The sustainability evaluation of an innovative technique of S/S evaluated through a comparative LCA

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1 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 The 3 rd International conference on Sustainable Remediation Theme 3: «Greening» Remediation The sustainability evaluation of an innovative technique of S/S evaluated through a comparative LCA Petra Scanferla, PhD Consorzio Venezia Ricerche Roberto Pellay - MAPINTEC

2 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 Content Case study on HPSS application o o Location and heavy metal contamination of soil The advanced S/S technique HPSS A comparative LCA between HPSS and landfill o o LCA: a tool for the evaluation of the «greening» remediation Results of the environmental impact of two remediation scenario A Conclusion

3 The case study: location URBAN REQUALIFICATION OF «EX ELECTRIC POWER STATION «ENEL» IN S.GIOBBE VENICE» Area of 17,000 m2 The 3rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014

4 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 The case study: contaminants Table 1: Concentration of the heavy metals of concern in the soil fine fraction Heavy metals Heavy metals concentration in soil VS Risk base Acceptable Concentrations Maximum soil concentrations Mean soil concentrations Risk based acceptable concentration** Residential use limits*** Commercial /industrial use limits*** As (mg kg-1 dm*) Cu (mg kg-1 dm*) 1, Hg (mg kg dm*) Pb (mg kg-1 dm*) 2, Sb (mg kg-1 dm*) Sn (mg kg-1 dm*) *soil dry matter **risk threshold level calculated by site specific risk assessment ***(IMD, 2006) for superficial soil (first meter)

5 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 The HPSS technology HPSS technology is capable of stabilising any heavy metals and some organics in a cement matrix produced in accordance with High Performance Concrete (HPC) approaches. The contaminated soil is transformed in very dense, low porous and mechanically resistant cement granular material, which can be reused for the filling of the excavations. HPSS: patent WO/2006/ Lithoidal granular material

6 The HPSS technology CONTAMINATED SITES REMEDIATED APPLYING HPSS Project under development Remediated

7 The HPSS technology The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014

8 The HPSS technology Due to the low water-cement ratio (W/C), obtained by specific additives (MapePlast ECO 1 ) it is possible obtain: the increasing of the mechanical characteristics of the granules the decreasing of the granules porosity and consequently of the inorganic contaminants leaching heavy metals are stabilized mean their precipitation in much less bio-available Porosity species = 0,61 + 0,23e W/C (Walton, 1990) with HPSS is possible to obtain permeability < 10 8 m/s The aggregate produced is similar to gravel and, after curing, the HM leaching fully comply with: - the Italian environmental regulations for the reusable materials (Italian Decree 5 th February 1998) - the Duch Building Decree (with long term leaching test)

9 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 The HPSS technology The process phases 1. Crushing of the soil and mixing with cement (10%-27%); 2. Mixing with HPSS additives (2-4%); 3. Granulation on a rolling plate

10 The case study: remediation The 3rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014

11 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: a standardized tool The sustainable remediation How to demonstrate the environmental sustainability of an intervention? v Procedure of Environmental Footprint Analysis dedicated to remediation. v LCA, developed in according to the standard ISO , a standardized procedure internationally recognized

12 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: a standardized tool The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-recognized methodology quantifying inputs and outputs as well as the potential environmental impacts associated with a process throughout its whole life cycle.

13 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: a standardized tool Applica3on of LCA methodology according to ISO standard (2006), such as to define goal and scope (i.e. func3onal unit, system boundaries..) to collect inventory data (raw material inputs, energy requirements, etc.) to characterize the impact by means environmental indicators (impact categories ), such as Global Warming Poten3al, Ozone Deple3on, Resuorce Consump3on, etc.

14 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: a standardized tool Primary data Data from case study application Data and software Secondary data International database Ecoinvent Da database internazionali Ecoinvent ed altri Software SimaPro analyst

15 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 The goal: LCA: comparative study 1 Environmental impact quantification of the granular aggregate realized by the application of HPSS technology to obtain the EPD Environmental Product Declaration registration 2 Compare the LCA of HPSS application vs landfill disposal and restoration with virgin soil Methods: EPD2007 IMPACT 2002+

16 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: comparative study Functional Unit (UF) for comparison: UF: the rehabilitation of 763 Kg of contaminated soil. System boundaries HPSS scenario: excavation of 763 kg of contaminated soil, mixing phase with 190 kg of Portland cement and additives (MapeplastECO1 at 3%), granulation phase, curing phase, achievement of 1 t of granular aggregate, excavation filling with granular material. Landfill scenario: excavation of 763 kg of contaminated soil, landfill transportation and disposal, excavation filling with vergin soil.

17 LCA: comparative study HPSS scenario: flow diagram overall impact (%) (cut off=0.1%)

18 Impact category LCA: comparative study HPSS scenario: impact category results (EPD2007) Unit Total HPSS Aggregate production Reuse of HPSS aggregate Global warming kg CO2 eq 175,1 193,7-18,6 (GWP100) Ozone layer kg CFC-11 eq 9,4E-06 1,2E-05-2,5E-06 depletion (ODP) Photochemical kg C2H4 0,028 0,042-0,014 oxidation Acidification kg SO2 eq 0,301 0,399-0,099 Eutrophication kg PO4--- eq 0,041 0,061-0,021 Non renewable, fossil MJ eq

19 LCA: comparative study HPSS scenario: inventory analisys Impact category Unit Total HPSS Aggregate production Reuse of HPSS aggregate Global warming kg CO2 eq 175,1 193,7-18,6 (GWP100) Ozone layer kg CFC-11 eq 9,4E-06 1,2E-05-2,5E-06 depletion (ODP) Photochemical kg C2H4 0,028 0,042-0,014 oxidation Acidification kg SO2 eq 0,301 0,399-0,099 Eutrophication kg PO4--- eq 0,041 0,061-0,021 Non renewable, fossil MJ eq Portland cement Additive: mapeplast ECO HPSS aggregate production Process Unit GWP (100) Portland cement, strength class Z 52.5, kg CO2 eq 160,6 at plant Acrylic dispersion, MAPEPLAST at plant kg CO2 eq 16,3 Electricity, medium voltage, at grid/it kg CO2 eq 4,5 Electricity HV use in I + imports kg CO2 eq 3,9 Transport, lorry >28t, fleet average kg CO2 eq 3,61 Transport, lorry t, fleet average kg CO2 eq 2,0 Disposal, building, brick, to recycling kg CO2 eq 1,8 Excavation, hydraulic digger kg CO2 eq 0,5 Remaining processes kg CO2 eq 0,21 Total of all processes kg CO2 eq 193,7

20 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: comparative study HPSS scenario: processes contribution analysis (%) (EPD2007) Raw material acquisition Excavation and stock Crushing Mixing Granulation

21 LCA: comparative study Landfill scenario: flow diagram overall impact (%) (cut off=0.1%)

22 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: comparative study Landfill scenario: impact category results Impact category Unit Total Excavation and transport to landfill Landfill (disposal of special category) Redevelopment filling with virgin soil Global warming kg CO2 eq 463,5 8,9 442,5 11,6 (GWP100) Ozone layer kg CFC-11 2,48E-05 1,42E-06 2,15E-05 1,86E-06 depletion (ODP) eq Photochemical kg C2H4 0,111 0, , ,00968 oxidation Acidification kg SO2 eq 0,853 0, , ,06236 Eutrophication Non renewable, fossil kg PO ,46 0, , ,01333 eq MJ eq

23 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 LCA: comparative study Landfill scenario: processes contribution analysis (EPD2007) Excavation and landfill transportation Landfill disposal Filling with virgin soil

24 LCA: comparative study HPSS scenario: different principal phases contribution analysis (IMPACT2000+) (metodo IMPAC2002+) Impact category Unit Total Carcinogens kg C2H3Cl eq 0,68 Non-carcinogens kg C2H3Cl eq 1,72 Ozone layer depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0,00 Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg TEG soil 519,96 Terrestrial acid/nutri kg SO2 eq 1,39 Land occupation m2org.arable 0,14 Aquatic acidification kg SO2 eq 0,32 Aquatic eutrophication kg PO4 P-lim 0,00 Global warming kg CO2 eq 169,79 Non-renewable energy MJ primary 1040,10 Mineral extraction MJ surplus 0,55 Landfill scenario: different principal phases contribution analysis (IMPACT2000+) Impact category Unit Total Carcinogens kg C2H3Cl eq 33,38 Non-carcinogens kg C2H3Cl eq 721,03 Ozone layer depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0,00 Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg TEG soil 2991,51 Terrestrial acid/nutri kg SO2 eq 5,96 Land occupation m2org.arable 6,64 Aquatic acidification kg SO2 eq 1,01 Aquatic eutrophication kg PO4 P-lim 0,02 Global warming kg CO2 eq 449,25 Non-renewable energy MJ primary 3093,30 Mineral extraction MJ surplus 1,48

25 Comparison between the scenarios (EPD2007) LCA: comparative study HPSS SCENARIO LANDFILL SCENARIO

26 LCA: comparative study Comparison between the scenarios (IMPACT2002+) HPSS SCENARIO LANDFILL SCENARIO

27 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 Conclusions Estimation of GHG emission for the requalification of the case study (15,000 t) HPSS scenario: 3442 t CO 2 eq Landfill scenario: 9112 t CO 2 eq GHG saving using HPSS in the case study = 5670 t CO 2 eq 2,5 E+06 Liters of gasoline consuption 8,2 Earth's circumference

28 The 3 rd Sustainable Remediation Conference Ferrara (Italy), September 17-19, 2014 Conclusions The possibility to reuse of the treated soil, while the technology requires the use of materials such as cement, makes the scenario significantly more sustainable. The environmental performance of the HPSS scenario, could be further improved (eg: modulation of the Portland quantities of cement in relation to the HM concentrations of each batch treated)

29 Authors details Petra Scanferla ; Roberto Pellay

30 Impact assessment To quantify the impact on both level (i.e. midpoint and endpoint) by the use of IMPACT method (Jolliet et al., 2003)

31 «EX ELECTRIC POWER STATION «ENEL» AND BOTANICAL GARDEN IN S.GIOBBE VENICE» AT THE PRESENT TIME

32 EXAMPLE OF SECTION IN PEDESTRIAN AREA

33 Rhizosphere protections

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