Preview of Summer 2014 Revision of Corn N Recommendations and N Issues

Transcription

1 Preview of Summer 2014 Revision of Corn N Recommendations and N Issues Dave Franzen, PhD Extension Soil Specialist North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND

2 GreenSeeker Red Edge NDVI Crop Circle Red NDVI Crop Circle V6 Red NDVI Before S Application, Oakes y = -1E-05x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre GreenSeeker Red Edge NDVI vs Total Known Available N V12 After S Application, Oakes y = 1E-07x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

3 GreenSeeker Red NDVI GreenSeeker Red NDVI GreenSeeker Red NDVI Arthur, 2013 Before S Application, V y = 2E-06x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre GreenSeeker Red NDVI 3 Weeks After S Application V12, Arthur y = -3E-06x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

4 Current published N recommendation for corn- N Rate (pounds N per acre) = Yield Potential (bushels per acre) X 1.2 less soil test nitrate-n to 2 foot depth less previous crop credit

5 Yield Potential Why I dislike the current N recommendations for corn N Rate

6 Began to accumulate modern corn N rate data in Sites eastern, 2 western eastern- western sites lost eastern 4 western eastern- 4 western Also- 9 sites from southern Manitoba - 21 sites from NW Minnesota - 7 northern South Dakota Total of 117 sites within the past 12 years.

7 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba Corn N Rate Trials N Rate Only vs Yield- ALL SITES y = x x R² = N Rate Only, pounds N per acre

8 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 North Dakota, NW Minnesota, northern South Dakota, Southern Manitoba N Rate Trials, Total Known Available N vs Corn Yield, All Sites y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

9 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 160 West River TKAN vs Corn Yield, 2010, 2012, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

10 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 All Eastern Sites Including North Dakota, NW Minnesota, Southern Manitoba and Northern South Dakota y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

11 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 200 Eastern Long-Term No-Till Sites Soil Test Nitrate-N, Previous Crop Credit y = x x R² = Soil Test Nitrate-N, Previous Crop Credit, Pounds per Acre

12 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Total Available N vs Corn Yield, High Clay Soils, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

13 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 High Clay Sites that Exceeded 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

14 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 High Clay Sites Yielding Under 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

15 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Eastern Medium Textured Sites Including NW Minnesota, Southern Manitoba, and Northern South Dakota y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

16 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Eastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba, northwest Minnesota and northern South Dakota medium texture conventional tillage with yields greater than 160 bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

17 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 Medium Textured Sites, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba with High Yields Less than 160 Bushels Per Acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

18 The Return to N model- Developed by John Sawyer, Iowa State and Emerson Nafziger, Illinois (2005, Proc. Ext-Ind Soil Fert. Conf.) This model is used in several corn-belt states, including Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, and Michigan

19 1400 Medium Texture Sites- All Return to N $3-$8 corn 20 cent to $ N N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

20 Return to N, $ per acre West River MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 167 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 200 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = 219 lb N/acre N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 80N5C 90N5C

21 Return to N, $ per acre Long term no-till sites, Return to N $3 (bottom) to $5 corn price 20 cent to $1 N costs MERN- 400 $3 corn 40 cent N 174 lb N/acre 300 $4 corn at 40 cent N 192 lb N/acre 200 $5 corn at 40 cent N 204 lb N/acre Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 20N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C 100N5C

22 High Clay Yields Greater than 160 bushels per acre MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N =223 lb N per acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 242 lb N per acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = 253 lb N per acre N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

23 High Clay with Yields Less than 160 bushels per Acre. MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 233 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 266 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N =287 lb N/acre N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

24 Return to N, $ per acre 900 Medium Texture Eastern Sites Yields Greater than 160 Bushels per Acre MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 208 lb N/acre (185 bu/acre) $4 corn, 40 cent N = 222 pounds N/ acre (185 bu/acre) = 232 pounds N/acre (187 bu/acre) N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C Range for $1 return lb N/acre Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 90N5C 100N5C

25 Return to N, $ per acre 600 Eastern Medium Texture sites yields < 160 bu/acre 550 MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 292 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 312 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = > 355 lb N/acre N3C 40N4C 40N5C Total Available N, pounds per acre

26 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 High Clay Sites Yielding Under 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

27 Corn N timeline Application Period of greatest uptake Day 1 Day 45 Day 80 Day 120

28 In high clay soils, leaching is not an issue. Downward movement of water in a Fargo soil series is about inches per hour, or about 1/3 inch per day.

29 Clay soils have a denitrification issue. Denitrification- NO 3 under anaerobic conditions enables a suite of bacteria to convert NO 3 to NOx and N 2 gas Any of the gases are plant unavailable.

30 Range of values for loss of nitrate per day when soil is saturated range from 1-3% per day. In May, 2010, soils in the Valley were saturated for about 30 days. Losses of N were estimated at about 80 lb/acre that is about 40% available N over 30 days, or about 1.3% per day. In 2011, soils were saturated for about 45 days. Losses were estimated at about 150 lb N, or about 1.7% per day.

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32 Image taken June 28, 3 days after area was covered by 6 inches of water

33 Yield and quality of sugar beets with tillage treatment and N timing. Treatment Yield, tons per acre Per cent net sucrose Recoverable sugar per ton Recoverable sugar per acre Conventional b till Strip Till ab No Till a NS NS NS LSD 5% 513 All N Early 21.3 ab 16.1 a 322 a 6848 a Split N Timing 22.2 a 15.4 b 309 b 6835 a All N Late 19.8 b 14.7 c 295 c 5838 b LSD 5% 1.6 LSD 5% 0.6 LSD 5% 12 LSD 5% 513

34 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 Medium Textured Sites, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba with High Yields Less than 160 Bushels Per Acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

35 These are soils with issues, often leaching related. Leaching is easier to understand compared to gas loss after denitrification. Splitting N application is also a solution to some of these soil problems.

36 Incubation study, 10 g soil treated with 200 ppm urea-n and 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 ppm of nitrapyrin as N-Serve emulsifiable, nitrapyrin as Instinct, DCD, sulfur as ATS, or maleicitaconic polymer as NSN-QDO Four soils Renshaw (slow nitrification) Glyndon, Ulysses, Bearden (rapid nitrification) 1, 2, 3, 4 week sampling Paper submitted to SSSAJ

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39 Conclusion Instinct less effective than N-Serve at equal rates of nitrapyrin No effect of Nutrisphere-N with three soils with rapid nitrification Nutrisphere-N less effective than ATS with the soil with slow nitrification

40 Active optical sensors have been identified as a tool to increase nitrogen-use efficiency Greenseeker (Trimble) Holland Crop Circle Sensor (Holland Scientific)

41 Corn Yield, bu/acre Corn Yield, bu/acre All Eastern Conventional Till Sites Greenseeker 5-6 Leaf INSEY vs Corn Yield y = e x R² = Greenseeker 5-6 Leaf INSEY All Eastern Conventional Till Sites Greenseeker Leaf INSEY vs Corn Yield y = e x R² = Greenseeker INSEY

42 Example field- 160 acres Use zone sampling to direct the initial N-rate to field Apply about 200 lb N to a small reference area

43 Example field- 160 acres When applicator enters the field to apply side-dress application, the reference area serves as the INSEY that is the maximum supported by an application, less an INSEY of 5%. Reference area previously highly fertilized with N

44 Yield Reference Yield Reference INSEY INSEY

45 Yield Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

46 Yield Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

47 Yield Corn yield difference in pounds per acre. X 1.25 % N in corn grain divided by efficiency factor 0.6 = N rate Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

48 Example- Reference yield predicted- 220 bushels In-field yield estimated- 160 bushels difference = 60 bushels X 56 lb N/bushel = 3360 pounds X = 42 lb N 42 /0.6 efficiency factor = 70 lb N at that location.

49 New Corn N Recommendations will be out Summer Print and web-based West River Eastern Long-term No-till, diverse rotation Eastern High Clay, yield >160 bu/a Eastern High Clay, yield < 160 bu/a Eastern Medium textures, yield > 160 bu/a Eastern Medium textures, yield < 160 bu/a