Think Globally Act Locally. The Role of Forests in Energy and Climate Change. Dave Atkins Forester and Forest Ecologist

Transcription

1 Think Globally Act Locally The Role of Forests in Energy and Climate Change Dave Atkins Forester and Forest Ecologist

2 Context Energy Climate Change Forest Health Topics Future vs Current technologies Overview of Critical Issues Local Champion Fuel Quality, delivery, choices Air Quality Financing Combustion Technologies

3 Sustainability Community Economics Environment

4 Role of Forests in Energy Security and Climate Change Embodied Energy Fossil fuel offsets=mitigation 1 BDT= 2.7 barrels of oil 50 t/ac = 135 barrels/ac Sequestered C in live forests Sequestered C in utilized wood 20% C emissions from tropical forest DEFORESTATION

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6 Climate Change Living in a C constrained world Energy Sources - Multiple distributed No silver bullet need all of them Forests provide solar collectors with wood batteries: No mining needed to manufacture Native habitat plants & animals Water purification system Aesthetically pleasing

7 Percent Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions by Sector (EPA, 2003) Electric Power Transportation Industry Agriculture Commercial Residential Ag Soils Landfilled Urban Waste Urban Trees Forests and Wood Products Percent CO2 Eq. Sectors Note: Negative numbers denote sequestration. Forests and wood products sequester 11% U.S. GHG emissions annually.

8 Asking Right Question? Mountain Top Removal Coal Mining No Free Lunches! Don t Ask Don t Tell

9 Energy Choices Tar Sands footprint Water quality C 3x conventional oil Coal-Bed methane Water quality/quantity Wind Farms birds/bats, not firm Solar Farms huge expanses needed, batteries, not firm Geothermal effects? Tidal/Wave marine life? Nuclear storage safety issue Biomass use trade-offs Conservation/Efficiency

10 Woody Biomass Potential 368 million tons annually Biomass as a feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry

11 Conservation Embodied Energy

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13 Stave church in Norway More than 500 years old Protected with wood tar

14 Biomass Rides Coattails Higher values brings biomass to the landing; Flooring, windows, boards, posts & poles, shavings, pulp, energy pellets, chips OR other objectives pay for treatment Fire thinning Wildlife Habitat Watershed protection

15 Higher Value Engineered Roundwood

16 Larch Flooring Blue Pine Dance Studio Douglas-fir

17 Dry Kiln Flooring, Paneling, Studs Pellet Fuel Moulder - Shaper Shavings

18 Treated vs. Untreated Rodeo-Chediskeei Fire The sharp line in the aerial photograph is obvious, abrupt and dramatic: black forest on one side, green canopy on the other. Missoulian Sept Camp 32 Fire Eureka, MT Camp 32 Fire 2005

19 Fire Hazard & Bark Beetle Hazard Thinning Project Slash, Pile and Burn or Pay to Thin Remove and Utilize

20 Woody Biomass Potential 368 million tons annually Using existing activities in 2004

21 Future Technologies Cellulosic Ethanol and Diesel Fermentation ethanol only Thermo Chemical Gasification low O2 Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil - No O2 Torrefied Wood No O2 slow Biorefinery ethanol, diesel, butanol, plastic Pulp mills half way there! American Forest and Paper Association s Agenda 2020 initiative Combine forest/ag & clean coal technologycapture C and store it geologically

22 Pyrolysis Bio-oil & char

23 Existing Technologies Heat or Cooling or Power Combined Generation - Fuels For Schools And Beyond

24 Lessons Learned Local Champion!!!! Matching combuster to fuel; Conveyance system; Combustion system grates, single vs two chamber Fuel Quality Moisture content Chips vs. ground vs. pellets Oversize pieces, Dirt and rocks Bark and needles = ash content Production Delivery - vendors? Operation and Maintenance What is the market potential? Financing Options Air Quality considerations

25 Efficiencies Power production Dedicated 25% efficient w/o counting line loss Transportation Cellulosic ethanol 40% Train vs. plane vs. car Thermal or CHP 70-90% Conservation Negawatts Long-term vs. short bldg life Embodied Energy

26 Biomass Energy Return BTUs of Biomass Energy per BTU of Diesel BTUs of Biomass Energy Average Haul Distance (miles)

27 15 systems built. 4 more design/construction. Other states AK, CO, OR, PA, MA, GA, SC, SD, NE, etc. Commercialization Studies.

28 Existing Systems Chadron State College 15 yr University of Idaho -20+ yr Pulp Mill -CHP Darby, MT 5+ yr Industry Wood Products Food Potatoes, Beer

29 Automated Facility Darby, MT

30 Darby, MT Offset Fuel Oil Saved $140k in

31 Pellet Systems Solagen 750k btu/hr Utility grade pellets

32 Troy, MT School 500k btu/hr Decton - $300k 90 tons/yr Offset fuel oil 35 ton storage

33 17 Mega Watts Smurfitt Stone - CHP Clearwater Pulp Mill 65 MW

34 What are the Opportunities? Boiler databases by state MT 6700 boilers UT 12,000+ MI 65,000 boilers 38k <750k btu/hr 58% 15k mill btu/hr 23% 3k mill btu/hr OR 10,700 boilers NEW vs retrofit

35 District Energy Universities U of Idaho Northwestern Missouri State Chadron State College, NE U of So. Carolina UM Western, Dillon MT Middlebury College Communities St. Paul, MN 80+% wood fired 31 mill sq ft heat 21 mill sq ft of cooling 25 MW of electricity Hospitals, Prisons, Shopping Centers, etc.

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38 Financing USDA Rural Development Community Facilities Renewable Energy - REAP Municipal Bonds; QZAB low income schools Carbon Offset sales State Incentives rebates, tax credits Foundations Self- financed through savings

39 Fuel Cost Comparison $3.25/gallon $2.00/gallon $11.00/decatherm $130.00/ton $35.00/ton $25.00 $20.00 $15.00 $10.00 $5.00 $0.00 Fuel Oil Propane Natural Gas Pellets Wood Chips $ per million BTU's

40 Do you need it? Where to put it? Moisture management Storage

41 Grinders, Chippers Cost Initial vs maintenance Size and production

42 Dump at Central Location Slash Collection Report Accumulation Yard Moisture management

43 Canned Wood - Forwarders

44 Smoke Management New PM 2.5 rules Health concerns Big picture perspective PCD s New PM2.5 rules, New MACT Fewer burn days PCD for small systems FS Technology Development Project

45 This Or This

46 P o u n d o f p o llutan t e m itted p e r to n of wo od burn ed Pollutant Emission Rates for Wood Boilers and Fire Activities Particulate Matter Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide Darby Wood Boiler Thompson Falls Wood Boiler Wildfire Prescribed Burning Slash Pile Burning

47 Pollutant Emission Rates by Fuel Type (lb/mmbtu) Fuels for Schools Wood Boiler Particulate Matter Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide Coal - Average Distillate Fuel Oil No. 6 Fuel Oil Natural Gas - Average Propane

48 Toxicity of PM Study from Switzerland 2007 Comparison diesel engine vs. automated pellet vs. old wood stove; Toxicity of automated pellet is 5 times less than diesel and comparable to KCL; Old wood stove operated poorly is 10 times worse than diesel; Operation makes substantial differences in amount of pollution produced; PM is still an issue for total ambient PM load therefore control is still needed.

49 Take Home Message Renewable energy source Carbon Neutral Developing a new Energy Sector selling btu s Coattails - integrated industry Fuel Quality Sustainable Forests are green!