MAJOR LANDFILL TOPICS

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Charles Matthews
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1 LANDFILL SITING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS World Bank Landfill Learning Event, Urban Week May 8, 2006, Room H3-290 Bob Isenberg, PE, CPG MAJOR LANDFILL TOPICS Regulatory controls Siting Permitting and Design Construction Operations and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Closure and Post Closure 1

2 Governing Regulations U.S. EPA RCRA Subtitle D (40 CFR 257 and 258) Maryland Dept of Environment; COMAR Virginia Dept of Environ. Quality;VSWMR S. Carolina SCDHEC Minnesota MPCA Ohio OEPA International Israel -- Ministry of the Environment Australia (Queensland) EPA Others.. Sanitary Landfill Basic Terms engineered facility for burial of household waste does not pose a substantial potential hazard to human health or environment. Solid Waste any discarded material, not including domestic sewage, industrial waste discharges, contaminated soil, etc. 2

3 Acceptable Sanitary Wastes (Virginia) Agricultural, ashes (non-hazardous), commercial, compost, construction, debris, demolition, garbage, household, some industrial, inert, institutional (except regulated medical), municipal solid waste, putrescible, refuse, residential, rubbish, scrap metal, sludges (no free liquids and stabilized), trash, white goods, non- regulated hazardous waste, special, waste oil, vegetative, yard waste. Non-Acceptable Wastes (Virginia) Free liquids, bulk or non- containerized liquid waste, regulated hazardous waste, solid waste with over 1 ppb of dioxins or 50 ppm of PCBs, unstabilized sewer sludge, pesticide containers (not triple rinsed), drums (not empty or cleaned), contaminated soils. 3

General Siting Restrictions Airport distance to airports piston aircraft-5000 5000 ; ; jets-10,000 10,000 Floodplain Outside 100 year floodplain Unstable areas Geologic features, sinkholes, Karst

4 General Siting Restrictions Airport distance to airports piston aircraft ; ; jets-10,000 10,000 Floodplain Outside 100 year floodplain Unstable areas Geologic features, sinkholes, Karst Wetlands Max. 2 acres disturbed plus other limitations no net loss or significant degradation Fault areas 200 feet separation Seismic impact zones Siting Restrictions (cont d) VA Distances from disposal area or leachate storage 100 water body, river 50 facility boundary 500 water source (well) 1000 interstate highway 500 other roads 200 active filling areas to residence, school, hospital, nursing home or recreational park area Ability to monitor groundwater >1 miles upgradient of public water supply Steep sloping areas (>33%) Exemptions allowed 4

Permitting & Design Process Virginia Notice of Intent to VDEQ Part A Application (geologic) Part B Application (engineering) Maryland Phase I Phase II Phase III Geologic/Hydrogeologic Application

5 Permitting & Design Process Virginia Notice of Intent to VDEQ Part A Application (geologic) Part B Application (engineering) Maryland Phase I Phase II Phase III Geologic/Hydrogeologic Application Site location maps Topography Wetlands and water bodies Landfill footprint and facility boundary Transportation Study Adequacy of roads, intersections, signage, etc. Consistent with SW Management Plans Hydrogeologic and Geotechnical Borings, wells, sampling, testing, monitoring Groundwater conditions Impacts on recreation areas, habitat, etc. Submitted for review 5

6 Engineering Application Process Engineering Design & Operations Plan Site conditions Design Plans and Technical Report Groundwater and surface water monitoring Landfill gas management plan Closure and Post Closure plans Leachate management Operations & Maintenance Plans Approval Draft Permit Public Public Hearing Director s s decision Engineering Design Considerations Foundation and slope stability Bottom liner design and leachate management Settlement of waste and foundation Airspace and lifespan Height and depth Flow rates Waste density and compaction Availability of local soils Constructability Phasing of cells Closure schedule And others.. 6

Composite Bottom Liner (EPA and VDEQ Standard) Composite Liner 24 EPA Subtitle D D Single Composite Bottom Liner (since 1991) Minimum 2 percent slope Top to Bottom: 18-24 collection/protective soil

7 Composite Bottom Liner (EPA and VDEQ Standard) Composite Liner 24 EPA Subtitle D D Single Composite Bottom Liner (since 1991) Minimum 2 percent slope Top to Bottom: collection/protective soil High permeability Flexible membrane liner (FML) 60 mil HDPE or 30 mil for others Intimate contact with soil below 24 low permeability soil compacted clay K<1.0 x 10-7 cm/sec Prepared base (native soil or compacted fill) Israel s s equivalence based on infiltration <5 mm per year 7

8 Low Permeability Soil Liner Cell 8 Battle Creek Landfill, Page Co, VA Clay Liner Construction

9 Agru Am Micro Spike HDPE Liner Prince William County Landfill Protective aggregate (leachate collection) 9

Leachate Storage and Treatment Options Haul to POTW with Tankers Large Tank with

EPA Guidance for QA/QC of soils and geosynthetics ASTM Standards Geosynthetics Research

testing Verifies properties and dimensions Basis for Certification Report by VA

10 Leachate Storage and Treatment Options Haul to POTW with Tankers Large Tank with Containment On-site Treatment Construction is Critical Engineered Plans and Specifications EPA Guidance for QA/QC of soils and geosynthetics ASTM Standards Geosynthetics Research Institute (GRI) Quality Control (QC) Plan Quality Assurance (QA) Plan Field and laboratory testing Verifies properties and dimensions Basis for Certification Report by VA Professional Engineer Final walk-thru inspection Certifying Engineer Permission/Certificate to Operate (CTO) 10

11 Soil liner compaction and Moisture Conditioning Field Density testing for Soil Liner Undisturbed soil sampling for permeability testing 11

12 60 mil textured HDPE Rolls delivered to site Mfgr. Roll and batch identification # 60 mil textured HDPE Deployment 12

13 non-woven woven Deployed HDPE at Battle Creek Landfill, Page Co, VA 13

14 HDPE Double Track Fusion Welder ( mouse ) HDPE at Effe (Central) Landfill Negev Desert, Israel (2004) 14

15 Vacuum Box Weld Testing Pressure Testing Results Extrusion Weld Repairs Liner Panel Numbering HDPE Deployment over Anchor Trench 15

16 Cell 8 Battle Creek Landfill, Page County, VA Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe Leachate Flow Direction 16

flow rate Waste lift thickness, compaction Load inspection

17 Operations and Maintenance Operations Plan per Permit Equipment and personnel Maximum average daily flow Peak daily flow rate Waste lift thickness, compaction Load inspection Daily cover, intermediate cover Schedules Record Keeping and reporting 17

18 WASTE UNLOADING AND SPREADING WASTE SPREADING & COMPACTION WASTE COMPACTION AND GRADING DAILY COVER PLACEMENT ROCHEDALE GARDNER LANDFILL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA Common Operations Challenges Weather Litter Dust Odors Fires Pest Management Communications 18

19 Scale Facility Signage Entrance Road Administration Building 19

20 Facility Ground Improvements 20

21 Modern Scales & Scalehouse Environmental Monitoring Groundwater wells Landfill gas probes Surface water monitoring Erosion & Sedimentation 21

22 Effective GW Program Groundwater Monitoring System Per regulations: 9 VAC Goal to monitor impact in uppermost aquifer Upgradient wells (background quality) Downgradient wells to represent conditions at WMU boundary Number and spacing are site specific Dependent on hydrogeologic setting Effective GW Program Sampling and Data Analysis Follows EPA SW-846 and VDEQ regulations Statistical methods analysis Detection Monitoring basic parameters & frequency Assessment Monitoring if impacts detected Protection And Maintenance Of Monitoring Wells 22

23 Upgradient Well Location Downgradient Well Compliance GW Flow Direction 23

24 GW Well Design Design based on field conditions Wells cased and grouted to maintain integrity Wellhead Protection Bollards Locks Concrete apron Fencing Signage Flagging 24

Sample Collection and Preservation Consistent

Collection, preservation and shipment, analytical

Parameters for Landfills Temperature ph COD

25 Sample Collection and Preservation Consistent frequency and sampling procedures Procedures for: Collection, preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain of custody, QA/QC Indicator Parameters for Landfills Temperature ph COD Chloride/Sulfate Nitrogen Compounds Conductance Extended Parameters 25

26 Extended Chemical Parameters Total suspended solids Volatile organics (VOCs) Cadmium Calcium Chromium Copper Lead Magnesium Manganese Mercury Potassium Sodium Arsenic Zinc Others as required by VDEQ Landfill Gas Controls Control decomposition gases Gas management plan Active or passive controls Flare LFG Utilization Monitoring for migration at facility boundary or inside buildings Methane gas < 25% of lower explosive limit (LEL) in structures (12,500 ppm) <LEL at facility boundary 26

27 Typical LFG Composition Methane 45-58% 58% Carbon Dioxide 35-45% Nitrogen 1-5% Oxygen 1-5% Moisture 1-5% Trace gases 1-3% Trace Chlorinated Gases (vinyl chloride, benzene, etc.) LFG Characteristics Methane (CH 4 ) combustible LFG produces 500 BTU/cu. Ft about ½ of natural gas Suitable for electric generation, medium BTU Vehicle fuel 27

28 Subtitle D Limits Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)=5% CH 4 Methane may not be >5% in soil at property boundary =100% of LEL Methane may not be >1.25% in confined spaces (inside structures) =25% of LEL LFG Migration Control for Landfills Passive Systems Vent wells Vent trenches Active Systems Vacuum recovery (wells installed into waste at numerous locations connected blower) May be used for LFG utilization Flaring 28

29 Landfill Gas Extraction Flare and Well Head HIRIYA LANDFILL, TEL AVIV Closure Closure:.act of securing a solid waste management facility. Written closure and post-closure plans Final cover minimizes infiltration limit further maintenance Final slopes to control erosion and stability Maximum 33% slopes Closure to begin After final waste receipt in unit Complete closure within 6 months 29

30 Typical Final Cover System w/geomembrane* 4% minimum slope 6 Topsoil 12 to 18 Vegetative Support or Grading Soil 12 Drainage Layer or Drainage Net 30 mil or 40 mil Flexible Membrane Liner* 6 to 12 Soil Leveling Layer Waste *may substitute clay soil with equivalency demonstration & testing 30

31 Post Closure Post Closure: requirements placed upon solid waste management facilities after closure to ensure environmental and public health safety for a specified number of years after closure. EPA PCC Period: 10 yrs. for disposal pre-10/9/93 30 years for disposal 10/9/93 or after *Period may be increased based on contaminants detected in GW and environmental protection; may be decreased if site is clean Post-Closure Requirements (continued) Maintain Integrity of Final Cover Settlement, subsidence, slope instability Stormwater run-off / run-on, erosion Operate, Monitor and Maintain Leachate collection systems Landfill gas controls and wells Groundwater wells; stream sampling Environmental Consultants and Contractors 31

environmentally safe LFs are compatible with recycling goals benefits for LFG utilization end-uses Monitored

32 FINAL END USE PLANNING? Blue Mash Golf Club Oaks Landfill (closed) Montgomery Co., MD Final Thoughts Modern sanitary landfills are engineered, built, monitored and operated to be environmentally safe LFs are compatible with recycling goals benefits for LFG utilization end-uses Monitored for GW, LFG and Erosion from beginning to closure and beyond (30 yrs) Performance based requirements to allow for flexibility and local environment 32

Craig Dufficy U.S. EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery

Craig Dufficy U.S. EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery Overview What is a Landfill? Basic waste properties. Area and Volume calculations. What is allowed in a landfill and what is not. How