Restoring Resilience to Casco Bay s Shores (2010 State of the Bay Presentation)
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1 University of Southern Maine USM Digital Commons Presentations Casco Bay Estuary Partnership (CBEP) 2010 Restoring Resilience to Casco Bay s Shores (2010 State of the Bay Presentation) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve Follow this and additional works at: Recommended Citation Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve. (2010). Restoring Resilience to Casco Bay s Shores (2010 State of the Bay Presentation). [Presentation slides]. Portland, ME: University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service, Casco Bay Estuary Partnership. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Casco Bay Estuary Partnership (CBEP) at USM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Presentations by an authorized administrator of USM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact jessica.c.hovey@maine.edu.
2 WELLS NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE RESTORING RESILIENCE TO CASCO BAY S SHORES
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5 Why Restore Coastal Habitats? Resilience the ability to recover from disturbance Healthy coastal habitats have the greatest resilience Restoring salt marshes will improve coastal resilience
6 Climate Change Both Chronic and Acute Disturbance Coastal Storms: increased frequency and intensity Rainfall: extreme precipitation events Temperature: Relative Sea Level: 2 3 mm per year
7 Why Restore Salt Marshes? Physical Resistance to Storm Surge Filtration of Freshwater Runoff Filtration of Sediments from Fresh or Marine Maintains Elevation at Mean Sea Level Unique Habitat for Many Plants and Animals Source of Energy for Coastal Food Webs - Nekton Trophic Relay
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10 Healthy Marshes Track Sea Level
11 Conceptual model of marsh sediment interactions Marsh persistence during periods of sea level rise Conditions for elevation changes Very slow Transgression over upland Physical Sea Level Rise (0-5 mm/ yr) Wave and Ice Exposure Sediment Supply Compact ion Biological Root and Rhizome Growt h Decomposit ion Sediment Trapping and Binding Salt Marsh Surface elevation increases as peat builds Peat No Transgression or Regression over flats Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve Burdick 2004
12 Marker Horizon Donald R. Cahoon, Ph.D and James Lynch Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
13 Marsh Response to Chronic Disturbance - Erosion Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
14 More Erosion Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
15 Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve Nutrients
16 Homes - Buffer Loss - Nutrients - Docks: an increasingly popular combination Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
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18 Phragmites Rules? Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
19 If we help it get started. Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
20 Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
21 Phrag Loves Lawns Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
22 Finding Fishes on the Marsh Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
23 Residents, Transients, Migrants Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
24 Wells NERR Fishes 50 Species GOM Estuaries 55 Species Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
25 Nekton Trophic Relay Small fish stay in shallow water and eat smaller things Bigger fish stay in deep water and eat larger things, such as juvenile fish. The biggest fish live in deeper water and eat even larger things, such as adult fish.
26 Large Predators as Energy Exporters Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
27 NEKTON TROPHIC RELAY MODEL (Kneib) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
28 Nekton Trophic Relay Kneib 1997 Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
29 Ways to Restore and Maintain Salt Marsh Habitat Restore/Maintain Natural Tidal Hydrology Restore/Maintain Natural Shorelands Restore/Maintain Natural Sediment Sources Provide for Habitat Migration
30 Restoration Goal Produce self-sustaining ecosystem that closely resembles natural system in structure, function and values Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
31 Restoring Marshes in the Gulf of Maine Hydrology seems to be on the right track Small scale alterations not clear Improvements in adjacent land use need to be implemented
32 Tidal Restriction Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
33 When Tides are Lost Marshes are transformed Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
34 Thousands of Acres of Lost Salt Marsh Production Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
35 SUBSIDENCE Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
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39 Spruce Creek Pre-Restoration
40 Spruce Creek Post Restoration (Year 4)
41 Nearly 30% of York County tidal marsh area is compromised by tidal restriction Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
42 How is the Patient Doing? Recovering Salt Marshes need Check-Ups Recovery requires improvement in ecological state over time - to expected level Recovery is measured by comparison to appropriate healthy examples called reference systems Recovery cannot be assumed it must be evaluated Recovery often requires additional intervention
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44 GPAC Core Variables Miles Tidal Creek Tidal River Intertidal Emergent Marsh Diked/ Impounded Pond/ River Identifying altered or restricted flows in tidal marshes and watersheds Base Map Location, Key Features, Wetland Types, Stations Soils/Sediments Porewater Salinity Nekton Composition, Density, Species Richness, Length, Biomass Hydrology Tidal Signal, Marsh Surface Elevation Vegetation Composition, Abundance, Height, Density, Photos Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve Birds Density, Species Richness, Feeding and Breeding Behavior
45 Gulf of Maine Salt Marsh Restoration Database 36 Monitored Sites Seavey Landing - Scarborough ME Cascade Brook - Scarborough ME Granite Point - Biddeford ME New Brunswick Bay of Fundy Weskeag Marsh - Thomaston Cheverie Creek Cheverie Pickering Brook Greenland NH Sandy Point - Stratham NH Mill Brook - Stratham NH Philbrick - N. Hampton NH Little River - Hampton NH Drakeside Hampton NH Oak Knoll Rowley MA Island Rd - Essex MA Conomo Pt - Essex MA Moody Marsh Wells ME Drakes Island - Wells ME Wheeler Marsh York ME Chauncey Creek - Kittery ME Parson s Creek - Rye NH Awcomin Rye NH Rye Harbor & Bass Beach - Rye NH Brown s River Seabrook NH Plumbush Newbury MA Joppa Flats - Newburyport MA Argilla Rd, Little Neck, & Town Farm Rd Ipswich MA Saratoga Creek & Seaview St - Rockport MA Long Wharf & Eastern Point Gloucester MA Forest River Salem/Marblehead MA Fisherman s Bend Winthrop MA Nova Scotia Gulf of Maine Regional Synthesis Konisky et al N Wells National Estuarine Eastham/Orleans Research Eastham MA ReserveNamskaket Brewster MA Approx 20 miles
46 Mean Salinity (ppt) Functional Results: Soil Salinity Salinity 30 All Culvert DitchPlug Excavation y = Ln(x) R 2 = Reference (n=19): *Before (C:16,E:4,D:3) After 1yr (C:8,E:2,D:6) **After 2+ yrs (C:6,E:0,D:2) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
47 Percent of Unrestricted Maxim um Tidal Height Functional Results: Tidal Hydrology Tidal Hydrology 1 All Culvert Excavation Reference (n=14): *Before (C:12,E:2,D:0) **After 1+yr (C:6,E:0,D:0) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
48 Percent Cover of Halophyte Species Functional Results: Vegetation (Halophyte) 80 Halophyte Plant Species All Culvert DitchPlug Excavation y = 4.24x x R 2 = Reference (n=18) *Before (C:14,E:8,D:3) After 1yr (C:8,E:3,D:4) After 2yrs (C:4,E:2,D:2) After 3+yrs (C:5,E:2,D:2) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
49 Fish Per Square Meter Functional Results: Fish 14 Fish Density...É.. Reference Mean + 1 SE (n=10, 6.8 fish + All Culvert DitchPlug Excavation Bef ore (C:5,E:0,D:3) Af ter 1y r (C:2,E:2,D:3) Af ter 2+ y rs (C:2,E:2,D:0) Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
50 Assessment Conclusions I. Sites selected for restoration activities are degraded relative to reference marshes for many ecological indicators. II. Regional restoration practices are successful at restoring physical functions of degraded marshes. III. Recovery of biologic functions is inconclusive, although plant communities trended toward reference states. IV. Response of biologic functions may be more variable and take longer than physical responses, continue monitoring. V. Differences in regional use of the protocol detract from regional assessment capabilities. VI. Progress toward increased regional acceptance would be facilitated by protocol refinements. Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
51 How do created pools compare to natural pools? Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
52 Drakes Island Marsh 125 acre wetland partially restored in 1991 Additional restoration action in 2005 Self Regulating Tide Gate (SRT) Manage tide gate for natural hydrology Use % time under water as a measureable indicator Requires accurate elevation surveys Requires water level/elevation monitoring
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54 Self-Regulating Tide Gate (SRT)
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60 Fish Passage Flow (m/sec) Change in Flow at the Culvert and Rate of Fish Passage Restricted Restored Reference Flow Change at Culvert Fish Passage 0.00 Hucklberry Road DIM Brown's Parson's Little Culvert River Creek River DIM Reference Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
61 Nekton Indicators of Casco Bay Fringing Marsh Health 2002 & 2004 Casco Bay Sampling Stations: High impact = Intermediate impact = Low impact =
62 Crustaceans Green Crab Jonah Crab Sand Shrimp Hermit Crab CASCO BAY FRINGING MARSH NEKTON Marsh Resident Fish Mummichog Atlantic Silverside Three Spine Stickleback Four Spine Stickleback Juvenile Marine Fishes Winter and Smooth Flounder Hake Migratory Species Rainbow Smelt Tom Cod American Eel Alewife Marine Transient Fishes Atlantic Herring Striped Bass Mullet Other Candidates Sand Lance Pollock Bluefish Cod? Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
63 CANDIDATE METRICS FOR FRINGING MARSH IBI CANDIDATE METRICS OF MARSH HEALTH - INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY (IBI) - POPULATION/BIOMASS Green Crab % Biomass + Fundulus Biomass Density + Fundulus Density + Other Fish Density -- Number of Piscivores -- % Biomass Shrimp -- Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
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65 Casco Bay Fringing Marshes 1,160 mainland marsh units identified 101 acres total area Benefits to 93 miles of coastline
66 Projecting Marsh Migration
67 Marsh Footprints Change with Sea Level
68 Casco Bay Fringing Marshes Average Impact Score 73% Restoration priorities: Improve shoreland buffers Reduce physical damage Docks, boats, foot traffic Control Phragmites
69 Priority Sites for Restoration
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73 SPREAD OF INVASIVE SPECIES Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve
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