Gypsum. John Sawyer. Soil Fertility Extension Specialist Department of Agronomy Iowa State University
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1 Gypsum John Sawyer Soil Fertility Extension Specialist Department of Agronomy
2 Gypsum Application Calcium Sulfate CaSO 4 2H 2 O 16% S 22% Ca When gypsum added to soil CaSO 4 2H 2 O = Ca ++ + SO = 4 + 2H 2 O Does not increase or decrease soil ph
3 Gypsum Used to Aid in Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils Saline-Sodic Soils Soil structure is not dispersed Conductivity > 4 mmhos/cm > 15% exchangeable sodium ph < 8.5 Sodic soils Soil structure is dispersed Conductivity < 4 mmhos/cm > 15% exchangeable sodium ph > 8.5
4 Why Apply Gypsum to Iowa Soils? H + Soil Structure (soil aggregation) is influenced by: Mg ++ K + H + Mg - ++ Ca K Soil Colloids - Clay & Humus - -- (Glomalin) H NH + Al+++ 4 Ca ++ H + Zn ++ H + K + Mg ++ K Ca ++ Ca ++ Mg ++ Mg Ca Ca ++ H Na + K + Ca ++ Ca ++ Ca ++
5 Why Apply Gypsum to Iowa Soils? Iowa Soils have: High organic matter High (adequate) calcium and magnesium content for soil structure and plant growth Low sodium Calcareous soils have soil exchange complex saturated with calcium/magnesium and have free lime and sometimes free gypsum
6 Exchangeable Cations of Several Iowa Surface Soils Soil Type ph CEC Ca Mg K meq/100g lb exchangeable/acre Kenyon Readlyn Klinger Dinsdale Tama Muscatine
7 Relationship Between Soil Ca:Mg Ratio and Yield Ca:Mg ratio range where greenhouse and field research has shown yield is optimal 0.5 Ca : 1 Mg to 50 Ca : 1 Mg (2 times more Mg to 50 times more Ca) (on a meq basis)
8 Exchangeable Cations of Several Iowa Surface Soils Soil Type ph CEC Ca Mg K Ca:Mg Ratio meq/100g Primghar Sac Kenyon Dinsdale Muscatine Napier
9 Ranges in Soil Basic Cation Ratios for Five Highest and Lowest Yields Range in Ca:Mg Ratios Ratio Yield Level Corn (75) Corn (75) Soybean (77) Soybean (78) Ca:Mg Highest Five Ca:Mg Lowest Five McLean et al., 1983; Ohio State Univ.
10 Ca and Mg Crop Uptake Amount of uptake is selected by roots, not soil ratio With water use by crops (transpiration) Amount of Ca and Mg supplied to root surface is greater than the amount taken up by crops 250 to 400 lb Ca and 100 to 160 lb Mg moves to root surface 150 bu/acre corn uptake of 26 to 40 lb Ca/acre and 15 to 30 lb Mg/acre
11 Gypsum Application to Iowa Soils Corn and Soybean Yield - Average Across Six Sites in Iowa, 2000 Gypsum Application Corn Soybean S Rate Product Calcium CaS S CaS S lb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre bu/acre Significance (0.05) NS NS CaS = Calcium Sulfate; S = Elemental Sulfur. Applied Spring Sawyer and Barker,
12 Gypsum Application to Iowa Soils Corn and Soybean Yield - Average Across Six Sites in Iowa, 2001 Gypsum Application Corn Soybean S Rate Product Calcium CaS S CaS S lb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre bu/acre Significance (0.05) NS NS CaS = Calcium Sulfate; S = Elemental Sulfur. Applied Spring Sawyer and Barker,
13 Gypsum Application to Iowa Soils Effect of Sulfur & Calcium on Kenwood 94 Soybean at Western Research Farm, 1996 S Rate Gypsum Ca Applied Yield lb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre bu/acre Sign (0.05) Gypsum preplant broadcast and incorporated. Soil S = 3 ppm. Shibles et al., ISRF96-10,1996. NS
14 Application of Flue-Gas Scrubber Desulfurization Sludge (Gypsum) Wynoose silt loam (F. Thicke, Ph.D. Thesis, 1988, Univ. Illinois) Product Rate 3-yr Corn 4-yr Soybean Soil ph 3 yr ex. Ca 1 yr ex. Mg 1 yr 1 yr Bulk Density lb/acre bu/acre bu/acre ppm ppm g/cm , , , , Stats: S S NS S S NS Material applied spring 1984, moldboard plow incorporation. Newton, IL
15 Corn Yield Response to Sulfur & Magnesium Fertilization, Northwest Research Farm, Treatment S K 2 O MgO 5-year Mean lb/acre bu/acre Sulpomag KCl + S Elemental S KCl FLSD(0.05) A.P. Mallarino et al., 1999 ISRF NS Fertilizers spring incorporated each year before corn inch SO 4 -S: 5-8 ppm with K only; ppm average with applied S.
16 Effect of Broadcast Potash and Sulpomag on Corn Yield, Webster Soil Year Control KCl KMgSO bu/acre yr avg Fertilizers applied at 160 lb K/acre annually Sul-po-mag supplied 199 lb S/acre annually J. Webb, Sul-po-mag supplied 98 lb Mg/acre annually
17 Managing Ca and Mg on Iowa Soils Critical soil test level (sufficiency) No Ca or Mg soil test interpretation for Iowa soils Neither generally deficiency in Iowa soils May be Mg K NH 4 grass tetany concern in some soils Ca and Mg are managed by limestone application from local quarry to acidic soils
18 NCR Publication 533 Soil Cation Ratios for Crop Production County Extension Offices ISU Extension Distribution Center
Gypsum. John Sawyer. Professor Department of Agronomy Iowa State University
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