backgrounds of the dwellers living in these three DS divisions. Firstly, it studied a few selected parameters relating to the social backgrounds of the dwellers and then analyzed the economic status of the dwellers in all three DS divisions. Social Conditions It used three parameters namely the level of education, existing occupation pattern and nature of houses based on the available data to study their social status. Occupation Pattern It was very important to study the occupation pattern in the area to identify their principle economic activities and social backgrounds. Therefore the existing occupation pattern in all three DS divisions is analyzed in the table below. 69

71 Farmer Fisher man Labour er Govt.S ector Busine ss /Privat Foreig n empl. Total HHH Table 15: Occupation Patterns of the HHH at DSD level Divisional Occupation patterns in the project area Secretary Division Ratmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic recourses profiles, Rathmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 Above table indicates that the great majority of the inhabitants living in the area are engaged in business or private sector jobs. Government servants are the second highest employment category and this situation indicates that the migration pattern to the area is related to employment opportunities. The other important category of employment is daily wage labour representing unskilled / skilled laborers. Fishermen and Farmers are in a minority. However the situation in Ratmalana and Moratuwa is slightly different from that of Panadura. Types of Houses Natures of houses situated within the DS divisions are shown in the following table. Table 16: Types of the Houses DS Number Type of hoses division of houses Permanent % Semi permanent % Temporary % Rathmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Rathmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s,

72 Agricult ure/fis heries Wages (Fixed ) Daily Wages (not Busine ss Samurd hi & other Total HHH Above figures indicate that the majority of houses are permanent. Over 50% of the houses in Colombo district are permanent. In the Pandura division this figure is around 47%. Semi permanent houses are around 29% in all three DS divisions. Temporary houses are at a very low minority level in Ratmalana and Moratuwa divisions but they are at a considerable level in Pandura DS division. Economic Conditions Income Generation Sources Two parameters were used in identifying existing principle income generation activities in all three DS divisions, namely, sources of income and monthly income pattern at household level. The following indicates the existing situation pertaining to sources of income in the area. Sources of Income Sources of income based on the household survey results are summarized in the following table. Table 17: Sources of Income, Analyzed at DSD Level Divisional Sources of income (Monthly)/Number of HHH Secretary Division Ratmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Rathmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 Above figures indicate that the dominant majority of dwellers are depending on permanent employment opportunities with fixed monthly incomes. Commercial activities or private sector jobs are also very popular in these areas. The next popular income generation activity in the area is daily wage labour. In addition, small percentages of dwellers depend on Samruddhi and other social welfare assistance. 71

73 Income Distribution Pattern The following table shows the income distribution pattern among the dwellers in the area. Table 18: Monthly Income Pattern Monthly income(rs) /Number of HHH Divisional Secretary Below Over Total HHH Division Ratmalana Moratuwa Panadura Source- Socio-economic resource profiles, Ratmalana, Moratuwa & Panadura DSD s, 2011 Above table indicates that majority of dwellers living in the proposed project area are earning a monthly income of more than Rs. 15,000. The rest of them are earning monthly incomes below Rs Dwellers representing the propoor group within the proposed project area are in a minority. Economic Development As mentioned earlier, DS divisions in Colombo district are basically depending on industrial and commercial activities than agricultural or fisheries activities. Colombo as the capital city of the island contains the majority of industries and all headquarters of government institutions are established in this district. Therefore the population density and demand for lands are at a very high level. Comparatively Pandura basically depends on an economy based on the plantation industry, agriculture and fisheries. Investment Opportunities Available in the Area As mentioned earlier, the western province is a highly developed province in the country compared to the other provinces. Western province has a well developed road network connecting all parts of the country, including Colombo Matara express highway. Also the majority of main roads and sub roads and by roads are being developed at present. The main harbour is situated in Colombo and the main air port (Katunayka International Airport) is situated nearby. Two main Industrial zones, Katunayaka and Biyagama, are situated close to Colombo. 72

74 LS RS No of buildings No of business places No.of buildings No of business places LS RS LS RS These well developed infrastructure facilities and the institutional setting attract investors to commence new industries in the area. Houses Commercial Commercial Govern Religiou Project zones establishmen establishmen ment s places t LS ts - RS building &other s Maliban junction to Kurusa Junction Kurusa Junction to Panadura bridge Panadura bridge to Nalluruwa 10 Sub Total Grand Total Community Establishments Situated Along the Road Table 19: Number of Community Establishments Situated Along the Road of the Project Area Source- Investigation during the study This section tried identify the existing building such as houses, commercial establishment and other community establishments. Based on the physical features of the road with in the proposed project area it has been divided in to tree zones. The following table shows the existing community establishments along the road. Above details highlighted that,great majority of establishments situated along the road were commercial establishments which includes shops, hotels, boutiques, factories, industries, banks and all places maintained for the commercial 73

75 purposes. This situation indirectly shows the nature of the proposed project area. However around 408 houses were situated along the both sides of the road within the proposed project area. And comparatively few government offices and other public places such as religious places, cemeteries, playground, community centers etc., were situated on both sides along the road with in the proposed project area. However, due to the nature of project, It has observed that no possibility to resettle families or relocate of any establishments due to new project. According to the project development plan, it will not evacuate existing community establishments on short term or long term basis. But during the project implementation period, there is a possibility to create some environmental issues such as sound and air pollution on surrounding communities,if not use standard operation methods in during the project implementation period. Therefore, the project proponent should seriously consider this situation and adopted the standard operation procedures during the project implementation period to minimize effects on surrounding communities. 74

76 CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATORY MEASURES Environmental impacts are expected during construction and operational stages. All these expected impacts will be mitigated by implementing proposed mitigatory measures which are summarized below. Details on site specific environmental safeguard measures are explained in the EMP (Annexes: I VII). The contractor will be required to provide a short statement of the following to support his bid: (i) (ii) (iii) that the EMP conditions have been costed into the bid price; prior experience in working with an EMP; the person/s responsible in the contractor s team for meeting the environmental compliance requirements of the EMP have been included; 75

77 Institutional Arrangement for Supervision and Monitoring of Safeguards Implementation of the Project Safeguard Implementation Organizational Chart -RSAP Project Director (PD) RSAP Team Leader Consultant) Environmental & Social Specialist (ES) Environmental & Social Specialist (ES) National Level Resident Engineer and Contractor Environmental & Social Officer Field level Project Manager (PM) [contractor side] Environmental Officer (EO) 76

78 4.1 Construction Stage Felling of Trees (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Total of 3 trees have been identified for removal within the proposed road width. In addition, branches of 392 trees have also been identified for cutting. Details of these trees are mentioned in Annex II of EMP. Within these trees, not a single religious importance tree is observed. All the trees earmarked for felling / cutting of branches have been identified as important fruit trees, timber trees, medicinal trees or trees with aesthetic value. Identified 3 trees for removal are located very close to the road edge hence require removal. In addition, identified 392 trees for cutting of branches are affected either for electricity line, telephone line or vehicles plying on the road. Hence, cutting of branches of these 392 trees are required. In order to stabilize the soil cover and minimize erosion related issues due to cutting of 3 trees, it is proposed to re-grow suitable indigenous tree and/or fruit tree species in the localities where the trees are to be felled. Also it is proposed to maintain a green belt along the road, outside the road reservation, where possible. As important forest tree species or rare vegetation could not be encountered when conducting the environment study, impacts on natural vegetation due to the proposed project is not significant Soil Erosion (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Soil erosion is expected when soil is excavated to develop (erect, deepen & reshape) side drains, leaderways and culverts and to remove unsuitable soil from the road way. Soil erosion is also predicted when filling soil material for lifting and leveling the roadway. To avoid / control soil erosion due to above mentioned soil excavation activities, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. 77

79 Excavated earth materials and all debris materials shall be disposed immediately without allowing to stockpile at locations recommended by engineer with the approval of Local Authorities. During transportation, dispose materials should be covered with tarpaulin. With the consent of engineer, contractor can use dispose materials to fill lands in an environmentally friendly manner for legally acceptable purposes. Contractor should find suitable soil material for road filling from a borrow pit, subject to approval of the engineer. During excavation attention should be paid to maintain 1.5m deep roadside LHS / S downward slopes in 1:4 ratio in both S and LHS of section of Road Section - 2 and grass turf to avoid soil erosion. In addition, it is also recommended to erect toe walls in both S and LHS covering this section. To avoid soil erosion in the roadside downward slope, it is proposed to fill the roadside eroded / erodible slopes with suitable soil and grass turf on the filled slopes. In some instances it is proposed to erect retaining walls / toe walls to avoid soil erosion from the downward slopes. All these are mentioned in detail in the Annex IV of the EMP. Stripped top soil during edge widening for a specified depth of 150 mm should be stored in stockpile for a height not exceeding 2m, under the direction of engineer. If the contractor is in doubt whether to conserve top soil in a given area, engineer should be consulted for advice. Stockpiles should be placed outside flood affected areas. Stockpiled topsoil should be used to re-fill the areas where topsoil has been removed. Residual topsoil must be distributed on adjoining / proximate barren areas as identified by the engineer in a layer of thickness of 75 mm 150 mm. Stockpiled topsoil for reuse shall not be surcharged or overburdened. As far as possible, multiple handling of top soil should be kept to a minimum. Advice & instructions should be given to operators, supervisors and other workers about the importance of top soil and thereby to minimize removal of it. Stockpiled materials (top soil and others) should be stored separately. 78

80 Barricades such as humps will be erected at excavated areas for earth, scupper, built-up, covered built-up drains, culverts & cross culverts, bridges, retaining & toe walls, side wall extensions, stretches of road widening, filling & lifting and roadside slope embankment cutting, with proper sign boards, as some work in these sections will have to be stopped during heavy rains due to heavy erosion. To prevent soil erosion in these excavated areas, proper drain system should be introduced Siltation (Indirect, Long Term, Negative Impact) Siltation related issues are encountered due to draining of silt materials through roadside drains, entering silt materials to minor streams through the existing type leaderways. Some of the existing roadside leaderways are connected to Bolgoda Ganga / Bolgoda Lake and Sea. In this road, leaderways are not properly constructed and as a result siltation related issues are encountered (during rainy season, silt materials are draining through partly damaged leaderways) and as a result water stagnation / minor flooding is encountered within the roadway and its surroundings. In addition, at some other places along the road trace, although leaderways are required, no such structures were erected. This results siltation related issues along the roadway and surrounding area. In addition, disposed excavated soil materials may get eroded during rainy season and as a result siltation related issues may be expected in the nearby waterways of the disposable sites. To avoid / control siltation related issues as mentioned above it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. Concrete built up side drains in LHS / S of the road should be developed (erected, deepen & reshaped) to drain rain water properly. Culverts, built-up side drain and built-up leaderways should be erected to drain rain water properly 79

81 Silt traps will have to be constructed when the side drains are connected to roadside leaderways. By erecting silttraps, it is possible to minimize silt entering into water ways. Proposed silttrap locations are mentioned in Annex I of the EMP. Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways, drainage paths would not get blocked. To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to streams, other water bodies and sea directly. Construction over the seasonal streams shall be undertaken in dry period. The work, permanent or temporary, shall consist of measures as per design or as directed by the EE to control soil erosion, sedimentation & waterway pollution to the satisfaction of EE. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes, sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains & other devices. All sedimentation & pollution control works & maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthworks. As quickly as possible remove all excavated soil from drains, culverts, walls & shoulders to stockpiling lands Minor Slope Failures / Collapsings (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) It is possible to observe minor slope failures / collapsings from nearly 1.5m deep roadside downward slope embankment in both S and LHS in Road Section - 2 (between chainage) during construction. To avoid / control slope failures due to above mentioned soil excavation activities, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. During excavation attention should be paid to maintain 1.5m deep roadside S downward slopes in 1:4 ratio and grass turf to avoid possible slope failures / collapsing and grass turf on the side slopes.. In some instances it is proposed to erect retaining walls / toe walls to avoid slope failures / collapsings from the downward slopes. All these are mentioned in detail in Annex IV of the EMP. 80

82 4.1.5 Protection of Water Sources & Quality due to Road & Related Works (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) It is possible to encounter loss of minor water sources & effects to water quality of streams due to road construction work. Since construction of cross drainage structures across perennial water bodies will not take place, there will not be impacts due to construction activities. To avoid / control loss of minor water sources and effects to water quality, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. Arrange adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Refrain from obtaining water for project purposes, & labour camps etc., from public or community water supply schemes without a prior approval from the relevant authority. Refrain from extracting water from ground water or surface water bodies without permission of the engineer & relevant authority. Obtain permission for extracting water prior to the commencing of the project, from the relevant authority. Arrange adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Not obtain water for project purposes, including for labour camps, from public or community water supply schemes without a prior approval from the relevant authority (same as above).. Construction over the seasonal streams shall be undertaken in dry period. Apply best management practices to control contamination of run-off water during maintenance & operation of equipment. Maintain adequate distance between stockpiles & water bodies to control effects to natural drainage paths. Minimize wastage of water in the construction process / operations. Educate & make employees aware on water conservation, waste minimization & safe disposal of waste. 81

83 4.1.6 Noise Pollution due to Operation of heavy vehicles & equipment (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Occurrence of Noise Pollution due to operation of heavy vehicles & equipment There are number of noise sensitive sites along the road (closely located). These locations are identified in the EMP. Excessive noise due to operation of heavy vehicles & equipment is a public nuisance and will interfere with activities of hospitals, school, religious places and sensitive institutions. To avoid / control noise pollution due to operation of heavy vehicles & equipment, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. Repairing vehicles, machinery & equipment shall be done & stationed only in the areas of work & in any other designated areas by the DE. Instruction & advice should be given to drivers & operators (both company owned & hired) to park vehicles & equipment in the areas of work or designated areas by Engineer.. Working duration will be limited to 7 am -6 pm. Noise limit for construction equipment, such as compactors, rollers, front end loaders, concrete mixtures, cranes, vibrators & saws shall not exceed 75 db (A). All machinery and equipment should be well maintained and fitted with noise reduction devices in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. The operation of noisy machinery and equipment should be avoided during night and during noise sensitive times of the day Air Pollution - Due to Dust Generation (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Air pollution is expected due to dust generation during road construction. To avoid / control air pollution due to dust generation, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. 82

84 The contractor shall effectively manage the dust generating activities such as top soil removal, handling and transporting sand, rubble, bitumen, and cement during periods of high winds or during more stable conditions with winds directed towards adjacent residences and other facilities. All stockpiles shall be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors. All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid spillage and dust emission. The contractor should avoid, where possible and take suitable action to prevent dirt and mud being carried to the roads (particularly following wet weather). The contractor should enforce vehicle speed limits to minimize dust generation. The Contractor shall employ a water truck to sprinkle water for dust suppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste water / waste oil for dust suppression is prohibited) All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively. All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to the minimize generation of dust. All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of the contractor, or any of his sub-contractor or supplies of materials or plant and similarly roads which are part of the works shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles or their tyres. - Due to Emissions from Hot-Mix Plants and Batching Plants (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Air pollution is expected due to emissions from hot-mix plants and batching plants. To avoid / control air pollution due to emissions from hot-mix plants and batching plants, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. The hot mix plants and batching plants shall be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines. It is recommended that hot mix plants and batching plants to be located sufficiently away from noise sensitive sites (Annex VII of EMP).. 83

85 Citing of hot-mix plants requires an Environmental Protection License (EPL) from CEA and it imposes environmental conditions for the design and operation of the plant. The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislation. All operations at plants shall be undertaken in accordance with all current rules and regulations protecting the environment as well as the conditions given in the EPL. - Due to Odour & Offensive Smells (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Air pollution is expected due to emission from hot-mix plants and batching plants. To avoid / control air pollution due to odour & offensive smells, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. Contractor shall take all precautions such as storing all chemicals used for construction works in properly closed containers with good ventilations to prevent odour and offensive smell emanating from chemicals and processes applied in construction works or from labour camps. In a situation when/where odour or offensive smell does occur contractor shall take immediate action to rectify the situation. Contractor is responsible for any compensation involved with any health issue arisen out of bad odour and offensive smells. The waste disposal and sewerage treatment system for the labour camps shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no odour is generated. Compliance with the regulations on health and safety as well as CEA and LA guidelines shall be strictly adhered to. - Due to Emissions from Construction Vehicles, Equipment & Machinery (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Air pollution is expected due to emission from construction vehicles, equipment & machinery 84

86 To avoid / control air pollution due to emission from construction vehicles, equipment & machinery, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. The emission standards promulgated under the National Environment Act shall be strictly adhered to. All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction shall be regularly serviced and well maintained to ensure that emission levels comply with the relevant standards. Contractor should obtain the certificate issued by the Vehicular Emission Test (VET) for all construction vehicles, plants and other machineries and it should be renewed annually Protection of Cultural & Religious Places & Properties (Indirect, Short Term, Negative Impact) Damages may happen to cultural & religious places & properties during construction stage. To avoid / control damages to any cultural & religious places & properties during construction stage, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. During construction activities the contractor should take all necessary and adequate care to minimize impacts on cultural properties which includes cultural sites and remains, places of worship including temples, mosques, churches and shrines (Cultural & religious sites are given in Annex VII of the EMP). Workers should not be allowed to trespass in to such areas Traffic Management (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Disruption to road users may be encountered during construction. This is expected due to closure of some road sections for traffic during construction activities. 85

87 To avoid / control expected impacts due to disruption to traffic during road construction stage, it is recommended to apply following remedial measures. Temporary access will be provided when permanent access is blocked for construction. When construction work is in progress in one side, the other side will be opened for traffic & properly trained flagmen will be made available with proper sign boards for control vehicles. At the end of each day, debris that blocked access path will be cleared away under the supervision of a supervisor Use of road signs, barricades, cones & trained flagmen. All sign barricades, pavement markings used for traffic management shall be cleared to the standards approved by Police. Provision for traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work & follow ICTAD guidelines & any instructions given by the Police. The contractor shall ensure that the running surface is always properly maintained, particularly during monsoon rainy period. So that disruption to traffic will be minimized. Temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by frequent application of water. Personnel used for traffic control by the contractor shall be properly trained & provided with proper gear including communication equipment, luminous jackets for night use. Instructions & advice to be given to workers to implement safety at site Disposal of Harmful Construction Wastes (Indirect, Short Term, Negative Impact) Impacts due to risk of contamination and accidents by fuel may be encountered during road construction. To overcome these impacts, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. Contractor prior to the commencement of work shall provide list of harmful, hazardous and risky chemicals/ material that will be used in the project work to the Engineer. Contractor shall also provide the list of 86

88 places where such chemicals/materials or their containers or other harmful materials have been dumped as waste at the end of the project. All disposal sites should be approved by the engineer and approved by CEA and relevant local authority. The contractor shall make arrangements to ensure such harmeful wastes are contained within the disposal site and will not move into adjacent areas The contractor shall clean up any area including water-bodies affected/ contaminated (if any) as directed by the engineer at his own cost Storage & Handling of Construction Materials (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) Impacts are expected due to storage and handling of construction materials To overcome these impacts, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away from settlements and other sensitive receptors and covered (with artificial barriers or natural vegetation). All access roads within the storage site should be sprinkled with water for dust suspension. All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and handled on an impervious surface (concrete slab) above ground level. Storage facility of cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be an enclosed structure ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structure. A ridge should be placed around the storage facility to avoid runoff getting in to the structure. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to material handlers. 87

89 Flooding (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) Flooding is expected due to blocking of drainage paths and leaderways. Flood related impacts are expected when working in flood prone areas To overcome these impacts, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. Contractor s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures necessary or as directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains clear of blockage at all times. If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor s activities, contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result Contractor s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in flood prone areas when working in flood prone areas. When working in flood prone areas during rainy season the contractor shall avoid storing materials, chemicals and other items of work in areas where those can be washed away by the floods. Currently the road does not have good side drainage system, including leaderways to drain rain water properly. The existing culverts, side drains and leaderways are partly filled with debris materials and are partly damaged. In some sections of the side drains, water is logged due to blocky nature. As a result, during high rainy season, mainly in SW monsoonal rainy season, some sections of the road and its side roads and part of the houses along the road trace are get flooded. Some house holders mentioned that the flood situation occurs in every year and it is a very difficult situation for them. They insisted to develop good drainage system in either side of the road and erect built-up leaderways to cope up with high water flow during rainy season, concurrently with road development. 88

90 By implementing these mitigatory measures, it would be possible to control flooding along the road trace and in surrounding areas Labour Camps (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) The labour camps can be an environment hazard and a nuisance if they are not properly sited and hygienically maintained. The labor camps should not be established close to socially sensitive places such as close to schools, religious places and the environmentally sensitive places such as water bodies. All labor camps should be provided with proper sanitation, i.e. water supply and waste water disposal including sewage. Solid waste should be collected and regularly disposed at LA disposal sites Disposal of Spoil (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) Inappropriate disposal of spoil can result in environment problems such as siltation of water ways and blocking of drainage paths, deterioration in water quality and unauthorized land-fill of wetlands. In general there is a high demand for such material. However; care should be exercised to ensure that such materials are not used in an unauthorized manner e.g. filling of wetlands. The contractor should maintain a stockpile spoil material at one or more suitable locations for release to those who need the material provided it can be assured it is for an environmentally acceptable purpose. Otherwise the contractor should dispose the spoil at a LA dumpsite or other suitable site having the approval of LA. The contractor shall make arrangements disposal sites be provided with sufficient provision to drain away water to avoid flodding of and sedimanetation due to soil erosion into adjacent areas. Some of the proposed locations for disposal of debris and spoil are mentioned in Annex III of EMP. These proposed disposal sites are subjected to approval of Engineer and LA Construction Machinery (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) The oil and the grease released at service and vehicle repair and maintenance places commonly pollute water-bodies. In order to prevent this, the contractor 89

91 should ensure that old waste oil, grease etc from vehicle repair and service depots should be collected and properly disposed of. It is noted that waste oil has a value in the recycling market. The wastewater from these operations should be passed through a sedimentation basin to trap the silt and other deleterious products Work on Culverts over Minor Streams (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) The work involved with these structures can pollute water quality of streams during construction activities, temporarily affecting people using the stream or river for bathing and washing. The contractor should take appropriate measures to minimize water pollution during construction Removal of Sections of Boundary Walls and Temporary Boutiques and Houses Built within Road Reservation (Direct, Short Term, Negative Impact) This impact will not arise, as none of the existing structures along roadsides or its reservation will be removed or disturbed under this project Use of Sand (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) All sand mining places must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). The maintenance and the rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the contractor s operations should be addressed through the project Rock Quarries (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) All rock quarrying places must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) and Environmental clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA). The maintenance and the rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the contractor s operations should be addressed through the project. 90

92 Burrow Pits (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) All burrow pits must have valid mining licenses obtained from the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) and Environmental clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA). The maintenance and the rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the contractor s operations should be addressed through the project Impacts on Existing Biological Environment (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) The proposed project areas have very little natural biological environment. Immediate vicinity of the proposed road sections have man modified environment. Fauna and flora recorded from immediate environment during the study are weedy and common species that are found in man modified habitats. Therefore by considering above facts, it can be concluded that the impact due to the proposed project activities on immediate biological environment is low and negligible. However project developer or contractor should follow best practices at all times during the construction of this project. 4.2 Operational Stage Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) To overcome these impacts, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. Regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of all culverts to reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of PRDA should be followed to maintain the road drainage system 91

93 4.2.2 Road safety (Direct, LongTerm, Negative Impact) To overcome expected impacts due to road safety, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. All road furniture described under item 15 of construction stage should be maintained by RDA A management plan should be formulated with the local police to avoid any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the carrying capacity (load) of the rehabilitated road. Weigh stations could be introduced at selected locations to measure the load of vehicle Encroachment of new ROW (Direct, Long Term, Negative Impact) To overcome expected impacts due to encroachment of new ROW, it is recommended to adhere following remedial measures. Continuous monitoring and strict regulations should be followed to avoid the encroachment. Executive Engineers under direct supervision of Chief Engineer and Provincial Director should conduct regular checking along the road and remove any unauthorized activities within the ROW. 92

94 CHAPTER - 5 ROAD SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Road specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was prepared for the Rehabilitating and Upgrading the Selected Sections of Galle Road (A 002 Road) from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Nalluruwa Junction (30+000). These sections are as follows. 1. Road Section 1 (A 002 Road): (from Maliban Junction ) to Kurusa Junction ) 2. Road Section 2 (A 011 Road): (from Kurusa Junction 0+000) to Panadura Bridge Junction 6+800) 3. Road Section 3 (A 002 Road): (from Panadura Bridge Junction ) to Nalluruwa 30 th km Post Junction ) The EMP is submitted as a separate report with this EA report. 93

95 CHAPTER - 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study was undertaken to prepare road specific EA and EMP reports for rehabilitating and upgrading the selected sections of Galle Road (A 002 Road) from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Nalluruwa Junction (30+000). Rehabilitating and improving of selected sections of Galle Road from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Kurusa Junction (A 002 Road), Kurusa Junction to Panadura Bridge Junction (AB 011 Road) & Panadura Bridge Junction to Nalluruwa Junction (A 002 Road) (30+000) will be conducted through a strategic study in order to facilitate economic activity in the areas served and provides users with better road safety conditions and proper facilities. The construction activities would involve a labour force of about 75 skilled and unskilled workers. Unskilled workers are the largest component of the work force. Therefore there will be a significant opportunity for local employment. Presently, considerable number of people in the area is unemployed. A systematic employment programme will be organized with the assistance of Ratmalana, Moratuwa and Panadura Divisional Secretariat Divisions and Village Development Societies to offer employment opportunities in a proper manner. To run the site office during construction work, 1 - Project Manager, 6 Civil Engineers, 12 - Technical Officers, 15 Supervisors, 2 - Accounts Assistant, 10 - Office and Stores Staff will also be employed. Significant adverse impacts on natural / social environment are not expected by implementation of this project. This is mainly because the project is a relatively small development project, spreads in a very small land area. Only minor scale negative impacts such as soil erosion, siltation, sediment run off, noise and air pollution, emission of vehicle fumes and dust generation are expected during the construction period of this project. These minor scale 94

96 negative impacts could be minimized or compensated by adopting proposed mitigatory measures. The positive impacts of the project far outweigh the negative impacts and therefore it is recommended that proposed development work of selected sections of Galle Road (A 002 Road) from Maliban Junction (13+350) to Nalluruwa Junction (30+000) should go ahead. It is highly recommended to implement the proposed monitoring plan to ensure that the proposed mitigatory measures are properly implemented. This will enable to detect any undesirable side effects at an early stage. The contractor has to play a leading role in facilitating environmental management of the project site. Funding for this is to be borne by the project. The contractor will have to work in collaboration with relevant government link agencies, on matters related to environment management. The RDA / PMU should take the leadership role in the monitoring process. The monitoring team will monitor all the activities of project proponent s monitoring plan. Presence of a geologist, soil scientist, ecologist, sociologist, hydrologist and a civil engineer is a must for the monitoring team By implementing the proposed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during the construction and operational phases, most of the expected impacts could be mitigated. Road specific EMP is produced as a separate report. Note: Within 500m radius of the proposed road, no environmentally sensitive sites such as Forest Reserves, Wildlife Parks, Landslide Prone Areas or Archaeological Sites are encountered. However, Bolgoda Lake, Bolgoda Ganga and Sea are located within the 500m radius. Bolgoda Ganga (Plate XII) crosses the road near Panadura. Distances to closest environmentally sensitive sites from the road trace with distances are as follows. 95

97 Bolgoda Lake, km Lunawa Lagoon km Pinwatta Ela km Sea m Environmentally sensitive sites located within 500m distance from the road trace were discussed under respective sections of this report and mitigatory measures were proposed to mitigate identified and expected impacts. 96

98 CHAPTER 7 LIST OF REFERENCES Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Editor). (2006). Fauna of Sri Lanka: status of Taxonomy, Research & Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. Viii + 308pp. IUCN (2004). The list of threatened species. IUCN Sri Lanka (2000). The 1999 List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. Colombo: IUCN Sri Lanka viii pp. Senaratna, L.K. (2001). A check list of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. national Science Foundation, Colombo 451pp. Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka Geological Map of Colombo - Ratnapura on 1:100,000 scale (Sheet No. 16) published by the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) in 1995 Geological Map of Colombo and Kalutara on 1:50,000 scale, published by the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) in 1995 Annual Report 2010, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka, Central Environmental Authority, 2005 Topographic map sheets (1:50000 scale); Department of Survey: Colombo & Kalutara WB Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2007) 97

99 Census of Population and Housing 2001, Department of Census and Statistics Data collected from DS Divisions, Ratmalana, Moratuwa and Panadura Data collected from Dehiwala Galkissa Municipal Council, Moratuwa Urban Council, Panadura Urban Council and Panadura Pradeshiya Sabha. Mining License data collected from GSMB Head Office and Kalutara Regional Office 98

100 ANNEXES Annex A: Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora Recorded ABBREVIATIONS HA Habit, T Tree, S Shrub, H Herbaceous, C Climber or Creeper, ST Status, E Endemic, N Native, I Introduced, RS Roadsides, HG Home Gardens and other Anthropogenic Sites, BE Beach, RI River and Associated Vegetation Family Species Local Name H A S T R S H G B E R I Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Gas Karal Heba H N + Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Mukunu Wenna H N + Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Kura Thampala H N + Amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides H I + Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum Tolabo H N + Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Cadju T I + Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica Hik T N + + Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Amba T I + + Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Amberella T I + Annonaceae Annona glabra Wel Atha T I + Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia Owila T N + + Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana T N + + Apocynaceae Plumeria obtusa Araliya T I + + Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra Ratu Araliya T I + Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana divaricata Watu Sudda S I + Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana Kaha Kaduru T I + Araceae Alocasia macrorrhizos Habarala H I + 99

101 Family Species Local Name H A S T R S H G B E R I Araceae Colocasia esculenta Gahala H N + Arecaceae Areca catechu Puwak T N + Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Pol T N + + Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata Kikirindiya H N + Asteraceae Tridax procumbens H I + + Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Monara Kudumbiya H N + Bignoniaceae Tabebuia rosea T I + + Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra Pulun T I + Capparaceae Cleome rutidosperma H I + Caricaceae Carica papaya Gas Labu T I + Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa T I + + Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Domba T N + Combretaceae Terminalia catappa Kottan T I Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia Giritilla C E + Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae Mudu Bin Thamburu C N + Cyperaceae Cyperus spp. H N + Cyperaceae Fimbristylis spp. H N + Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica Kuppameniya H N + Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Budadakiriya H N + Euphorbiaceae Flueggea leucopyrus Katu Pila S N + Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Beheth Endaru S I + Fabaceae Acacia mangium T I

102 Family Species Local Name H A S T R S H G B E R I Fabaceae Acacia melanoxylon T I + + Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis Aswenna H N + Fabaceae Cassia fistula Ehela T N + Fabaceae Cassia occidentalis Ath Tora H N + Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Katurodu C N + + Fabaceae Delonix regia May Mara T I + + Fabaceae Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil T I + + Peltophorum pterocarpum T N + + Fabaceae Pterocarpus indicus T I + Fabaceae Samanea saman Para Mara T I + Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Siyabala T I + Lecythidaceae Barringtonia asiatica Diya Midella T N + + Malvaceae Sida acuta Gas Bavila H N + Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Suriya T N + + Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N + + Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani T I + Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos T I + Moraceae Artocarpus incisus Del T I + Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Nuga T N + Moraceae Ficus racemosa Attikka T N + Moraceae Ficus religiosa Bo T I + + Moraceae Ficus sp. Nuga T N + Moringaceae Moringa oleifer Murunga T I + 101

103 Family Species Local Name H A S T R S H G B E R I Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel T I + Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp. T I + Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa H N + + Nyctaginaceae Pisonia grandis Wathabanga T N + + Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus S N + Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida C I + Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Ruha H N + Poaceae Panicum maximum Rata Tana H I + Poaceae Phragmites karka S N + Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus C I + + Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Japan Jabara H I + Portulacaceae Portulaca sp. H N + Rhizophoracea e Bruguiera sp. Mal Kadol T N + Rhizophoracea e Rhizophora mucronata Kadol T N + Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp. H N + Rubiaceae Richardia brasiliensis H I + Rutaceae Aegle marmelos Beli T I + Rutaceae Limonia acidissima Divul T N + Rutaceae Murraya koenigii Karapincha T N + Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya T N + + Scrophulariace ae Scoparia dulcis H I + Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia caseolaris Kirala T N + 102

104 Family Species Local Name H A S T R S H G B E R I Sterculiaceae Sterculia foetida Telambu T N + Tiliaceae Muntingia calabura Jam T I + + Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Ath Demata T N + Verbenaceae Premna obtusifolia Maha Midi S N + Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Thekka T I + Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris H N + 103

105 Annex B: Terrestrial and Aquatic Fauna Recorded ABBREVIATIONS: BrR Breeding Resident BIRDS Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite BrR Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle BrR Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher BrR Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher BrR Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron BrR Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron BrR Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret BrR Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Great Egret BrR Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret BrR Ciconiidae Anastomus oscitans Asian Openbill BrR Columbidae Columba livia Rock Pigeon BrR Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove BrR Corvidae Corvus levaillantii Large-billed Crow BrR Corvidae Corvus splendens House Crow BrR Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal BrR Cuculidae Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel BrR Dicaeidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pale-billed Flowerpecker BrR Dicaeidae Dicrurus caerulescens White-bellied Drongo BrR Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin BrR 104

106 Nectariniidae Nectarina zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird BrR Oriolidae Oriolus xanthornus Black-hooded Oriole BrR Phalacrocoracid ae Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant BrR Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul BrR Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus luteolus White-browed Bulbul BrR Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen BrR Ramphastidae Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed Barbet BrR Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna BrR Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird BrR Timalidae Turdoides affinis Yellow-billed Babbler BrR BUTTERFLIES Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus Plain tiger Nymphalidae Junonia iphita Chocolate soldier Nymphalidae Neptis hylas Common sailor Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Nymphalidae Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Papilionidae Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common mormon Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s 105

107 Pieridae Appias paulina Lesser albatross Pieridae Delias eucharis Jezebel Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Pieridae Leptosia nina Psyche Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s DRAGONFLIES Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Coenagrionidae Ceriagrion coromandelianum Yellow Waxtail Indigenou s Libellulidae Brachythmis contaminata Asian Groundling Libellulidae Orthetrum sabina Green Skimmer Libellulidae Rhyothemis variegata Varigated Flutter Libellulidae Urothemis signata Scarlet Basker Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s MAMMALS Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenou s Indigenou s REPTILES 106

108 Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Agamidae Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Agamidae Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Varanidae Varanus salvator Water monitor Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s AMPHIBIANS Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Bufonidae Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common house toad Endemic FISHES Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Aplocheilidae Aplocheilus parvus Dwarf panchax Channidae Channa striata Murrel Cichlidae Etroplus suratensis Pearl spot Indigenou s Indigenou s Indigenou s Cichlidae Oreochromis mosambicus Tilapia Exotic Heteropneustida e Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging catfish Indigenou s Loricaridaedae Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Sucker mouth cat fish Exotic Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy Exotic 107

109 MOLLUSCA Family Scientific Name English Name TS C S Achatinidae Achatina fulica Exotic Ampullariidae Pomacea canaliculata Golden Apple Snail Exotic 108

110 Annex - C: Trees to be Removed or Affected ABBREVIATIONS: S Right Hand Side, LHS Left Hand Side, C Centre, BC Cutting Branches, RE Remove, E Electricity, T Telephone, V - Vehicles Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for A 2 Road C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T C Tabebuia rosea I BC E S Tamarindus indica Siyabala I BC T C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E C Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC E/T C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/T 109

111 Sid e Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for Chanage Species Peltophorum C pterocarpum N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T C Tabebuia rosea I BC V Artocarpus S heterophyllus Kos I BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T Artocarpus S heterophyllus Kos I BC T LH S Spondias dulcis Amberella I BC T LH S Spondias dulcis Amberella I BC T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T Artocarpus S heterophyllus Kos I BC E/T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Samanea saman Para Mara I BC V LH S Samanea saman Para Mara I BC E LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha N BC V 110

112 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for Nuga LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LH S Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa I BC T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LH S Tabebuia rosea I BC T LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH S Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/T LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T LH Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T 111

113 Chanage Sid e S Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC E/T/V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/T/V LH S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC E/T LH S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E/T C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E/T LH S Anacardium occidentale Cadju I BC E/T LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/T LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Sterculia foetida Telambu N BC E/T LH S Tabebuia rosea I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E 112

114 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Tabebuia rosea I BC E S Muntingia calabura Jam I BC E LH S Gmelina arborea Ath Demata N BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH Acacia melanoxylon I BC E 113

115 Chanage Sid e S Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LH S Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V 114

116 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V C Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I RE V 115

117 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Samanea saman Para Mara I BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa I BC E C Azadirachta indica Kohomba N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V 116

118 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH Peltophorum N BC E/T 117

119 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S pterocarpum LH S Lannea coromandelica Hik N BC E S Cocos nucifera Pol N BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC V S Ceiba pentandra Pulun I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V LH Leucaena S leucocephala Ipil Ipil I BC E/V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Muntingia calabura Jam I BC E/V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E/V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E/V S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E 118

120 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil I RE E/V S Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E/V 119

121 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V Maha S Ficus benghalensis Nuga N BC E/V Maha S Ficus benghalensis Nuga N BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Tabebuia rosea I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T LH Maha S Ficus benghalensis Nuga N BC E/T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V S Cassia fistula Ehela N BC E/T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V 120

122 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T S Plumeria obtusa Araliya I BC T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Limonia acidissima Divul N BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V 121

123 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Cassia fistula Ehela N BC T/V AB 11 Road C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Barringtonia asiatica Diya Midella N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V LH Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V 122

124 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LH S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Cocos nucifera Pol N BC E LH S Cocos nucifera Pol N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E 123

125 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for S S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I RE E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Thespesia populnea Suriya N BC E S Calophyllum inophyllum Domba N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E 124

126 Chanage Sid e Species Local Name Statu s Actio n Obstruct for LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LH S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V Annex D (EMOP for A002 road section) 125

127 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (Rehabilitation and Upgrading of A002 & AB011road section) - Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Kurusa Junction (18+400km) of A002 road, Kurusa Junction (00+00km) to Panadura Bridge (6+800km) of AB011 road, Panadura Bridge (25+250km) to Nall uruwa Junction (30+00km) of A002 road. Environmental Component Project Stage Parameters Location 1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Cost (SLRs) Implementation Supervision Air Quality Design and Construction stage Operation stage TSPM, PM10, NO x, CO, SO x, Pb TSPM, PM10, NO x, CO, HC, Pb, SO x 1. Base Hospital, Panaduraya (25+900km) 2. Asphalt plant /s 3. Burrow pit /s 4. Crusher plant /s 5. Quarry site/s 1. Base Hospital, Panaduraya (25+900km) Design: 1 time Construction: 8 times in 18 months NAAQS of Sri Lanka 2 times NAAQS of Sri Lanka Rs 12,000 per sample Rs 12,000 per sample Rs.540, Rs.120, Contractor through approved monitoring agency RDA through approved monitoring agency RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC 2. Asphalt plant /s 3. Burrow pit /s 4. Crusher plant /s 5. Quarry site/s Water Quality Design and Construction stage EC, ph, DO, TSS, BOD, Oil and grease, Lead, E. Coli 1. Moratuwa Ganga (6+00km) Design: 1time Construction: 8 times in 18 months CEA advisory guidelines Rs 6,000 per sample Rs.54, Contractor through approved monitoring agency RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Operation stage EC, ph, DO, TSS, BOD, Oil and grease, 1. Moratuwa Ganga (6+00km 2 times CEA advisory guidelines Rs 6,000 per sample Rs.12, RDA through approved monitoring RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC 99

128 Environmental Component Project Stage Parameters Location 1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Cost (SLRs) Implementation Supervision Lead, E. Coli agency Noise Levels Design and Construction stage db levels 1. The school for the Blind, Rathmalana (14+700km) 2. Prince of Wales Collage, Moratuwa (17+700km) 3. Base Hospital, Panaduraya (25+900km) 4. Hindu Temple and Panadura Balika Viddayalaya (26+800km) Royal Collage, Design: 1 Construction: 8 times in 18 months National Environment al (Noise Control) Regulations 1996(no. 924/12) Rs 13,500 per sample day Rs.486, Contractor through approved monitoring agency RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Panadera (27+650km) Operation stage db levels 1. The school for the Blind, Rathmalana (14+700km) 2. Prince of Wales Collage, Moratuwa (17+700km) 3. Base Hospital, 2 times National Environment al (Noise Control) Regulations 1996(no. 924/12) Rs 13,500 per sample day Rs.108, RDA through approved monitoring agency RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC 100

129 Environmental Component Project Stage Parameters Location 1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Cost (SLRs) Implementation Supervision Panaduraya (25+900km) 4. Hindu Temple and Panadura Balika Viddayalaya (26+800km) Royal Collage, Panadera (27+650km) Flora Design and Construction stage Replanting of trees On either side of the road within the Right of Way 4 visit Diversity of species replanted Rs 20,000 per visit 80,000 RDA, through recognized community based organization RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Operation stage Survival of trees On either side of the road within the Right of Way 1 visit Percentage of survival Rs 20,000 per visit 20,000 RDA RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Fauna Design stage Diversity of species Project influencing area. 2 visits Rs 20,000 per visit 40,000 RDA RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Construction stage Diversity of species Project influencing area 4 visits during 18 months Rs 20,000 per visit 80,000 RDA RDA(ESD)/ PMU/SC Operation Diversity of Project influencing 2 visits Rs 20,000 40,000 RDA RDA(ESD)/ 101

130 Environmental Component Project Stage Parameters Location 1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Cost (SLRs) Implementation Supervision stage species area per visit PMU/SC Total SLR. 1,580, US$. 12, Note: TSPM = Total Suspended Particulate Matter, PM10 = Respirable Particulate Matter < 10 m diameter, NO x = Oxides of Nitrogen, CO = Carbon Monoxide, SO x = Oxides of Sulphur, Pb = Lead, HC = Hydro Carbons, EC = Electrical Conductivity, DO = Dissolved Oxygen, TSS = Total Suspended Solids, BOD = Biological Oxygen demand, ESD = Environmental and Social Division, RDA = Road Development Authority, SC= Supervision Consultant 1$ = SLRs (August, 2012) 1 Number of replicates and sampling locations could be varied according to the requirement once the EMOP is implemented 2 Water quality will be measured both in up stream and down stream 102

131 Annex E (Baseline data on Ambeiant Air Quality, Noise Levels and Water Quality) 99

132 Baseline data on Ambient air quality, noise levels and water quality for rehabilitation and upgrading of road section from Peliyagoda (00+600km) to Ja-Ela (17+500km) of A002 road section. Introduction As per the request made by Project Director, World Bank, Road Sector Assistance Project, this monitoring program has been carried out by National Building Research Organization (NBRO) to obtain baseline data prior to initiating the proposed upgrading and rehabilitation activities. Measured air, noise and water quality results (as baseline data) are presented below. Results Table 1: Ambient Air Quality Location Chainage Time Average Concentration at each parameter(mg/m 3 ) SO 2 NO 2 CO SPM PM10 Pb L1 At the Base Hospital, Panaduraya km 8 hrs 24 hrs < Table 2: Noise levels Location Chainage Time N1 School for the Blind, Ratmalana km Morning Afternoon Evening Night Run Time (min) Measured Residual Noise Level Leq (db) Measured Background Noise Level L90 (db) Sources Vehicular N3 Base Hospital, Panaduraya km Morning Vehicular 99

133 Location Chainage Time N4 Hindu Temple and Panadura Balika Viddayalaya km Afternoon Evening Night Morning Afternoon Evening Night N5 Royal College, Panaduraya 27+60km Morning Afternoon Evening Night Run Time (min) Measured Residual Noise Level Leq (db) Measured Background Noise Level L90 (db) Sources Vehicular Vehicular Table 3: Water quality Sample no Time of collection ph and Temp. Electrical Conductivity (ds/m) Dissolved Oxygen (DO, mg/l) Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 at 20 0 C,mg/l) Parameter Total Suspended Solids (TSS, mg/l) Lead Content (Pb, µg/l) Oil and Grease (µg/l) E.Coli (count/100ml ) W6-U (Moratuwa Ganga) hrs 7.2 at C <500 <

134 Sample no Time of collection ph and Temp. Electrical Conductivity (ds/m) Dissolved Oxygen (DO, mg/l) Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 at 20 0 C,mg/l) Parameter Total Suspended Solids (TSS, mg/l) Lead Content (Pb, µg/l) Oil and Grease (µg/l) E.Coli (count/100ml ) W6-D (Moratuwa Ganga) hrs 6.7 at C <500 < Ambient Air quality standards The permissible Ambient Air quality standards stipulated by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary Gazette, No.1562/22, August 15, 2008) and Ambient Air Quality Standards stipulated by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary Gazette No. 850/4, December 20, 1994). Pollutant Time Average Concentration(mg/m3) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 8 hrs Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 8 hrs Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 hrs

135 Suspended Particulate Matter(PM10) 8 hrs Reparable Particulate Matter(PM10) 24 hrs Particulate Lead (Pb) 24 hrs Ambient Air Quality Standards stipulated by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary Gazette No. 850/4, December 20, 1994). Maximum Permissible Noise Levels The Maximum permissible noise levels stipulated under the extraordinary Gazette No.924/12- May 23, 1996 by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka during construction period as follows; 75 db(a) during the day time 50 db(a) during Night time The maximum permissible noise levels stipulated under the Extraordinary Gazette No. 924/12- May 23, 1996 by the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka for other activities which not considered as construction activities as follows; 55 db(a) during the Day time 45 db(a) during Night time 102

136 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Rehabilitating and Upgrading the Selected Sections of Galle Road (A 002 Road) from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Cross Junction (18+500km), Cross Junction to Panadura Bridge(00+6.5km) of AB011 road and Panadura bridge to Nallaruwa( km) of A002 road. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the summarized matrix of all possible impacts that may occur during rehabilitation and upgrading the Selected Section of Galle Road (A 002 Road) from Maliban Junction (13+350km) to Cross Junction (18+500km), Cross Junction to Panadura Bridge(00+6.5km) of AB011 road and Panadura bridge to Nallaruwa( km) of A002 road. The EMP should form part of the Bid Documents and shall be considered alongside the specifications. Thereby the prescriptions detailed in the EMP are mandatory in nature and also contractually binding. The EMP will also equally applicable to sub-contractors including nominated sub-contractors if any. The Contractor will be responsible for the compliance with the requirements of the EMP. With the assistance of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) the Engineer on behalf of the Employer the Road Development Authority (RDA) will monitor the compliance of EMP by the Contractor. The bidders are advised to carefully consider the EMP requirements stated under item 2.0 Construction phase when preparing the bid and pricing the items of work. The prescriptions and clauses detailed in the EMP are integral component of the specifications for relevant item of work unless separate items are included in the Bill of Quantities. Thus separate payments will not be made in respect of compliance with the EMP. In case the Contractor or his sub-contractor/s fails to implement the EMP recommendations after informing in writing, the Engineer will take whatever actions it is deemed necessary to ensure that the EMP is properly implemented. If the contractor or his sub-contractor/s still fails to comply with EMP requirement, the Engineer may levy a penalty based on the level of non-compliance, cost incurred to rectify the damages caused by such negligence and/ or recover the cost from contractor s payments. The Contractor through an appointed dedicated / qualified Environmental Officer shall assist the Engineer to discharge his duties as required in the EMP implementation by (a) maintaining up to date records on actions taken by the Contractor with regard to implementation of EMP recommendations (b) timely submission of reports, information and data to the Project Management Unit (PMU) through Supervision Consultant (SC), (c) participating in the meetings conveyed by the Engineer and (d) any other assistance requested by the Engineer. 1

137 Environmental Management Plan Environmental Issues 1.0 Advance Works Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision 1.1 Design for culverts, leaderways, silttraps and catch pits (a) (b) RDA should obtain prior consent from relevant authorities such as Department of Coast Conservation (CCD), Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) etc., for implementation of proposed drainage management plan and any proposed construction works on/at areas belong to these institutions. RDA should obtain prior consent from relevant public if any land use of people is likely to be interfered temporarily or permanently by the proposed drainage improvement work. For culverts appropriate designs should be considered to allow overland flow and sheet flow from the pavement or cross drainage without any blocking For leaderways appropriate designs should be considered for smooth flow without any blocking For silttraps appropriate designs should be considered for trapping of silt in proper manner For catch pits appropriate designs should be considered in order to drain out rain water without blocking / flooding Designed drainage facilities must be capable of disposing of the runoff generated in a given water catchment without inundating the road pavement, Pedestrian footpaths and any other adjacent properties and utilities or land uses in an event of a fifty year return period flood. Locations of existing & proposed culverts, leaderways and proposed silt traps and catch pits along the proposed road section are given in Annex - I, (also refer design drawings for culvert locations and proposed drainage management plan) Refer Annex I for locations of existing & proposed culverts, leaderways and proposed silttraps and catch pits along the proposed road section (also refer design drawings for culvert locations and proposed drainage management plan) - RDA Design cost -do- 2

138 Environmental Issues 1.2 Protection and preventive measures Designed rehabilitation and improvements must safely and adequately meet the expected level of services including estimated traffic loads and capacities for the design lifespan. Also adequate road furniture must be provided to ensure the safety of vehicle users and pedestrians. Among the measures to minimize the risk of accidents, special attention must be paid for the pedestrians crossing the roads and vehicles passing through grade- level intersections. Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -do- -do -do- 1.3 Provisions should be made to plant suitable species of trees and ornamental plants wherever feasible at the edge of footpaths and the median islands for the purposes of ambient pollution control, provide aesthetics, shade from direct sun, barriers for road crossing at nonpermitted locations, etc. -do- -do- -do- 1.4 EMP should be included as a Special Condition in the Bid Document; and EMP should be attached to contract to form part of the contract requirement 2.0 Construction Phase 2.1 Earthwork and Soil Conservation Site Clearance and Land Development 3

139 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Prevention of removal of trees as far as possible. However, total of 03 trees will have to be removed during site clearance. During removing, attention should be paid to maintain minimum disturbances to soil cover and also care should be taken not to damage adjoining trees. Furthermore, branches of 392 trees will have to be cut when consider the safety of vehicles. It is recommended to plant trees along the possible stretches of roadside in order to enhance the environment. Water spraying should be done at a regular interval to avoid dust generation due to site clearance Locations/ Project phase Applicable throughout the road Location, variety & size of trees to be removed & branches to be cut are given in Annex II. Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contractor RDA/ PMU, LA,SC Disposal of Debris and Spoil (a) (b) (c) All debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be disposed only at locations approved by the engineer for such purpose and subjected to the clauses b and c. All scrap material that are reusable or recyclable shall be used for such purposes either by the contractor or through dealers. If directed by the engineer the contractor shall obtain the approval from the relevant Local Authority (LA) such as Prdeshiya Sabha, Municipal Council and other government agencies (as required) for disposal and spoil at the specified location. The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that; (i) waterways and drainage paths are not blocked (ii) the disposed material should not be washed away by runoff and (iii) should not be a nuisance to the public Disposal sites identified by the contractor and approved by Engineer. Some of the proposed disposal sites are mentioned in Annex III and are subjected to approval of DS, LA & Engineer Engineerin g cost -Do- - -do- All water bodies within this section of road (i.e. Bolgoda River and leaderways Engineerin g cost contractor -do- RDA/ PMU, LA,SC RDA/ PMU, LA,SC 4

140 Environmental Issues (d) (e) (f) Protection and preventive measures If directed by the engineer the debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be used, to refill the burrow areas as directed by the engineer, subjected to laying of topsoil as per EMP clause Excavated earth materials and all debris materials shall be disposed immediately without allowing to stockpile at identified locations for debris disposal, recommended by the engineer. During transportation, dispose materials should be covered with tarpaulin. If consented by the engineer, contractor can dispose the debris and spoil as a filling material provided that the contractor can ensure that such material is used for legally acceptable purposes with disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner. Locations/ Project phase directed to Bolgoda River, minor streams and Sea). All burrow sites (licensed sites) identified by contractor and approved by engineer. List of licensed burrow sites (gravel pits) within Colombo and Kalutara Districts are given in Annex IV. Applicable throughout the road / working area In identified filling sites subjected to the approval of engineer Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision do -do- -do- - -do- -do- (g) If consented by the engineer, contractor shall dispose the milling waste to areas designated by the Engineer for future use by RDA -do- -do- -do Conservation and reuse of top soil (a) Top soil of the agricultural areas and any other productive areas where it has to be removed for the purpose of this project shall be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles of height not exceeding 2m, if directed by the engineer. If the contractor is in any Along this road trace where topsoil from productive land to Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/PMU, SC 5

141 Environmental Issues (b) (c) (d) Protection and preventive measures doubt on whether to conserve the topsoil or not for any given area he shall obtain the direction from the engineer in writing Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil when replanting/establishing roadside vegetation Such stockpiled topsoil must be returned to cover the areas including cut slopes where the topsoil has been removed due to project activities. Residual topsoil must be distributed on adjoining/proximate barren areas as identified by the engineer in a layer of thickness of 75mm 150mm. Topsoil thus stockpiled for reuse shall not be surcharged or over burdened. As far as possible multiple handling of topsoil stockpiles should be kept to a minimum Protection of Ground Cover and Vegetation Locations/ Project phase be removed Within this road section -Do- Locations where topsoil is stockpiled for reuse Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision - -do- -do- Engineerin g cost -do- -do- - -do- -do- (a) (b) Construction vehicle, machinery and equipment shall be used and stationed only in the areas of work and in any other area designated/ approved by the engineer. Entry and exit of construction vehicles and machinery should be restricted to particular points as directed by the engineer Contractor should provide necessary instructions to drivers, operators and other construction workers not to destroy ground vegetation cover unnecessarily Within the road section - Contractor RDA/PMU/LA /CEA,SC -Do- -Do- -do- -do Burrowing of Earth (a) (b) (c) Earth available from excavation for roadside drains as per design, may be used as embankment materials, subject to approval of the engineer Contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/guidelines issued by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the respective local authorities with respect of locating burrow areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation and transportation of earth from such sites. Burrow areas shall not be opened without having a valid mining license from the GSMB. The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the All excavation areas and embankments Selected borrow sites - -do- -do- - -do- -do- 6

142 Environmental Issues (d) (e) (f) (g) Protection and preventive measures pit or open cut area shall be as approved by the engineer. Contractor can also find suitable soil materials for shoulder formation and / or road filling from currently operated licensed burrow pits in the surrounding area, subject to approval of the EE All burrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local authority. Establishment of burrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not cause any adverse impact to the properties. Also shall not be a danger of health hazard to the people. Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes including those related to temporary works and burrow pits Prevention of soil erosion Locations/ Project phase All burrow sites identified by the contractor. List of licensed burrow sites (gravel pits) within Colombo and Kalutara Districts are given in Annex IV. All burrow sites identified by the contractor All excavation areas, slopes and burrow sites All excavation areas, slopes and burrow sites Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -do- -do- - -do- -do- Engineerin g cost -do- -do- (a) Debris material shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways, drainage paths would not get blocked. Drainage paths in LHS / S of the road should be improved / erected to drain rain water properly. Culverts, side built-up drains, built-up leaderways and catch pits should be erected to drain rain water properly. Silt traps will be constructed to avoid siltation into water ways where necessary. To avoid siltation, drainage paths should not be directed to streams, other water bodies and sea directly and they should be separated from streams / other water bodies / sea when road meets streams / other water bodies / sea. Applicable throughout the road. Locations of culverts, leaderways (directly connected to streams / water bodies), toe walls & silttraps to be erected Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/ PMU,SC 7

143 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase are given in Annex I and proposed drainage management plans. Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) Barricades such as humps will be erected at excavated areas for culverts, silttraps, toe walls, filling and lifting with roper sign boards, as some work in these sections will have to be stopped during heavy rains due to heavy erosion. To prevent soil erosion in these excavated areas, proper earth drain system should be introduced. List & locations of culverts, toe walls, covered built up leaderways, silttraps to be erected are given in Annex I and proposed drainage management plan Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/ PMU,SC (c) (d) (e) Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc shall not be unduly exposed to erosive forces. These exposed slopes shall be graded and covered by grass as per the specifications. All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch. Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining season. If such activities need to be continued during rainy season prior approval must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a proposal on actions that will be undertaken by the contractor to prevent erosion. The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per design or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution to the satisfaction of the engineer. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or other items of work and no separate payment will be made for their implementation. Within this road section Engineerin g cost Contractor -Do- - -do- -do- -Do- Engineerin g cost -do- RDA/ PMU,SC -do- 8

144 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contamination of soil by fuel and lubrications (a) Vehicle/machinery and equipment servicing and maintenance work shall be carried out only in designated locations/ service stations approved by the engineer (b) Approval from CEA in the form of an Environmental Protection Licenses (EPL) should be secured by the contractor if he intends to prepare his own vehicle servicing yard (c) Waste oil, other petroleum products and untreated wastewater shall not be discharged on ground so that to avoid soil pollution. Adequate measures shall be taken against pollution of soil by spillage of petroleum/oil products from storage tanks and containers. All waste petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with the guidelines issued by the CEA or the engineer. (d) Sites used for vehicle and plant service and maintenance shall be restored back to its initial status. Site restoration will be considered as incidental to work Disposal of harmful construction wastes Servicing yards to be used for vehicle servicing Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/ PMU, LA, CEA,SC -Do- - -do- RDA/ PMU,SC Servicing yards to be used for vehicle servicing and locations along this highway section where vehicles will be temporarily stationed New servicing yards developed by the contractor for the project Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost -do- -do- RDA/ PMU, LA, CEA,SC -do- (a) (b) (c) Contractor prior to the commencement of work shall provide list of harmful, hazardous and risky chemicals/ material that will be used in the project work to the Engineer. Contractor shall also provide the list of places where such chemicals/materials or their containers or other harmful materials have been dumped as waste at the end of the project. All disposal sites should be approved by the engineer and approved by CEA and relevant local authority. The contractor shall clean up any area including water-bodies affected/contaminated (if any) as directed by the engineer at his own cost. Locations identified to store chemicals and waste disposal - Contractor RDA/PMU, LA, CEA,SC -Do- - -do- RDA/PMU,S All affected water bodies close to material storage Engineerin g cost -do- C -do- 9

145 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase and waste disposal sites Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Quarry operations (a) Utilizing the existing quarry sites available in the project influential area as much as possible which are approved by GSMB with valid EPL and Industrial Mining Licences (IML); If new quarries are to be opened, prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha. Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings, safety nets etc., and third party insurance cover to protect external parties that may be affected due to blasting. (b) It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing disputes with community. (c) The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of damage by the contractors operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor. 2.2 Storage and handling of construction material Emission of dust All, quarry sites which will be used during construction phase. Engineerin g cost Contractor List of licensed quarries in Colombo and Kalutara Districts are given in Annex V. -Do- - -do- -do- -Do- Engineerin g cost -do- RDA/PMU, GSMB, CEA, LA,SC -do- (a) Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away from settlements and other sensitive receptors and covered (with artificial barriers or natural vegetation). Measures given under clauses (c), (d), (e) should be considered within material storage site to minimize dust during handling of material. All access roads within the storage site should be sprinkled with water for dust suspension Storage of fuel, oil and chemicals (avoid fumes and offensive odour) At all material storage locations (stock piles of sand, metal) Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/PMU,S C (a) All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and handled on an impervious surface (concrete slab) above ground At all material storage locations Engineerin g cost -do- -do- 10

146 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures level. Storage facility of cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be an enclosed structure ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structure. A ridge should be placed around the storage facility to avoid runoff getting in to the structure. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to material handlers. Measures given under clause 2.9 should be considered to avoid any accidents and risks to worker population and public. Locations/ Project phase (cement, bitumen, fuel, oil and other chemicals used for construction activities) Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Transportation of material (a) The contractor should avoid over loaded trucks to transport material to construction sites. During transportation, materials should be covered with tarpaulin. Avoid peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic ; the contractor shall minimize possible public nuisance due to dust, traffic congestion, air pollution, etc., due to such haulage; If local roads are used, select routes based on the truck load; divide the load to prevent damages to local roads and bridges; observe speed limits and maintain vehicles in the good condition; transport material under cover; avoid peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic. Within this road section - Contractor RDA/PMU,S C If there are damages to local roads and other utilities due to hauling in roads which were not identified during design stage, Contractor shall attends to repair all damaged infrastructure/ roads, if needed through elevant authorities 2.3. Water Protection of Water Sources and Quality Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users 11

147 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Contractor should make employees aware on water conservation and waste minimization in the construction process. Arrange adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Not obtain water for project purposes, including for labour camps, from public or community water supply schemes without a prior approval from the relevant authority. Not extract water from ground water or surface water bodies without the permission from EE & relevant authority. Obtain the permission for extracting water prior to the commencing of the project, from the relevant authority. Contractor shall protect sources of water (potable or otherwise) such as water sources used by the community so that continued use these water sources will not be disrupted by the work. In case the closer of such sources is required on temporary basis contractor shall provide alternative arrangement for supply. Alternative sources such as wells thus provided should be within acceptable distance to the original sources and accessible to the affected community. Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and streams in a manner that adversely affect downstream intakes. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must obtain the engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) or local authority or Divisional Secretary depending on the operating agency of the intake/water supply. Contractor shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage ceased to exist. During the affected period contractor shall supply water to the affected community. In case the contractors activities going to adversely affect the quantity or quality of water, the contractor shall serve notice to the relevant authorities and downstream users of water sufficiently in advance. Apply best management practices to control contamination of run-off water during maintenance & operation of equipment. Within this road section and at worker camps Project site must be corrected as surrounding water sources throughout the road sections Wells and other public water sources locations within this road section Waterways crossing the road sections and those located in the surrounding areas of road sections or the contractor s work sites. Within this road section construction sites, - Contractor RDA/PMU,S C Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -do- RDA/PMU, LA,SC RDA/PMU, LA/ NWS&DB/DS,SC -do- 12

148 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Maintain adequate distance between stockpiles & water bodies to control effects to natural drainage paths. Locations/ Project phase material and soil storage areas, and equipment and machinery service areas Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Siltation into water bodies (a) Contractor shall take measures to prevent siltation of water bodies as a result of construction work including, construction of temporary / permanent devices to prevent water pollution due to siltation and increase of turbidity. These shall include the measures against erosion as per EMP (b) Construction materials containing small / fine particles shall be stored in places not subjected to flooding and in such a manner that these materials will not be washed away by runoff. (c) Temporary soil dumps should be placed at least 200m away from all water bodies (d) If temporary soil piles are left at the site for a long time those piles should be covered with thick polythene sheets (e) All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch Alteration of drainage paths All water bodies located around the road sections and all other work sites Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- -do- -do- -do- RDA/PMU, LA, Irrigation Dept, Agrarian Services Dept,SC -do- -do- -do- -do- (a) Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and streams permanently. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work (e.g. for construction of bypass), contractor must first obtain the Engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is requested by the Engineer. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the relevant agencies such as Department of Irrigation (ID) / /Divisional Secretary (DS) prior to such action is taken. Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer All drainage paths crossed by the road within this road section. Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/PMU, DI/ DS/ASD,SC 13

149 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures required. (b) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways and drainage paths are not blocked. (c) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during heavy rain seasons such as South West monsoon rains from May to July Contamination of water from construction wastes Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -do- -do- -do- -do- (a) (b) (c) The work shall be carried out in such a manner that pollution of natural water courses such as Bolgoda Ganga, sea and other minor stream paths located across the road section is avoided. Measures as given in , 2.1.7, 2.1.8, and clauses shall be taken to prevent the wastewater produced in construction from entering directly into streams, water bodies or the irrigation systems. Avoid / minimize construction works near / at such drainage locations during heavy rainy seasons such as SW monsoonal and 1 st intermonsoonal periods. The discharge standards promulgated under the National Environmental Act shall be strictly adhered to. All waste arising from the project is to be disposed in a manner that is acceptable to the engineer and as per the guidelines/instructions issued by the CEA. At all water courses located adjacent to the road trace Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- - -do- -do- -do- Engineerin g cost -do- RDA/ PMU, LA, CEA,SC -do Contamination from fuel and lubricants (a) (b) All vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be located and operated as per the conditions and /or guidelines stipulated under the EPL issued by CEA. In general these should be located at least 200m away from water bodies and wastewater shall not be disposed without meeting the disposal standards of the CEA. Wastewater from vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be cleared of oil and grease and other contaminants to meet the relevant standards before discharging to the environment. Vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-filling shall be done as required in EMP clause to prevent water pollution as well Vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing centers Yards, servicing centers Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- RDA/ PMU, LA, CEA,SC -do- 14

150 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locating, sanitation and waste disposal in construction camps Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) Locations selected for labour camps should be approved by engineer and comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA/Local Authority (LA). Construction of labourer camps shall not be located within 200m from waterways or near to a site or premises of religious, cultural or archeological importance and school. Within this road section, Sensitive locations such as Temples, Kovils, Churches, Schools, etc,. Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/ PMU, LA, CEA, DWLC, DoF,SC (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Labour camps shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered to. Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of importance in a labour camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or to the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor shall carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any. Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution. All relevant provisions of the Factories Act and any other relevant regulations aimed at safety and health of workers shall be adhered to. List of roadside sensitive sites are given in Annex VII. At all labour camps -Do- Within this road section with special attention near to labour camps At all labour camps Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -Do- -do- -do- (g) Contractor should remove all labour camps fully after its need is over, -Do- Engineerin -do- -do- 15

151 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition Wastage of water and waste minimization Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) The contractor will minimize wastage of water in the construction process/operations by reusing water as much as possible, utilizing only the required amount of water for the construction works etc (b) The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on water conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste following guidelines given by CEA and LA Extraction of water (a) (b) (c) The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Contractor shall not obtain water for his purposes including for labour camps from public or community water supplies without approval from the relevant authority. Such extraction (if approved) should be under direct supervision of the engineer Extraction of water by the contractor for the project purposes shall comply with the guidelines and instructions issued by relevant authority. The Contractor shall not extract water from groundwater or from surface water-bodies without permission from the Engineer. Construction over and close to the Bolgoda Ganga and other minor streams shall be undertaken in dry season. (d) The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the said natural sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor 2.4. Flood Prevention Within this road section and labour camps Contractor -Do- -do- -do- Within this road section and at labour camps Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- -do- -do- All drainage paths crossed by the road within this road section. At all natural water sources used for construction works -do- -do- RDA/PMU, LA, CEA,SC RDA/PMU, LA,SC RDA/PMU,S C RDA/PMU, LA,SC Blockage of drainage paths and drains 16

152 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) Contractor s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures necessary or as directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains clear of blockage at all times. (b) If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor s activities, contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result Work in Flood Prone Areas Along this road section where road will be placed on embankment, at locations where bridges and culverts are to be repaired / reconstructed. Engineerin g cost Contractor -Do- -Do- -do- -do- RDA/PMU,S C (a) Contractor s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in flood prone areas when working in flood prone areas. (b) When working in flood prone areas during rainy season the contractor shall avoid storing materials, chemicals and other items of work in areas where those can be washed away by the floods. 2.5 Air Pollution Generation of Dust Some stretches of Road sections 1 & 2 trending through possible flood prone areas -Do- Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- RDA/PMU, DI/SLLRDC, SC -do- (a) The contractor shall effectively manage the dust generating activities Within this road Engineerin Contractor RDA/PMU,S such as topsoil removal, handling and transporting sand, rubble, section where g cost C bitumen, and cement during periods of high winds or during more earth work will stable conditions with winds directed towards adjacent residences and take place, other facilities. storage locations (b) All stockpiles shall be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors. of sand, rubble, -do- -dobitumen, cement (c) All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid spillage and -do- -do- 17

153 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision dust emission. and all sub roads (d) The Contractor should avoid, where possible and take suitable action to used for material -do- -doprevent dirt and mud being carried to the roadway (particularly following transportation, wet weather). paying special attention to (e) The contractor should enforce vehicle speed limits to minimize dust -do- -dogeneration. sensitive locations. (f) The Contractor shall employ a water truck to sprinkle water for dust -do- -dosuppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste List of roadside water / waste oil for dust suppression is prohibited) sensitive sites are (g) All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively. -do- -dogiven in Annex (h) All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to the minimize VII. -do- -dogeneration of dust. (i) All existing roads used by vehicles of the contractor, or any of his subcontractor -do- -dopart or supplies of materials or plant and similar roads which are of the works shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles or their tyres. (j) Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and -do- -doremoval of debris, or, if so directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and clearing equipment. Additionally, if so directed by the Engineer, the road surface will be hosed or sprinkled water using appropriate equipments. (k) Plants, machinery and equipment shall be handled (including -do- -dodismantling) so as to minimize generation of dust. (l) The contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level of dust -do- -doemission from the hot mix plants and the batching plants up to the satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms. (m) The hot mix plant be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines and operated with an EPL. The hot mix plants shall be fitted with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislation. -do- -do Emission from Hot-Mix Plants and Batching Plants (a) The hot mix plants and batching plants shall be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines. It is recommended that hot mix plants and batching Locations at which hot mix plant/s Contractor RDA/PMU, CEA,SC 18

154 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures plants to be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors such as vulnerable habitats, religious and cultural sites, residential areas, schools and industrial areas (b) The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislation. All operations at plants shall be undertaken in accordance with all current rules and regulations protecting the environment as well as the conditions given in the EPL Odour and offensive smells Locations/ Project phase and concrete batching plant/s to be located Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -Do- -do- -do- (a) (b) Contractor shall take all precautions such as storing all chemicals used for construction works in properly closed containers with good ventilations to prevent odour and offensive smell emanating from chemicals and processes applied in construction works or from labour camps. In a situation when/where odour or offensive smell does occur contractor shall take immediate action to rectify the situation. Contractor is responsible for any compensation involved with any health issue arisen out of bad odour and offensive smells. The waste disposal and sewerage treatment system for the labour camps shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no odour is generated. Compliance with the regulations on health and safety as well as CEA and LA guidelines shall be strictly adhered to. Within this road section including all sites used for store all chemicals and places where chemical reactions take place. At all labour camps Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- RDA/PMU, CEA, LA,SC -do Emission from construction Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery (a) The emission standards promulgated under the National Environment Act shall be strictly adhered to. (b) All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction shall be regularly serviced and well maintained to ensure that emission levels comply with the relevant standards. (c) Contractor should obtain the certificate issued by the Vehicular Emission Test (VET) for all construction vehicles, plants and other machineries and it should be renewed annually Air Pollution from Crusher All plants, machinery and vehicles used for construction -Do- - Contractor RDA/PMU, CEA, LA,SC Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- 19

155 Environmental Issues (a) (b) Protection and preventive measures Crusher plants should operate under an EPL and shall confirm to relevant dust emission levels as stated in the EPL. Only the quarries approved by GSMB and holding current EPL shall be used for material extraction. Crushing plants shall be sited sufficiently away from sensitive receptors such as houses, place of worships and outdoor recreation areas (locations given under item 2.4.1) or as required by the Engineer. Locations/ Project phase Quarry sites operated for material extraction for the project Locations where quarry sites will be operated (c) Sprinkling of water (through a sprinkler system) for dust suppression. -Do- Engineerin g cost 2.6. Noise Pollution and Vibration Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment. Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision - Contractor RDA/PMU, CEA, LA,SC - -do- -do- -do- -do- (a) (b) (c) (d) All machinery and equipment should be well maintained and fitted with noise reduction devices in accordance with manufacturer s instructions. In construction sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation, noisy construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing and batching, mechanical compaction, etc., will be stopped between hours to hours. No construction shall take place within 100m around hospitals between hours to hours. Near noise sensitive sites, such as schools noisy equipment shall not be used during noise sensitive times of the day. All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted with exhaust silences. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. Notwithstanding any other conditions of contract, noise level from any item of plant(s) must comply with the relevant legislation for levels of sound emission. Non-compliant plant shall be removed from site. Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), All machinery and vehicles used for road construction works Within this road section, Sensitive locations; List of roadside sensitive sites are given in Annex VII. Within this road section All equipment, machinery and vehicles used for -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU, LA,SC - Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -do- -do- - -do- -do- 20

156 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures vibrators, milling machines and saws shall not exceed 75 db(a). (e) Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and proper, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum. (f) Workers in vicinity of strong noise, and workers working with or in crushing, compaction, batching or concrete mixing operations shall be provided with protective gear Vibration Locations/ Project phase road construction works -Do- Within this road section, quarry, crusher plants Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -do- -do- -do- -do- (a) Contractor shall take appropriate action to ensure that construction works do not result in damage to adjacent properties due to vibration. Within this road section - Contractor RDA/PMU,S C (b) (c) (d) Prior to commencement of excavation, blasting activity, the Contractor shall undertake a condition survey of existing structures within the zone of influence, as agreed with the relevant government agencies and the engineer. Contractor shall carry out monitoring at the nearest vibration sensitive receptor during blasting or when other equipments causing vibration are used. The contractor shall modify the method of construction until compliance with the criteria, if vibration levels exceed the relevant vibration criteria. (e) Contractor shall pay due consideration on vibration impacts of blasting on adjoining structures. Explosive loads shall be determined so that excessive vibration can be avoided and blasts shall be controlled blasting in nature. Notwithstanding to these provisions contractor is liable for any damage caused by blasting work Noise from Blasting or Pre splitting Operations Within this road section where construction works will commence Within this road section where construction works will commence Within this road section where construction works will commence and at quarry and burrow sites Within this road section where construction works will commence and at quarry sites - -do- -do- - -do- -do- - -do- -do- - -do- -do- 21

157 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures (a) Blasting shall be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during midday), as permitted by the Engineer. The timing should be made known to all the people within 500 m (200 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions. People, except those who actually light the fuse shall be excluded from the area of 200 m (50 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions at least 10m minutes before the blasting Impacts to Flora Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision At quarry sites - Contractor RDA/PMU, GSMB,SC Loss or Damage to Trees and Vegetation (a) All works shall be carried out in a manner that the destruction to the flora and their habitats is minimised. Trees and vegetation shall be felled / removed only if that impinges directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works. In all such cases contractor shall take prior approval from the Engineer. Throughout the road section 03 trees reservation have to be removed and branches of 392 trees have to be cut, near / within the existing road and at its reservations. - Contractor RDA/PMU, DS, DoF, CEA,SC Location, variety & size of trees to be removed and branches of trees to be cut are given in Annex III. (b) Contractor shall make every effort to avoid removal and/or destruction of trees of religious, cultural and aesthetic significance. If such action is unavoidable the Engineer shall be informed in advance and carry out public consultation and report on the same should be submitted to the Engineer. -Do- - -do- -do- 22

158 Environmental Issues (c) Protection and preventive measures Contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendations made by the Central Environmental Authority, if any with regard to felling of trees and removal of vegetation. (d) Removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Corporation. Throughout the road section (e) The contractor shall plant over 5 year old root-balled native trees Indicative number of suitable for the location and/or rooted temple flower branches as trees / plants and identified by the Engineer. indicative number of planting structures The contractor shall build hardy structures around the trees for necessary are to be protection. identified by the The contractor shall also build planting structures to be placed along the contractor. Planting centre median to the specifications agreed with the Engineer as given in should take place diagram x and plant bougainvillea and/or any other thorny and prior to completing aesthetically pleasing plant agreed with the Engineer. centre median and sidewalks The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the well-being of the trees/plants until the end of the contract Chance found important Flora Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -Do- - -do- -do- - -do- -do- - Contractor RDA/PMU, DS, DoF, CEA,SC (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered flora species is found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor. All activities that could destroy such flora and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such flora and/or its habitat. Applicable throughout the road section - Contractor RDA/PMU, DoF, DWLC,SC 2.8. Impact on Fauna Loss, Damage or Disruption to Fauna (a) All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or Applicable throughout the - Contractor RDA/PMU,S 23

159 Environmental Issues (b) Protection and preventive measures disruption to the fauna and their habitats is minimum. Construction workers shall be instructed to protect fauna including wild animals and aquatic life as well as their habitats. Hunting, pouching and unauthorized fishing by project workers is not allowed. Locations/ Project phase road section, especially to the road section - 2 Applicable throughout the road section, especially to the road section - 2 Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision C - -do- -do- (d) Siting of all hot mix plants, crushing plants, workshops, depots and temporary worker camps and storing of toxic and hazardous materials at approved locations, and recycling and dumping of solid waste matter at locations approved by local authorities, maintenance of vehicles and equipment in good operable condition, ensuring no leakage of oil or fuel and the fitting of proper exhaust baffles. Any solid waste should not be dumped into water bodies Chance found important Fauna Locations selected for erecting the asphalt, crusher and concrete batching plants and workshops Engineerin g cost -do- -do- (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered fauna species is found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor. All activities that could destroy such fauna and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such fauna and/or its habitat. Applicable within this road section - Contractor RDA/PMU, DWLC/DoF, SC 2.9. Disruption to Users Loss of Access 24

160 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures (a) At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side highways and property accesses connecting the project highway. Work that affects the use of side highways and existing accesses shall not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions to the prior satisfaction of the Engineer. (b) The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with the convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or private highways, railways and any other access footpaths to or of properties whether public or private. (c) On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to access shall be cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared to the satisfaction of the Engineer. (d) Providing advance information to the public about the planned construction works and activities causing disruption to access highways, and the temporary arrangements made to give relief to public in order to avoid any inconveniences due to the construction activities. (e) Use of flagmen and/or temporary traffic lights to control traffic flows at constricted sites, including safe crossing for pedestrians especially at town areas and near schools Traffic Jams and Congestion Locations/ Project phase Applicable within this road section Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contractor RDA/PMU -Do- - -do- -do- -Do- Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- (a) (b) Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval 5 days prior to commencement of works on any section of highway. The traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic arrangements after cession of work each day. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police. Temporary diversion of traffic to facilitate construction work shall have the approval of the Engineer. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police. Applicable within this road section - Contractor RDA/PMU, LA -Do- - -do- -do- 25

161 Environmental Issues (c) (d) (e) Protection and preventive measures Special consideration shall be given in the preparation of the traffic control plan to the safety of pedestrians and workers at night. The contractor shall ensure that the highway surface is always properly maintained, particularly during the monsoon so that no disruption to the traffic flow occurs. The temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by frequent application of water. (f) Personnel used for traffic control by the contractor shall be properly trained, provided with proper gear including communication equipment, luminous jackets for night use. All signs, barricades, pavement markings used for traffic management should be to the standards and approved by the Engineer/ Police. (g) The manual of traffic control devices of RDA Should be followed during construction period in order to ensure the safety and traffic control Traffic Control and Safety Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision -Do- - -do- -do- Within this road section Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- -Do- - -do- -do- (a) (b) The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may be required by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highway under improvement. The provision of traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work and follow The Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD) guidelines and instructions given by the Police, if any. Informing the public through newspapers/ announcements/ radio/ TV etc. about the construction activities in order to avoid any inconveniences due to the construction activities. -Do- Project influence area Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Contractor -do- RDA/PMU, LA -do Accidents and Risks Public and Worker safety 26

162 Environmental Issues (a) (b) Protection and preventive measures All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and the public from accidents such as fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc. The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the international labor organization (ILO) convention No. 62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to this contract. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress Prevention of Risks of Electrocution Locations/ Project phase Within this road section, material storage and worker camps -Do- Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contractor RDA/PMU -do- -do- (a) All electrical wiring and supply related work should confirm to British Standards (BS) or relevant Sri Lankan Standards. Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger of electrocuting from electrical equipment and power supply lines including distribution boards, transformers, etc. Measures such as danger signboards, danger/red lights, fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public and workers. All electric power driven machines to be used in the construction shall be free from defect, be properly maintained and kept in good working order, be regularly inspected and as per BS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Within this road section, material storage and worker camps -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU Risk at Hazardous Activity 27

163 Environmental Issues (a) Protection and preventive measures All workers employed in hazardous activities shall be provided with necessary protective gear. These activities include mixing asphalt material, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., welding work, work at crushing plants, blasting work, operators of machinery and equipment such as power saws, etc. (b) The use of any toxic chemical shall be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. The Engineer shall be notified of toxic chemicals that are planned to be used in all contract related activities. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product Lead Pollution (a) No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of paste or readymade paint. Facemasks shall be supplied to workers who are working in spray painting or scraping lead paints Handling of Explosives Locations/ Project phase Within this road section, quarry site and burrow pits Within this road section Workshops, yards where spray painting is done Mitigation cost Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contractor RDA/PMU -Do- -do- -do- - Contractor RDA/PMU (a) (b) Except as provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor shall not use explosives. Where the use of explosives is so provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor shall comply with the requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of this Clause besides the law of the land as applicable. The Contractor shall at all times take every possible precaution and shall comply with relevant laws and regulations relating to the importation, handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives. Contractor shall obtain Ministry of Defense (MoD) approval for importing and handling explosives and keep the Local Police informed of the same. All locations where blasting activities will commence -Do- - Contractor RDA/PMU, LA/CEA Engineerin g cost -do- RDA/PMU, MoD Health and Safety 28

164 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Prevention of Vector based Diseases Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) Contractor shall take necessary actions to prevent breeding of mosquitoes at places of work, labour camps, plus office and store buildings. Stagnation of water in all areas including gutters, used and empty cans, containers, tyres, etc shall be prevented. Approved chemicals to destroy mosquitoes and larvae should be regularly applied. At worker camps, stores, yards Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/PMU, LA All burrow sites should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the Central Environmental authority and relevant local authorities (b) Contractor shall keep all places of work, labour camps, plus office and store buildings clean devoid of garbage to prevent breeding of rats and other vectors such as flies Workers Health and Safety -Do- -Do- -do- -do- (a) First Aid Contractor shall comply with the provisions in Health and Safety regulations under the Factory Ordinance with regard to provision of health and safety measures and amenities at work place(s). Within this road section, workshops and worker camps - Contractor RDA/PMU (a) At every workplace, first aid kit shall be provided as per the regulations. At every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided Potable Water Within this road section, quarry, crusher, concrete batching plants, workshops and worker camps Engineerin g cost Contractor RDA/PMU, LA (a) In every workplace and labour camps portable water shall be available throughout the day in sufficient quantities. Within this road section (work sites), quarry, crusher, concrete batching plants, -Do- -do- -do- 29

165 Environmental Issues Hygiene Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase workshops and worker camps Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The contractor shall provide and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scale approved by the resident engineer. At every workplace and labour camps sufficient number of bathing facilities, latrines and urinals shall be provided in accordance with the Health and Safety regulations and/or as directed by the Engineer. These bathroom and toilet facilities shall be suitably located within the workplace/buildings. Latrines shall be cleaned at least three times daily in the morning, midday and evening and kept in a strict sanitary condition. If women are employed, separate latrines and urinals, screened from those for men and marked in the vernacular shall be provided. There shall be adequate supply of water, within and close to latrines and urinals. The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp, work sites and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Construction camps shall have a clean hygienic environment and adequate health care shall be provided for the work force. Unless otherwise arranged for by the Local Authority, the contractor shall arrange proper disposal of sludge from septic tanks. The contractor shall obtain approval for such disposal from the Public Health Inspector of the area. Within this road section, workshops, worker camps Worker camps and temporary sheds at work sites Worker camps and temporary sheds at work sites -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU, LA (MC), CEA -Do- -do- -do- Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do- -Do- -Do- -do- -do Protection of Archaeological, Cultural and Religious Places and Properties 30

166 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Prevention of damage to Cultural and Religious Places and Properties (a) During construction activities the contractor should take all necessary Near to places of and adequate care to minimize impacts on cultural properties which worships near to includes cultural sites and remains, places of worship. the road trace Workers should not be allowed to trespass in to such areas. List of cultural sites religious places are given in Annex VII. -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU, Dpt. Of cultural affairs, LA, Religious leaders Chance found Archaeological property (a) (b) (c) All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other remains or things of geological or archaeological interest etc. discovered on the site and/or during construction work shall be the property of the Government of Sri Lanka, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of Antiquities Ordinance of 1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998) The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions from the site of discovery. If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice and assistance from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures to be taken with regard to the artefacts prior to recommencement of work in the area. Within this road section -Do- -Do- - Contractor RDA/PMU, DoA Engineerin g cost Engineerin g cost -do- -do- -do- -do Environmental Enhancement 31

167 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Roadside Landscape Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) Roadside landscape plantation, re-vegetation of road embankments and other slopes, edge treatment of water bodies shall be taken up as per either detailed design or typical design guidelines given as part of the Bid Documents. The contactor also shall remove all debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil material, away from the roadsides and from other work places and disposed at locations designated or acceptable to the Engineer or as per Clause (b) On completion of the works, the temporary structures shall be cleared away in full, all rubbish burnt, waste dumps and septic tank shall be filled and closed and roadsides, workplaces and labour camps, cleared and cleaned Utilities and Roadside Amenities Within this road section, and all locations used for quarry sites, burrow pits, asphalt plant, concrete batching plants, workshops and labour camps -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU -Do- -Do- -do- -do- (a) (b) (c) Contractor shall replace all amenities such as bus shelters that were removed/ relocated during the construction unless the Engineer directed the contractor not to do so. Contractor shall take care not to damage/destroy or affect the functional purposes of utilities such as water, electricity, telephone posts. The arrangements the contractor made with those service providers shall be informed to the Engineer in writing (advance work). Contractor shall assist the service providers in whatever possible manner to minimize disruption to such services. In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the contractor shall immediately inform the service provider and help to restore the service without delay. Places where bus shelters are located along the road At all locations where electricity, telecommunication and water supply lines need to be shifted Within this road section -Do- Contractor RDA/PMU -do- -do- - -do- -do Road Furniture 32

168 Environmental Issues (a) Protection and preventive measures Road furniture including footpaths, railings, storm water drains, crash barrier, traffic signs, speed zone signs, pavement markers and any other such items will be provided as per design given in the Bid Documents. Locations/ Project phase Within this road section Mitigation cost Design cost/ Engineerin g cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision Contractor RDA/PMU (b) Intersections, rotaries, traffic islands, roadside protection and other structures or furniture shall be constructed, complete with the landscape elements as per design in the above manner Handling Environmental Issues during Construction -Do- Engineerin g cost -do- -do- (a) (b) (c) The Contractor will appoint a suitably qualified Environmental Officer following the award of the contract. The Environmental Officer will be the primary point of contact for assistance with all environmental issues during the pre-construction and construction phases. He/ She shall be responsible for ensuring the implementation of EMP. The Contractor shall appoint a person responsible for community liaison and to handle public complaints regarding environmental/ social related matters. All public complaints will be entered into the Complaints Register. The Environmental Officer will promptly investigate and review environmental complaints and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or mitigate the cause of the complaints. A register of all complaints is to be passed to the Engineer within 24 hrs they are received, with the action taken by the Environmental Officer on complains thereof. Contractor shall develop suitable method to receive complaints. The complain register shall be placed at a convenient place, easily accessible by the public. Within this road section during construction period - Contractor RDA/PMU -Do- - -do- -do- Within this road section during construction period - -do- -do- (d) Contractor shall prepare detailed Environmental Method Statement (EMS) clearly stating the approach, actions and manner in which the EMP is implemented. It is required from the contractor to prepare the At local authority and divisional secretary offices Throughout the project construction - -do- -do- 33

169 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures EMS for each work site, if work will be carried out at more than one site at once and time plan for implementation. The EMS shall be updated regularly and submit for Engineers review. 3.0 Operational stage Locations/ Project phase period Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision 3.1 Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris. (a) Regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of all culverts to reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of RDA should be followed to maintain the road drainage system 3.2. Road safety At all hydraulic structures within this road section Maintenan ce cost RDA (a) A management plan should be formulated with the local police to avoid any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the carrying capacity (load) of the rehabilitated road. Weigh stations could be introduced at selected locations to measure the load of vehicle. 3.3 Encochement of new ROW Within this road section Maintenan ce cost RDA RDA, LA (local police) (a) Continuous monitoring and strict regulations should be followed to avoid the encroachment. Executive Engineers under direct supervision of Chief Engineer and Provincial Director should conduct regular checking along the road and remove any unauthorized activities within the ROW. 3.4 Loss, damage or disruption to fauna Within this road section Maintenan ce cost RDA RDA (a) Placing warning signs at locations where wild animal movement corridors cross the highway. Within this road section Engineerin g cost RDA RDA, DWLC Such sign posts should be placed at least 1 km before approaching the area in order for the drivers to be more vigilant and reduce speed 3.5 Operation of Milling Machine for Milling of Aspaultic Concrte Pavement (a) The milling machine should be equipped with means to effectively Where milling operations are Engineerin RDA / RdA/PMU/SC 34

170 Environmental Issues Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Mitigation cost Institutional Responsibility Implement Supervision control dust generated by the cutting operation engaged. g cost Contractors (b) Hauling equipment shall be available to receive milled material directly from the milling machine or loaded from a windrow of milled material when approved by the Engineer, and haul it directly to the stockpile. -d0- Maintenan ce cost Contractors RDA/PMU/S C (c) Equipment for removing any loose material during the sweeping operation shall have the capability to pic the material up off the milled and / or adjacent roadway and be able to be unload onto the hauling equipment -do- Maintenan ce cost Contractors RDA/PMU/SC (d) (e) All milled material shall be loaded dierectly to trucks from the milling machine or from the windrow if approved by the Engineer, and hauled to the designated stockfile site. Locations selected for stockfiles should be approved by engineer and comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA and approvals should be obtained from Local Authorities. Stockfiles shall not be located within 200m from waterways or near to a site or premises of religious, cultural or archeological importance and school. The resultant milled roadway surface should be swept clean immediately after the removal of the milled material to the stockfiles. -do- -do- Maintenan ce cost Maintenan ce cost Contractors Contractors RDA/PMU/SC RDA/PMU/SC (f) The contractor should at all times minimize contamination of the milled material with granular or deleterious material. -do- Maintenan ce cost Contractors RDA/PMU/SC (g) (h) In aspaultic concrete milling sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation will be stopped between hours to hours. No construction shall take place within 100m around hospitals between hours to hours. Near noise sensitive sites, such as schools noisy equipment shall not be used during noise sensitive times of the day. Noise limits for milling operations in this project (measured at one meter from the edge of the road) shall not exceed 75 db(a). -do- -do- Maintenan ce cost Maintenan ce cost Contractors Contractors RDA/PMU/SC RDA/PMU/SC Note: Proposed additional safety measures are given in Annex X. 35

171 Abbreviations CEA - Central Environment Authority DS - Divisional Secretariat PMU - Project Management Unit RDA - Road Development Authority GSMB - Geological Survey and Mines Bureau NWS&DB - National Water Supply and Drainage Board SLT - Sri Lanka Telecom CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board ICTAD - Institute for Construction Training and Development ID - Irrigation Department CCD Coast Concervation Department SLR Sri Lanka Railways. LA - Local Authority ILO - International Labor Organization IAD - International Development Agency WB - World Bank PS - Pradeshiya Sabha IE - Irrigation Engineer ME - Mining Engineer MOH - Medical Officer of Health PHI - Public Health Inspector RoW - Right of Way EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment IEE - Initial Environmental Examination S - Right Hand Side LHS - Left Hand Side Co-op - Co-opeartive DBH - Diameter at Brest Height IML - Industrial Mining License EPL - Environmental Protection License VET - Vehicular Emission Test EMP - Environmental Management Plan EA - Environmental Assessment AL Artisinal Mining License 36

172 ANNEXES ANNEX I: List & Chainage of Existing Culverts (Hume Pipe & Box) to be Demolished & Rebuilt with More Space & Width, Built-up Leaderways to be repaired, Silttraps to be Erected ANNEX - II: Trees to be Removed or Branches to be Cut ANNEX III: Proposed Debris and Spoil Disposal Sites ANNEX IV: Licensed Burrow Sites in Colombo & Kalutara Districts ANNEX V: Licensed Quarry Sites in Colombo & Kalutara Districts ANNEX VI: Licensed Sand Mining Sites in Colombo & Kalutara Districts ANNEX VII: List & Chainage of Environmentally Sensitive Sites along the Roadway (Noise and Air Pollution Sensitive Sites) ANNEX VIII: Summary of Procedure to Obtain Mining License for Borrow Pit Operation ANNEX IX: Summary of Procedure to Obtain Mining License for Quarry Operation ANNEX X: Proposed Additional Safety Measures ANNEX XI: Recommended Safety Boards Between Stretch of A 002 Road 37

173 ANNEX I List & Chainage of Existing Culverts (Hume Pipe & Box) to be Demolished & Rebuilt with More Space & Width, Built-up Leaderways to be repaired, Silttraps to be Erected Road Section 1 (A 002 Road): (from Maliban Junction ) to Kurusa Junction ) Chainage Activity Length of the existing Lead away Drains (M) Existing partly damaged box culvert (14/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing Box culvert (16/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing two row, partly blocked and water stagnated hume pipe culvert (16/2) to be demolished and erect a new box culvert with more space & width Existing built-up leaderway to S to be developed New culvert is proposed at Katubedda Junction. Built-up leaderway is also proposed along the edge of the LHS side road Existing box culvert (17/2) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged box culvert (18/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Existing leaderway to S to be

174 developed Existing partly damaged box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & completely blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & completely blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & completely blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & completely blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width

175 Road Section 2 (AB 011 Road): (from Kurushasa Junction 0+000) to Panadura Bridge Junction 6+800) Chainage Activity Length of the existing Lead away Drains (M) Existing partly damaged & blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Flow towards culvert no. 1/ Existing partly damaged & blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing partly damaged & blocked box culvert (near Frazer Avenue) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Existing builtup leaderway to LHS is also to be developed Existing partly damaged & completely blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing box culvert across the road (In front of St. Peters Lane). According to the villagers, provisions have also been made across the railway line. However, it has not been connected to the sea through a leaderway. In addition, no space to erect a catch pit as well near to Flow towards culvert no. 1/1 Flow towards culvert no. 1/1 Flow towards culvert no. 1/1 40

176 the culvert. Therefore, it is recommended to erect a covered built up leaderway and it will have to be connected to the sea through the edges of nearby seaward side roads Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (near Koralawella Railway Station) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (near Koralawella Grounds) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Leaderway of this culvert was diverted to a catch pit. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the catch pit. It is recommended to reerect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the catch pit. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the catch pit Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of

177 this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea

178 Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the seapoint of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (near Egoda Uyana Railway Station) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway

179 (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (near Sagara Lane) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Leaderway of this culvert was diverted to a catch pit. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the catch pit. It is recommended to reerect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the catch pit. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the catch pit Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (in front of IOC Shed) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Leaderway of this culvert was diverted to a catch pit. However due to filling of leaderway with

180 soils, water is currently not drained into the catch pit. It is recommended to reerect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the catch pit. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the catch pit Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Existing damaged and blocked box culvert (near Vijitha Mawatha) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. According to the villagers, leaderway of this culvert was diverted to the sea through the railway line. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the sea. It is recommended to reerect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the sea. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the sea Remove dumped soil materials in 45

181 the S shoulder Existing damaged and blocked box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Leaderway of this culvert was diverted to a catch pit. However due to filling of leaderway with soils, water is currently not drained into the catch pit. It is recommended to re-erect the leaderway (covered built up leaderway) upto the catch pit. It is also recommended to erect a silttrap at the edge of the connecting point of leaderway to the catch pit Bridge over Moratuwa Ganga Moratuwa Ganga 46

182 47

183 Road Section 3 (A 002 Road): (from Panadura Bridge Junction ) to Nalluruwa 30 th km Post Junction ) Chainage Activity Length of the existing Lead away Drains (M) Existing Box culvert (26/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the edge of connecting point of culvert to the leaderway Existing Box culvert (26/2) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the edge of connecting point of culvert to the leaderway Existing Box culvert (26/3) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the edge of connecting point of culvert to the leaderway

184 Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the edge of connecting point of culvert to the leaderway Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the edge of connecting point of culvert to the leaderway Existing recently erected minor bridge over minor stream. Leaderway is connected to Bolgoda Lake. Erect siltltap at the four entering points of builtup side drains to the minor stream Existing Box culvert (27/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S Existing Box culvert (27/2) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly damaged built up leaderway in S

185 Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in S Existing built up partly blocked and damaged leaderway in S to be developed Existing built up partly blocked and damaged leaderway in S to be developed Existing Box culvert (28/1) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Existing Box culvert (28/3) to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width Proposed culvert to be erected with enough space and width. Proposed covered built-uo leaderway along the edge of the side road towards LHS direction Proposed build up covered leaderway along the left edge of the side road (Sri Sumangala Boys School) in S Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in LHS

186 Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in LHS Proposed build up covered leaderway along the left edge of the side road (Galwetimodera Road) in S Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in LHS Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in LHS Existing Box culvert to be demolished and erect a new culvert with more space & width. Also develop partly blocked & damaged built up leaderway in LHS (along the side of Bodhirukkarama road) Panadura Ganga Panadura Ganga 51

187 ANNEX II Trees to be Removed / Branches to be Cut ABBREVIATIONS: S Right Hand Side, LHS Left Hand Side, C Centre, BC Cutting Branches, RE Remove, E Electricity, T Telephone, V - Vehicles Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for A 2 Road C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T 52

188 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC E S Tamarindus indica Siyabala I BC T C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E C Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC E/T C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/T C Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC T C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T LHS Spondias dulcis Amberella I BC T LHS Spondias dulcis Amberella I BC T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T 53

189 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC E/T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Samanea saman Para Mara I BC V LHS Samanea saman Para Mara I BC E LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T LHS Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa I BC T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T 54

190 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Tabebuia rosea I BC T LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T C Tabebuia rosea I BC E/T/V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/T/V LHS Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC E/T LHS Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E/T C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E/T LHS Anacardium occidentale Cadju I BC E/T LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/T LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC E/V 55

191 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Sterculia foetida Telambu N BC E/T LHS Tabebuia rosea I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Tabebuia rosea I BC E S Muntingia calabura Jam I BC E LHS Gmelina arborea Ath Demata N BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E 56

192 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E 57

193 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V LHS Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V 58

194 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V C Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I RE V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Samanea saman Para Mara I BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V 59

195 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa I BC E C Azadirachta indica Kohomba N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V 60

196 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Ficus sp. Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V 61

197 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Peltophorum pterocarpum N BC E/T LHS Lannea coromandelica Hik N BC E S Cocos nucifera Pol N BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana N BC V S Ceiba pentandra Pulun I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V LHS Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil I BC E/V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V 62

198 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Muntingia calabura Jam I BC E/V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E/V S Delonix regia May Mara I BC E/V S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC E S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil I RE E/V S Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V 63

199 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V S Tectona grandis Thekka I BC E/V S Acacia melanoxylon I BC E/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC E/V S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V S Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Tabebuia rosea I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/T LHS Ficus benghalensis Maha Nuga N BC E/T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V S Cassia fistula Ehela N BC E/T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Polyalthia longifolia Owila N BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V 64

200 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/T S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T S Acacia melanoxylon I BC T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T S Plumeria obtusa Araliya I BC T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T S Filicium decipiens Pehimbiya N BC T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V S Limonia acidissima Divul N BC T S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC T/V S Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani I BC T/V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC T 65

201 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Cassia fistula Ehela N BC T/V AB 11 Road C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Tabebuia rosea I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Barringtonia asiatica Diya Midella N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V 66

202 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V C Acacia melanoxylon I BC V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Mangifera indica Amba I BC E/V LHS Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Acacia melanoxylon I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Cocos nucifera Pol N BC E LHS Cocos nucifera Pol N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E 67

203 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Ficus religiosa Boo I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I RE E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Thespesia populnea Suriya N BC E S Calophyllum inophyllum Domba N BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V C Acacia mangium I BC V S Mangifera indica Amba I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E 68

204 Chanage Side Species Local Name Status Action Obstruct for LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V LHS Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V S Terminalia catappa Kottan I BC E/V ANNEX III Proposed Debris and Spoil Disposal Sites These sites are subjected to approval of DS, LA & Engineer 1. Ball Clay Mined pits around Wasgamuwa near Wadduwa 69

205 2. Below Surface Mined and Presently Abandoned Quarry Sites around Korathota near Athurugiriya 70

206 71