Becquerel Prize 2009, Hamburg, 24th European PVSEC. Alexandre Edmond Becquerel Fraunhofer ISE

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1 Becquerel Prize 2009, Hamburg, 24th European PVSEC Alexandre Edmond Becquerel

2 Thanks! 2

3 Thanks!

4 Thanks! 4

5 PV-Efficiency Revolution by Evolution Successful research needs an excellent and stable environment: - continuous financial support - a good infra structure - an excellent team - fun at work!! Efficiency [%] ISE III-V cell development 3-junction, mech-stacked dual-junction, concentrator cells single-junction cells, 1-sun application, AM1.5g 3-junction, monolithic single-junction, concentrator cells, AM1.5d Year 5

6 1989: The first Cell above 20 %! Bett, Lutz, Nugyen, Wettling, 9th European PVSEC; Freiburg 1989, p.510 6

7 Starting in 1992: Concentrator Cell Development Topics of interest: - grid layout - low ohmic contacts - characterization of cells Efficiency (%) : suns 2009: 28.8 suns series resistance series resistance 21 A451.5c B c 20 R c = 0.05 Ω cm² R c = Ω cm² R c = Ω cm² Concentration C (x AM1.5d) Blieske, Bett, Duong, Schetter, Sulima, 12th Eurppean PVSEC, Amsterdam, 1994, 1409 Bett, Dimroth, Stollwerck, Sulima, Appl. Phys. A 69, (1999) 7

8 In 1994: First Concentrator Modules, Trackers Topics of interest: - module testing - tracker - concentrator optics U. Blieske A. Wegner A. Bett 8

9 In 1994: First Concentrator Modules, Trackers Topics of interest: - module testing - tracker - concentrator optics 9 Testmodule with GaAs single-junction cells and Fresnel lenses: 19 % efficiency Blieske, Bett, Duong, Schetter, Sulima, 12th Eurppean PVSEC, Amsterdam, 1994, 1409

10 : Mechanical Stacked Cells: GaAs-GaSb; AlGaAs-Si lense nm nm Cu GaAs AR AR TiPdAg - front contact grid Cu SiN - antireflection coating p-al 0.26 Ga 0.74 As - emitter 4 mm n-al x Ga 1-x As - base SiN - antireflection coating GaAs nm Al-graded p-al x Ga 1-x As window-emitter ( nm) 300 μm μm 1 μm AuGe rear contacts Cu GaSb Cu Si-bottom cell Efficiencies up to suns Efficiencies up to 20suns Bett, Keser, Stollwerck, Sulima, Wettling, 26th IEEE PVSC, Anaheim, 1997, 931 Dimroth, Bett, 14th European PVSC; Barcelona, 1997,

11 1997: Module with Operating Efficiency of 23 % 1,2 1,0 Current [A] 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Tandem, 23.0 % GaAs GaSb T ambient =22 C, T cell =38 C DNI=717 W/m² 0, Voltage [V] Bett, Keser, Stollwerck, Sulima, Wettling, 26th IEEE PVSC, Anaheim, 1997,

12 1998: First FLATCON-type Modules with Operating Efficiency of % Developed in co-operation with IOFFE, Prof. Rumyantsev, Prof. Andreev Rumyantsev, Andreev, Bett, Dimroth, Hein, Lange, Shvarts, Sulima, 28th IEEE PVSC; Alaska, 2000,

13 1998: Industrial Feasible MOVPE Equipment 13

14 since 1999: The Development of Monolithic Tandem Cells standard ISE concept Ga 0.51 In 0.49 P top cell GaAs middle cell Ga 0.35 In 0.65 P top cell Ga 0.83 In 0.17 As middle cell Cu GaInP Ga(In)As substrate GaAs (or Ge bottom cell) Ga 1-x In x As buffer Cu GaSb GaAs (or Ge bottom cell) GaInP, GaAs and substrate lattice matched 300 < λ < 900 GaInP and GaInAs lattice matched, substrate mismatched 300 < λ < 1050 nm higher efficiency potential 2001: 33.5 % (C = 308) 14

15 2000: Exceeding 30 % Efficiency with Dual-junction Cell of Ga 0.35 In 0.65 P/ Ga 0.83 In 0.17 As! Efficiency [%] maximum efficiency 31.1 % at C= Concentration [xam1.5d,1000 W/m²] 15 Bett, Dimroth, Lange, Meusel, Beckert, Hein, van Riesen, Schubert,,28th IEEE PVSC, Anchorage, 2000, 961

16 2001: Concentrator Module with monolithic Tandem Cells exceeds 25 % Efficiency [%] Air mass Hein, Meusel, Baur, Dimroth, Lange, Siefer, Tibbits, Bett, Andreev, Rumyantsev, 17th European PVSEC, Munich, 2001,

17 2005: Foundation of Concentrix Solar FLATCON-modules, %,first 1 kw grid-connected demonstration in Freiburg Bett, Burger, Dimroth, Siefer, Lerchenmueller, 4th WCPEC, Hawaii, 2006,

18 2008: Next Generation of FLATCON Modules FLATCON-modules with secondary optics and triple-junction cells, > 28 % under outdoor operation Jaus, Nitz, Peharz, Siefer, Schult, Wolf, Passig, Gandy, Bett, 33rd IEEE PVSC, San Diego, 2008,

19 2009: 41.1 % for the Metamorphic Triple Solar Cell 19

20 2009: Test-Module with Metamorphic Triple-Junction Solar Cells 20 Current [A] Measured under indoor simulator, not calibrated! 0,22 0,20 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,10 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 ISE T 060 A = 96 cm² DNI ~ 1000 W/m² T module ~ 25 C I SC = ma V OC = V FF = 86.6 % η = 30.9 % 0, Voltage [V]

21 CPV-Technology is going to the Market Puertollano 21 Seville Excellent plant performance: up to 23 % AC efficiency

22 The Future of CPV and other PV-Technologies Yearly Prodcution [MW p ] System Price [ /W p ] Year 22

23 The Vision: Worldwide Energy Supply by Solar 23

24 DESERTEC - Renewable Electricity for Europe signing an MoU of an industry consortium to work together, July 13th, Source: Red Paper, Desertec Foundation

25 The Magic Triangle must Work Together! Technology Education Politics 25

26 Our Future is Solar! EU commitment: 20% renewable by 2020 If we all work together we will fulfill this commitment with SOLAR POWER! There is no source nor technical limitation! Equivalent global stock of energy source U Gas Oil Energy produced daily by the sun Coal Annual energy demand 26 Source: BMWi 2000

27 Thank you for your attention! 27