Life Cycle Assessment of Carrying Bags Options for Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES

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Wesley Rodgers
5 years ago
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Past President, Philippine Plastics Industry

Waste Management Commission Presented to: 25

1 Life Cycle Assessment of Carrying Bags Options for Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES J.B. Manuel M. Biona, Ph.D. Project Consultant Presented by: Crispian Lao Past President, Philippine Plastics Industry Association Vice Chairman, National Solid Waste Management Commission Presented to: 25 th Asia Plastics Forum Plastics Waste Management: Going Beyond the Observations

2 Why LCA? Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic methodology in evaluating environmental impact associated with all phases of a product s life from cradle-to-grave. The procedures of LCA are part of the ISO environmental management standards.

3 Objectives Assess the Life Cycle Impacts of different carrying bags options in Metro Manila Plastic bag (non-biodegradable) Paper bags Non-Woven Polypropylene Bags (Reusable Bags)

4 Methodology and Scope Functional Unit Scenarios Covered Environmental Design of Industrial Products (EDIP) LCA and Impacts Components Inventory Analysis Supply Chain Impact Areas Weighing

5 Functional Unit Amount of Material Required to Carry a similar set of goods as with a 12 liter Carrier Sando Bag Composition was based on the commonly purchased good of a Filipino family based on NSCB data Based on a 14 liter Paper Bag and 13 liter Non Woven PP

6 Scenarios Covered Baseline - Based on existing disposal behavior Ideal - Assumes 100% Land Fill Waste disposal

7 EDIP Methodology and Impact Covered Build Model Life Cycle Inventory Life Cycle Impact Assessment Define Scope & Boundary Inputs: Raw Materials, Energy Carriers, Water Global Warming Potential Acidification Ozone Depletion Model Processes & Activities Outputs: Airborne & Waterborne Emissions, Solid Waste Human Toxicity Eutrophication Photochemical Ozone Creation Ecotoxicity Weighing and Interpretation Flooding Impact Landfill Volume Impact

8 Flooding Impact based on Cost of Remediation Limited to dredging and surface clean-up due unavailability of data from government agencies on drainage clean-up cost The following fate factors were assumed: - 100% of paper waste assumed to sink and become deposited in the sea or river bed - 20% of paper assumed to sink and become deposited in the sea or river bed while the rest assumed to be suspended on the surface. Marine litter collection cost (Php per Ton) Dregding Cost per kg (Php/Ton) Unit cost of remediation assumed:

9 Process Flow Components and Inventory Analysis Scope

10 Inventory Analysis Components Transport Delivery Delivery On-Site Fuel Production Onsite Process Pre-Combustion Transport Power Plant Power Plant Pre-Combustion

11 Supply Chain Analysis Based on Global Supply Chain Source and Destination by Regions Basis for Transport Requirements and Grid Mix Scope Direct : Input Material Source Assumed same location for farming and production of raw materials Indirect : Raw Material Source for Input Material Preparation Ex. Fertilizers Supplied to Farming, Nat. Gas supplied for boiler and power generation. Electricity consumed for production of paper.

Middle East and North Africa Coal Nat Gas Res Oil Diesel Gasoline LPG Nuclear Hydro Biomass

12 Power Mix Assumed 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Philippines South East Asia and the Pacific East Asia South and Central Asia Europe North America Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Coal Nat Gas Res Oil Diesel Gasoline LPG Nuclear Hydro Biomass Other RE Source: APERC Analysis (2012 Historical Data: World Energy Statistics 2011 OECD / IEA 2011

13 Philippine Energy Mix Philippines Energy Mix 0% 21% 24% 42% Coal at 42% Other RE at 24% Hydro at 21% 0% 0% 6% 0% 8% Coal Nat Gas Res Oil Diesel Gasoline LPG Nuclear Hydro Biomass Other RE

14 COAL SUPPLY Chain Philippines

15 Plastic Bag System Boundary Primary Energy Distillation, Desalting and Hydrotreating Monomer Production Ethylene ` Polymer Production PE Hopper Extruder Circular Die Air Ring / Air bubble Product Raw Material Crude oil Production Natural Gas Processing Natural Gas Production Recycled/ Shredded Collapsing frame (guide) Nip Rollers Layflat form Roll of film Air Emissions Water Effluents Solid waste Fuel Production Power Production Transport Utilization / Disposal Households Printing Cutting Buried Waterways Burned Eco-aide City garbage collector MRF/ Junkshop Landfill

16 Paper Bag System Boundary ` Primary Energy Farming/Planting Pulp production Product Raw Material Fuel Production Recycled Paper Paper production Power Production Cutting Paper Bag Air Emissions Transport Water Effluents Utilization / Disposal Solid waste Households Buried Waterways Burned Eco-aide City garbage collector MRF/ Junkshop Landfill

17 Reusable (PP Non Woven) Bag System Boundary ` Primary Energy Distillation, Desalting and Hydrotreating Monomer Production Propylene Polymer Production PP Non-Woven Sheets Production Product Raw Material Crude oil Production Natural Gas Processing Cutting Natural Gas Production Sewing Air Emissions Water Effluents Solid waste Fuel Production Power Production Transport Households Utilization / Disposal Buried Waterways Burned Eco-aide City garbage collector MRF/ Junkshop Landfill

18 Based on Actual Local Supply Chain Baseline Scenario Current Supply Chain Platsic Bag Source Refined Petroleum Processed NG Ethylene PE Resins Recycled Resins/Bags Plastic Bag Local 100% 100% 44% 29% 100% 100% Imported 0% 0% 56% 71% 0% 0% Paper Bag Source Recycled Pulp Virgin Pulp Paper Sheet Paper Bag Local 50% 0% 0% 100% Imported 50% 100% 100% 0% Non-Woven Propylene Source Recycled Pulp Virgin Pulp Local 100% 50% Imported 0% 50%

19 Based on Local Industry Setup Percentage of Local Industry Setup Refined Pet Source Share Refined Pet Source Share Local Naptha Cracking Plant Share Bataan Batangas Malampaya Batangas Port Bataan 0.00% Batangas 100.0% % % Ethylene Resin Source Share Local PE Resin Plant Share Share North Harbor Port Batangas Port Bataan Port Bataan PE Plant atangas PE Plant Bataan 55.17% % Batangas 44.83% % PE Resin Source Share Local Plastic Sando Bags Share North Harbor Port Batangas Port Bataan Port Subic Port Bataan PE Plan Batangas PE Plant CAMANAVA 50.00% 71.00% 16.00% 13.00% Laguna 25.00% 71.00% 16.00% 13.00% Bulacan 25.00% 71.00% 16.00% 13.00% Refined Pet Source Share Refined Pet Source Share Local Naptha Cracking Plant Share Bataan Batangas Malampaya Batangas Port Bataan 0.00% Batangas 100.0% Ethylene Resin Source Share Local PE Resin Plant Share Share North Harbor Port Batangas Port Bataan Port Bataan PE Plant atangas PE Plant Bataan 55.17% Batangas 44.83% PE Resin Source Share Local Plastic Sando Bags Share North Harbor Port Batangas Port Bataan Port Subic Port Bataan PE Plan Batangas PE Plant CAMANAVA 50.00% Laguna 25.00% Bulacan 25.00%

20 Paper Raw Material Supply Chain Philippines Paper Bag Philippines 90.00% South East Asia and the Pacific 0.00% East Asia 2.65% South and Central Asia 2.68% Europe 1.71% North America 1.34% Latin America and Caribbean 0.24% Middle East and North Africa 1.38% East Asia Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 12.14% East Asia 66.74% South and Central Asia 2.03% Europe 11.06% North America 7.87% Middle East and North Africa 0.15% South and Central Asia Paper Rolls/Paper Spools East Asia 60.13% South and Central Asia 0.57% Europe 10.27% North America 29.04% Europe Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 0.03% East Asia 0.54% South and Central Asia 0.02% Europe 98.56% North America 0.22% Latin America and Caribbean 0.07% Middle East and North Africa 0.56% North America Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 5.79% East Asia 13.80% South and Central Asia 0.66% Europe 8.66% North America 65.16% Latin America and Caribbean 5.92% South East Asia and the Pacific Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 8.87% East Asia 1.01% Europe 25.94% North America 63.85% Middle East and North Africa 0.33% East Asia Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 18.77% East Asia 2.34% South and Central Asia 0.01% Europe 30.09% North America 48.78% South and Central Asia Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 24.79% East Asia 0.78% South and Central Asia 0.04% Europe 4.23% North America 70.16% Europe Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 0.04% East Asia 0.01% Europe 83.12% North America 16.79% Middle East and North Africa 0.04% North America Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 0.06% Europe 2.12% North America 97.82%

21 Assumptions Share for Local and Imported Supply Local and Imported Supply Share Source Recycled Pulp Virgin Pulp Paper Sheet Paper Bag Local 50% 0% 10% 90% Imported 50% 100% 90% 10% Product Share of Virgin and Recycled Materials Virgin and Recycled Material Share Product Share Virgin 100% Recycled 0%

22 Assumptions Percentage of Local Paper Industry Setup Local Industry Set-up Recycled Pulp Virgin Pulp Paper Sheet Production Share North Harbor Port Bataan Port Subic Port North Harbor Port Bataan Port Subic Port Bataan 30% 100% 100% Pampanga 40% 100% 100% Bulacan 30% 100% 100% Local Recycled Pulp Source Recycled Paper Sheet Production Luzon Visayas Mindanao Bataan 50% 25% 25% Pampanga 50% 25% 25% Bulacan 50% 25% 25% Paper Sheet Supply Sourve Share Paper Bag Production Share North Harbor (Imported) Bataan Pampanga Bulacan CAMANAVA 100% 90% 3% 4% 3% Others 0% 90% 3% 4% 3%

23 Global Supply Chain Philippines Paper Bag Philippines 90.00% South East Asia and the Pacific 0.00% East Asia 2.65% South and Central Asia 2.68% Europe 1.71% North America 1.34% Latin America and Caribbean 0.24% Middle East and North Africa 1.38% East Asia Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 12.14% East Asia 66.74% South and Central Asia 2.03% Europe 11.06% North America 7.87% Middle East and North Africa 0.15% South and Central Asia Paper Rolls/Paper Spools East Asia 60.13% South and Central Asia 0.57% Europe 10.27% North America 29.04% Europe Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 0.03% East Asia 0.54% South and Central Asia 0.02% Europe 98.56% North America 0.22% Latin America and Caribbean 0.07% Middle East and North Africa 0.56% North America Paper Rolls/Paper Spools South East Asia and the Pacific 5.79% East Asia 13.80% South and Central Asia 0.66% Europe 8.66% North America 65.16% Latin America and Caribbean 5.92% South East Asia and the Pacific Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 8.87% East Asia 1.01% Europe 25.94% North America 63.85% Middle East and North Africa 0.33% East Asia Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 18.77% East Asia 2.34% South and Central Asia 0.01% Europe 30.09% North America 48.78% South and Central Asia Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 24.79% East Asia 0.78% South and Central Asia 0.04% Europe 4.23% North America 70.16% Europe Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 0.04% East Asia 0.01% Europe 83.12% North America 16.79% Middle East and North Africa 0.04% North America Wood Pulp (Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp) South East Asia and the Pacific 0.06% Europe 2.12% North America 97.82%

24 Impact Area Weights Dumpsite Utilization 15% Local Impacts Acidification 6% Human Toxicity 21% Total Impacts Global Impacts 40% Flooding 20% Ecotoxicity 14% Eutrophication 12% Photochemical Ozone 12% Acidification Human Toxicity Ecotoxicity Photochemical Ozone Eutrophication Flooding Dumpsite Utilization Local Impacts 60% Global Impact Fossil Energy Use 24% Global Impacts Local Impacts Ozone Depletion 31% Global Warming Potential 45% Fossil Energy Use Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion

25 Fossil Energy Use Coal Liquid Fuel Natural Gas Nuclear

Global Warming Potential http://www.iea.

26 Global Warming Potential

27 Ozone Depletion

Acidification http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/effects-of-air-pollution.

28 Acidification Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife.

Eutrophication the over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as nitrogen phosphorus- --has emerged as one of the leading causes of water quality impairment.

29 Eutrophication the over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as nitrogen phosphorus- --has emerged as one of the leading causes of water quality impairment. The two most acute symptoms of eutrophication are hypoxia (or oxygen depletion) and harmful algal blooms, which among other things can destroy aquatic life in affected areas.

30 Photochemical Ozone Depletion (Smog)

31 Ecotoxicity

32 Flooding

33 Dumpsite Utilization

34 Results

35 Results: Baseline Scenario Global Warming Potential Acidification 1.20E E E E E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.) Human Toxicity (20 yrs.) 1.20E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal 8.00E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal

36 Results: Baseline Scenario Eutrophication Ecotoxicity Photochemical Ozone Creation 1.20E E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal 8.00E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal 8.00E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Flooding Land Fill Plastic Paper Non-Woven PP 0 Plastic Paper Non-Woven PP

37 Results: Baseline Scenario 1.20E E E E E-01 Single Score Result Plastic Paper Non-Woven PP GWP AP ODP HTP NP PCOP EP FL LF

38 Results: Ideal Scenario Global Warming Potential Acidification 1.20E E E E E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.) Human Toxicity (20 yrs.) 1.20E E E E E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal

39 Results: Ideal Scenario Eutrophication Ecotoxicity Photochemical Ozone Creation 1.20E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Raw Material Extraction Raw Material Preparation Production Utilization Disposal Land Fill Plastic Paper Non-Woven PP

40 Results: Ideal Scenario Single Score Result 9.00E E E E E E E E E-01 Plastic Paper Non-Woven PP GWP AP ODP HTP NP PCOP EP FL LF

41 Conclusions REUSABLE (Non-Woven PP) provides the least impact among the options evaluated Based on the cost of remediation, the flooding contribution of paper bags compared to plastic is higher. It must be however that the approach adopted is limited in scope due to the availability of cost and waste data. Non-Biodegradable Plastic bags is more environmentally desirable compared to paper in all impact areas. This is primarily traced to their lower material quantity used.

42 Results: Baseline Scenario 3.50E+01 Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) 9.00E-02 Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) 1.60E-12 Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 6.00E-05 Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 2.50E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E-05

43 Results: Baseline Scenario 4.00E E E E E E E-01 Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 2.00E E E E E E E E E-01 Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 1.20E E E E E+00 Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 5.00E E E E E E E E E E-05 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg)

44 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Acidification) 6.00E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) 8.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) 1.20E E E E E E E-02

45 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Ozone Depletion) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 1.60E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-13 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-14

46 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Human Toxicity) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled 2.50E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 3.00E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 3.50E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 2.00E E E E E E E E E+01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01

47 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Eutrophication) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled 4.50E-05 Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 5.00E-05 Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 6.00E-05 Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 6.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05

48 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Photochemical Ozone Creation) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled 1.60E E E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 2.00E E E E E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 2.50E E E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 8.00E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 3.50E E E E E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg)

49 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled 2.50E+00 Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 3.00E+00 Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 4.00E+00 Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 2.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 4.50E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01

50 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity) 1.40E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 1.80E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 2.50E E E E E E E E E-01

51 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled 9.00E E E E E E E+00 Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 9.00E E E E E E E+00 Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 1.20E E E E E+00 Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 1.20E E E E E E E E E E E+00

52 Results: Baseline Scenario with Sensitivity Analysis (Terrestrial Ecotoxicity) 3.50E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 4.00E E-04 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 6.00E E-04 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 5.00E E E E E E E E E E-04

53 Results: Scenario 1 Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 3.50E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 6.00E-05 Eutrophication(kg PO₄ ³ - eq./kg) 2.50E+01 Photochemical Ozone Creation(kg ethylene eq./ kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E-05

54 Results: Scenario 1 Fresh Water Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Fresh Water Sediment Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 5.00E-04 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity(kg 1.4-DCB eq./kg) 4.50E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05

55 Results: Scenario 1 with Sensitivity Analysis (Acidification) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) 6.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) Acidification(kg SO2 eq./kg ) 1.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02

56 Results: Scenario 1 with Sensitivity Analysis (Ozone Depletion) 1.60E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 1.20E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-13 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) Ozone Depletion (20 yrs.)(kg CFC 11/kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-14

57 Results: Scenario 1 with Sensitivity Analysis (Human Toxicity) 2.50E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 3.00E E+01 Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 2.00E E E E E E E E E+01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) Human Toxicity (20 yrs.)(kg 1.4- DCB eq./kg) 4.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01

58 2.50E+01 Results: Scenario 2 Sensitivity Analysis (GWP) 100% Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) 4.50E E E E E E E+01

59 Results: Scenario 3 with Sensitivity Analysis (GWP) 2.50E % Virgin, 0% Recycled 75% Virgin, 25% Recycled 50% Virgin, 50% Recycled Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 25% Virgin, 75% Recycled 0% Virgin, 100% Recycled Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) Global Warming Potential(kg CO2 eq./kg) 4.50E E E E E E E E E E+01

60 Conclusion LCA was used to evaluate carrying bag options in Metro Manila Non-woven bags have the least impact among the three options followed by plastic

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