BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES (BAT) Bettina Kamuk, Head of Department Rambøll Board Member and Chair of the Working Group Energy Recovery, ISWA

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1 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES (BAT) Bettina Kamuk, Head of Department Rambøll Board Member and Chair of the Working Group Energy Recovery, ISWA

2 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUE (BAT) IN EU Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document on waste incineration, August 2006 (BREF) Collection of information about techniques and operational experience, among others best available operational emission levels (BATOEL) not emission limit value (ELV) Carried out under Article 16(2) of Council Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC Directive) to be used when permitting WTE facilities BAT is not just lowest possible, also a matter of costs and local circumstances 63 questions shall be answered according BREF 2

3 BAT QUESTIONS EXAMPLES 3

4 NEW REVISON OF BREF Revision of the BREF will begin early 2014 and is expected to last until end 2015/2016 Waste Incineration Directive (WID) sets the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for WTE facilities The WID has been integrated (1:1) in the Industrial Emission Directive (IED) The ELVs are valid until the new BREF is published then the BREF shall be reflected in the new ELVs but BREF is reporting the BATOEL? 4

5 EU BREF - BATOEL Parameter Unit daily average BATOEL ½-hour average 100 % Dust mg/nm HCl mg/nm HF mg/nm 3 <1 <2 SO 2 + SO 3 mg/nm NO x as NO 2 mg/nm ) ) Result of spot sampling NH 3 mg/nm 3 <10 Cd + Tl mg/nm metals mg/nm Hg mg/nm 3 <0.05 Dioxins, TEQ ng/nm ) With SNCR. 2) With SCR ) ) 5

6 COMPARISON WID - BATOEL Comparison WID and BATOEL mg/nm 3 Component 24 h Dir. 24 h BREF Dust SO HCl NO X SCR NO X SNCR

7 FGT- efficiency System complexity Consumables and residues Investment Operating cost AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS Process concept Dry, lime Dry, bicarbonate Semi-dry, lime Dry/wet combined (lime) Wet (limestone) 7

8 De-NOx PROCESSES SCR SNCR Reaction at catalyst surface 430 F F ( C) Emission ppm NOx (20-50 mg/nm3) More expensive Large footprint By-effect: Dioxin removal Thermal reaction in flue gas Temperature F ( C) Emission ppm NOx ( mg/nm3) Less expensive Small footprint Risk for ammonia slip 8

9 COPENHAGEN WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT 9

10 COPENHAGEN WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT 10

11 THE TECHNOLOGY WINNER: CHOSEN BIG FOR COPENHAGEN 11

12 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM 12

13 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 13 13

14 SELECTION OF OPTIMAL STEAM PARAMTERS Economically optimal range of steam parameters 14

15 Steam/tube wall temperature [ C] CORROSION IN EVAPORATOR PART Evaporator wall temperatures Negative heat transfer Transition zone Corrosion zone C/60bar 425C/50bar 400C/40bar 200 Small corrosion risk Flue gas temperature [ C] 15

16 Damp/rørvægs-temperatur Steam/tube wall temperature [ C] (C ) CORROSION IN SUPERHEATERS Super Dampværdier: heater configuration 400C/40bar og and 480C/70 480C/70bar (med (with drum røggaskøling) steam cooling) Negative Negativt heat varmeoptag transfer SH3 Overgangs- Transition zone Korrosionszone Corrosion 400 SH3 SH2 350 SH1 SH2 SH Lav Small korrosionsrisiko corrosion risk Røggastemperatur [ C] Flue gas temperature (C ) 16

17 MEASURES TAKEN TO PREVENT CORROSION Super-heaters are considered as wear parts (layout prepared for fast exchange) Better protection of boiler wall in the evaporator section Better steel quality of super heaters 17

18 WTE EXPERIENCE WORLDWIDE Grate Technology Advanced technology Approx. 1,200 plants Normal size per combustion line is tpd Few worldwide recognized equipment manufacturers Electricity production (per tonne of waste) for MSW 0,6-0,65 MWh/tonne High availability >8,000 h/y Gate fee USD/t Alternative Technologies Under development Number in commercial operation is unclear - but few Typical capacity tpd Many (>100) suppliers, many relative small Electricity production around 0-0,5 MWh/tonne (difficult to get real data) Lower availability 5,500 h/y Requires homogenious waste input Gate fee USD/t 18

19 REMEMBER THE COMPLETE SYSTEM 19

20 RECOVERY OF METALS FROM BOTTOM ASH Metal recovery (Fe, Al) Recovery of precious metals technically possible but dependent on market price for metals 20

21 CONCLUSIONS The European WTE sector supports the BAT WTE is an increasing sector in EU (in particular in UK, East Europe, South Europe Hopefully documented and comparable data from alternative technologies Metal recovery from bottom ash will increase 21

22 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! BETTINA KAMUK 22