Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon Cities in Asia: Lessons Learned and Future Potential

Transcription

1 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon Cities in Asia: Lessons Learned and Future Potential D.G.J. Premakumara, Programme Manager Shom Teoh, Programme Manager Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), International Village Center, 2F, 1-1-1, Hirano, Yahata Higashiku, Kitakyushu, Japan Tel: , Fax: premakumara@iges.or.jp

2 Why cities are matter of achieving sustainable and low carbon development? Over half of the world s population resides in cities, and up to 80% is projected for 2050 Cities produce 80% of global GDP Over 90% of all urban areas are coastal, putting most cities at risk of flooding from rising sea levels and powerful storms. Cities produce 50% -80% of global waste Cities account for 60-80% of global GHG emissions Cities consume 75% of natural resources Data Source: Un-Habitat, 2008, UNEP,<built.environment@unep.org>

3 Resource efficient cities are engine to sustainable and low carbon development There are genuine opportunities for city leaders to contribute to sustainability and enhance the quality of life in urban areas by improving resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, minimizing environmental risks and enhancing ecosystems. Figure Source:

4 Organic waste management in Asian cities Generation of MSW MSW is collected by municipalities MSW is disposed in unmanaged dumpsite Over 50% of MSW is organic matters Use 20%-50% of annual budget for waste management, however, 30%-60% of waste remain uncollected Results for serious local, regional and global public and environmental health nuisances, including climate change

5 A local government commitment and citizen participation in MSWM in Surabaya City Source: Surabaya City, 2012 Surabaya, a second largest city in Indonesia faced a tremendous challenge in managing its MSW. With the current leadership of the city, the local government encourage community participation through Surabaya Green and Clean Programme.

6 Community-based waste management is the heart of the Surabaya Model Educated women to start H/H business from recycling materials Educated residents to separate waste at source and use of compost bin Educated residents to start organic farming at H/H and community Surabaya Clean and Green Programme award s the model communities Collected H/H waste separately Rest sell in Market Organic waste treated at composting center

7 National and local policies motivate public/private partnership and encourage them to become actively involve in MSWM in Cebu Cebu, a capital city in the Visaya Region of the Philippines faced tremendous challenge in managing its MSW. With the current leadership of the city, it strictly enforce the implementation of the national policy on Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA9003)

8 Public/private partnership is the heart of Cebu Model Barangay MRF Separated waste is collected by bio-man and brings to material recovery facility (MRF) Organic waste for composting Educate and enforce the law on waste separation at source Recyclables for material recovery Private sector involvemen t Residual waste transport to Central MRF in the landfills RDF for waste to energy, and organic for composting Central composting plant

9 Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources (SEVANATHA compost plant in Matale treat 2 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets) Transportation Segregation Pilling (box method) Packaging Screening Photo courtesy: Sevanatha Heat measure

10 Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources (Waste Concern s composting plant in Bulta, near Dhaka treat tonnes/day waste from vegetable markets) Photo courtesy: Waste Concern Transportation Sorting Making aerated piles Packing Screening Heat measure

11 Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources (IL&FS composting plant in Okhla, New Delhi treat 200 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets) Windrow formation Monsoon shed Coarse segregation Packing End product Refinement Photo courtesy: IL&FS company

12 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues Balangoda Compost Plant Badulla Compost Plant Kuliyapitiya Compost Plant Nonthaburi Compost Plant Pobsuk Compost Plant Bangkok Compost Plant Nangong Compost Plant Matale Compost Plant Surabaya Compost Plant BASA Compost Plant GRAMUS Compost Plant Temsi Compost Plant WasteConcern Compost Plant Penang Compost Plant Broad-based support need to be available for private sector/ NGO

13 2 ASEAN ESC Model Cities Programme (Year 1) An initiative by the ASEAN Working Group on Environmentally Sustainable Cities (AWGESC) Funder Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF) Regional Secretariat ASEAN Secretariat Objective: Promoting ESC development by supporting capacity building for bottom-up initiatives of ASEAN cities and supporting formulation of national ESC frameworks. Year 1: Apr Mar Year 2: Extension in progress Assistance to: 14 cities in 8 countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam)

14 More than half of proposals by local government are related to SWM 6 Selected Model Cities (Year 1) Country Model Cities Main Activities Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Phnom Penh Siem Reap Palembang Surabaya Xamneua Reducing plastic bag usage in shops Piloting a community-based waste separation scheme Replicating a successful waste bank in Yogyakarta as part of a nationwide rollout Strengthening project management skills and mini demo-projects in waste management, wastewater treatment and urban greenery Myanmar Yangon Training on sustainable water supply and treatment Malaysia Kuching North Developing a local formula of Bokashi composting and piloting a compost centre Philippines Puerto Princesa Palo, Leyte Training for composting, water management and piloting a new system of wastewater treatment Training for composting and water management Thailand Viet Nam Maehongson Muangklang Phitsanulok Cao Lanh Da Nang Promoting waste segregation and recycling through education and training Promoting and training for low carbon city plan implementation and organic farming Supporting the scale-up and dissemination of the Phitsanulok Model of waste management Establishing a local-level multi-stakeholder self-protection committee for the environment and formulation of its strategy Creation of a Model Environmentally-friendly Residential Area with pilot projects

15 Replication of a model Waste Bank in Indonesia A financially sustainable system of Community-based Solid Waste Management Combining concepts of banking with waste management to reform negative perceptions

16 Highlights Replication of a model Waste Bank in Indonesia Waste segregation at source is performed by households. Customer brings separated waste to Waste Bank to be deposited and is served by a teller. The teller records the weighs, records and stores the deposit. Customer receives a receipt. Deposited wastes are sold to recyclers and craftspeople. Craftspeople refashion waste into useful products (left pictures), which are sold at the distro (distribution outlet operated by the Waste Bank, thus creating further income opportunities apart from sales of waste. Revenue is used to fund the Bank s operations (15%) and the balance is distributed to customers (85%).

17 Achievements of Waste Bank in Bantul, Yogyakarta Environmental About 500kg of inorganic waste is diverted from the landfill each month. The village environment has become cleaner with less littering Customers are primarily women and their children, who are educated on proper waste separation as well as the benefits of reuse and recycling. Small customer IDR 80,000 per year IDR 100,000 per month Cleaner of the waste bank Socio-economic Due to increased availability of separated recyclables, the number of recyclers has increased and the number of scavengers in the village has decreased. The highest-earning customer earns up to IDR 350,000 per month (basic monthly cost of living per month in Yogyakarta is about IDR 500,000). Bank staff receive an incentive based salary ranging from IDR 100,000 to 400,000 per month. IDR 200, ,000 per month Lead plastic craftmaker of waste bank Replicated from 1 to 9 villages in Yogjakarta 50 to be replicated in Surabaya!

18 Replication of waste banks under Indonesia s Model Cities programme 1 st waste bank training workshop in Surabaya (1 3 Nov 2011) 1 st waste bank training workshop in Palembang (22 23 Oct 2011) Indonesia s national goal is to set up waste banks in 16 cities by 2012, and 40 cities by 2014 Setting up of waste banks was incorporated as one of the assessment indicators of the national sustainable cities awards programme (Adipura) National and pilot local governments, as well as other stakeholders all contributed their own resources for scale up and replication

19 Small City Muangklang Municipality, Rayong, Thailand By 2020, Muangklang aims to be a green, sustainable and lowcarbon city with low levels of waste, high energy efficiency and sustainable levels of consumption. Appointed by national government and others as Thailand s Eastern Learning centre for Low Carbon Cities for other local governments within Thailand as well as the Greater Mekong region. Somchai Chariyacharoen Mayor of Muangklang Municipality Green spaces Energy Efficiency Waste Minimisation Urban Agriculture Photo credts: All photos of Muangklang are used with permission from Muangklang Municipality

20 Good practice - water quality and energy efficiency A law was introduced to mandate installation of grease trap in new houses and establishments Grease is collected from grease traps Collected grease made into fuel blocks Fuel blocks powers municipal slaughterhouse

21 Good practice - waste minimisation Simple, local and cheap Designed a conveyor belt system for sorting waste Construction cost: THB 40,000 (USD1.5k) Diverts 10t of 21t of waste collected per day Generates income of THB 100,000 (USD3K) per month from sales of recyclables

22 Schoolchildren are paid 1THB per kg of recyclable waste brought Point system for recyclables (2 THB = 1 point), exchange for daily goods and products Buying milk boxes from 100 schools for THB 3 / kg, sold to recyclers for THB 5/kg Milk boxes are processed into furniture, which is an industry in the municipality

23 Good practice Financially sustainable organic waste management Clean Organic Waste Mixed Organic Waste Fed to animals (cows, pigs, goats, chickens, rabbits, ducks) Manure is sold and as well as used for biogas and composting Vermi-composting Biogas facility EM Bokashi Aerobic composting

24 City-to-city Cooperation on SWM Expert audit and training by Sasebo Japan and Nonthaburi in North Kuching Study visit to Nonthaburi, Thailand Enhancing Composting Operations Replicated composting approaches and knowledge from Nonthaburi, Thailand and Japan (Kitakyushu City and Sasebo, an environmental NGO based in Nagasaki Prefecture) Study visit to Kitakyushu, Japan Formulated local EM Bokashi and EM liquid

25 Reporting & Networking Platform High Level Seminar on ESC 4 th High Level Seminar on ESC under the EAS EMM framework (back-toback with the Regional 3R Forum) Co-organisers: Viet Nam, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, ASEAN Sec. and AWGESC Participants (over 200): -Nat. governments (100 from 15 countries) -Local governments (31 from 21 cities) -NGOs, Development Agencies, Academia Private Sector (60 from 29 organisations)

26 Observations Climate change mitigation/adaptation is not yet perceived as a priority by local governments; framing in terms of local priorities (waste management, water, sanitation) and emphasis on co-benefits is important. Excellence and innovation in SWM is generally a good indicator of local government s readiness for progress in other sectors/themes, including climate change. Supporting organisations can add value by: Providing technical assistance and capacity building, including towards quantitative data useful for decision making Triggering linkages that would not occur under conventional circumstances National and regional frameworks (city networks, city awards, ASEAN) help by offering a periodical platform for knowledge exchange and reporting achievements that enable them to chart their progress in a meaningful, inspirational manner (against global trends and peer performance).

27 Lessons learned The presentation emphasizes that several principles are fundamental to an integrated, multi-partner approach towards climate change action at the local level: No single approach or policy is equally well-suited to all cities. Thus, cities should develop a local vision/strategies, using an inclusive and participatory process. A strong leadership and commitment of the local government (both political and administration) is helpful in facilitating this innovative process. It would be beneficial to take an opportunity/risk management approach in a sustainable development perspective, considering not only emissions, but also possible socioeconomic development. Policies should emphasize, encourage, and reward synergies and co-benefits (i.e. what policies can do to achieve both developmental and climate change response goals);

28 Lessons learned Encourage community participation and action by representatives of the private sector, neighbourhoods (especially the poor) and grassroots groups, as well as opinion leaders of all kinds, in order to ensure a broad-based collection of perspectives; Establish new institutional-setup (citizen committee, advisory committee etc.) and planning tools (community planning/ participatory planning etc.) to facilitate continuous communication and coordination among different stakeholders. Local resources should be promoted and made available through public and private partnership, while part of capital financing is received from national and international assistance programmes. To achieve more accountability, local governments need to keep record to measure and verification. International institutions can provide capacity building opportunities, information sharing, building networks, and providing technical know-how and development assistance.

29 Thank you for your attention Thank you