Kenya`s Small-Hydro Energy Market

Transcription

1 Project Development Programme East Africa Kenya`s Small-Hydro Energy Market Target Market Analysis

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3 Target Market Analysis Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market

4 Authors Paul Kirai Bijal Shah November 2009 Editor Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH On behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) Contact Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Potsdamer Platz 10, Berlin, Germany Fax: +49 (0) Web: Web: This Target Market Analysis is part of the Project Development Programme (PDP) East Africa. PDP East Africa is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under the Export Initiative Renewable Energies. More information about the PDP and about renewable energy markets in East Africa: This publication, including all its information, is protected by copyright. GTZ cannot be liable for any material or immaterial damages caused directly indirectly by the use or disuse of parts. Any use that is not expressly permitted under copyright legislation requires the prior consent of GTZ. All contents were created with the utmost care and in good faith. GTZ assumes no responsibility for the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or quality of the information provided.

5 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small Hydro Energy Market V Content 1 STATUS QUO OF THE SMALL-HYDRO SECTOR Brief Small-Hydro Sector Overview Major Market Segments Grid-Connected Small-Hydro Power Plants Rural Electrification Agro Industries Local Capacities MARKET POTENTIAL Overall Sector Outlook Undeveloped Market Opportunities SMALL-HYDRO SPECIFIC REGULATIONS AND FRAMEWORK Policies and Regulations Feed-in Tariffs Grid Connection Procedure Challenges Applicable Public Sector Support and Financing Sources Campaigns and Others BUSINESS PARTNERS AND COMPETITORS Overview of the Small-Hydro Key Market Players Small-Hydro Projects Overview... 12

6 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small Hydro Energy Market VI List of Tables Table 1: Grid-Connected Hydro Power Plants in Kenya... 1 Table 2: Grid-Connected Power Plants... 2 Table 3: Existing Capacity for Studies and Works (Small-Hydro)... 4 Table 4: Grid Connection Power Tariffs... 8 Table 5: Micro-Hydro Station run by KenGen List of Figures Figure 1: Electricity Distribution Lines in Kenya... 5 Figure 2: Existing and Potential Hydro Power Sites... 6 Currency 1 USD = KShs 79,20 (May 2010) 1 = KShs (May 2010) Measurement W Watt Wp Watt peak Wh Watt hour kw Kilowatt kwp Kilowatt peak kwh Kilowatt hour MW Megawatt MWp Megawatt peak MWh Megawatt hour GW Gigawatt GWp Gigawatt peak GWh Gigawatt hour

7 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small Hydro Energy Market VII List of Acronyms AfDB CBA CBO CDM DG EATTA ERB ERC FIT GoK GTIEA IFC IPP KenGen KPLC KTDA MHP MoE NGO RE REA REF REP RET SHP SMHPP T & D UNDP UNEP UTM African Development Bank Commercial Bank of Africa Community based Organisation Clean Development Mechanism Distributed Generation East African Tea Trade Association Energy Regulatory Board Energy Regulatory Commission Feed-in Tariff Government of Kenya Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa International Finance Corporation Independent Power Producer Kenya Electricity Generating Company Kenya Power and Lighting Company Kenya Tea Development Agency Micro-Hydro Power Ministry of Energy Non-Governmental Organisation Renewable Energy Rural Electrification Authority Rural Electrification Fund Rural Electrification Programme Renewable Energy Technology Small-Hydro Power Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project Transmission and Distribution United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme Universal Transverse Mercator

8 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 1 1 Status Quo of the Small-Hydro Sector 1.1 Brief Small-Hydro Sector Overview Kenya s electricity comes from hydro, thermal, and geothermal sources, as well as imports from Uganda. Current total installed capacity is 1,310 MW and effective capacity is 1,267 MW. The power generation mix (as of 2007/08) for grid connected electricity in the country shows that hydro power provides the bulk of the installed capacity at 737 MW representing 56 % of the total installed capacity. Table 1 lists hydro power plants owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) and connected to the national grid. KenGen is the main electricity generator in the country and generates about 80 % of the electricity consumed in the country. Table 1: Grid-Connected Hydro Power Plants in Kenya Plant Area Capacity (MW) as at June 2008 Installed Effective Tana Wanjii Kamburu Gitaru Kindaruma Small stations Masinga Kiambere Turkwel Sondu-Miriu The Ministry of Energy (MoE) and other independent studies put the total undeveloped hydro power potential in the country at 1,558 MW of which 1,310 MW is for projects of 30 MW or higher. Half of the overall estimated hydro power potential originates from small rivers. In total, more than 260 small hydro power sites have been identified across the country. Their estimated theoretical potential amounts to more than 600 MW with about 45 % of the identified sites lying in the Lake Victoria drainage basin. A large number is also to be found in the Tana River drainage basin- mainly in Kirinyaga, Thika, Maragua, Meru South and Meru Central districts. Many small-hydro power sites in the country have been neglected because they have been deemed not to be economically viable for grid integration in the past. But with the gazettment of new feed in tariffs for small-hydro, biomass and wind, there is a paradigm shift and several small-hydro projects are under development especially in the Tea Sector where Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) is developing ten small-hydro sites with combined capacity of 25 MW. Under the Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and African Development Bank (AfDB) are financing three small hydro projects (Kipchoria, Tagabi and North Mathioya) in tea growing areas of Kenya. Besides institutions developed small hydro sites, there are several community initiatives for microhydro developments (such as Tungu Kabiri with 18 kw installed capacity, Thiba River with 100 kw, or the GPower projects near Mt. Kenya) that have either been completed or are under development.

9 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market Major Market Segments Grid-Connected Small-Hydro Power Plants Kenya Power & Lighting Company (KPLC) exercises state monopoly for the transmission, distribution and retail of electricity throughout the country. Records show, there has been a marked growth in electricity consumption in the country in the last few years. In 2007, an 8 % increase was recorded against a long term average of 5.7 % growth rate per annum. But like many sub-saharan African countries, Kenya s electricity consumption per capita is comparatively low, at about 125 kwh with a national access rate of 15 %. Less than 4 % of rural households are connected to the grid. Table 2 lists the power plants connected to the grid other than the hydro plants mentioned in Table 1. Table 2: Grid-Connected Power Plants Type Plant Capacity (MW) as at June 2008 Ownership Installed Effective Thermal Kipevu Steam - - KenGen Kipevu I Diesel Fiat Nairobi South Kipevu Gas turbine Geothermal Olkaria I OlkariaII Wind Ngong Independent Power Producers (IPP) thermal and Geothermal Iberafrica Iberafrica Westmont Westmont Tsavo Tsavo Mumias Cogeneration Mumias OrPower OrPower Emergency Power Producers (EPP) Aggreko Aggreko Imports 25 GWh UETCL Source: KPLC, GWh TANESCO For close to half a century, small-scale hydro power systems in Central and Western regions of Kenya were used to meet part of the local energy needs of these regions. But most of them were abandoned in the 1960s and 1970s, mainly as a result of lack of skilled personnel and spare parts. It was also easier to connect consumers in these regions to the national grid than rely on the isolated small hydro power plants. But recent developments show a renewed interest in these schemes as a means towards rural electrification and also increasing installed power capacity of the country. On Transmission and Distribution (T&D), for the fiscal year 2009/2010 KPLC is expanding its network by 22 %. KPLC has plans to construct additional 500 km of distribution lines for Nairobi and its environment during 2008/2009 financial year. The network is projected to grow by 16 % in 2010/2011 fiscal year creating capacity for additional power to be injected into the grid. Already there are projects

10 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 3 in progress to increase generation capacity between 2008 and The enhancement in capacity is projected to increase by 387 MW installed power capacity in the country to 1,697 MW. Some of these projects include the 35 MW Or-Power III Plant (Geothermal) and 10 MW Kiambere hydro unit enhancement. Besides these mega projects, there are a number of small- and micro-hydro power projects currently in planning or implementation stages that will play a substantial role in additional power generation capacity to the existing power portfolio Rural Electrification Less than 4 % of rural Kenya is connected to the national grid. The low penetration of grid power offers immense potential for small-hydro power projects development with the added advantage of providing reliable power supply at the extremities of the already stretched national grid. There are two strategies for exploitation of hydro power for rural electrification: Isolated Small-Hydro Power Grids This is a typical application for hydro schemes in rural areas not served by the national grid. The installed systems may serve individual establishments, communities or even clusters of communities. For long, application of the same was restricted to agro industry (e.g. James Finlay Tea Estates) or social/missionary establishments (e.g. Tenwek Mission Hospital). But this is changing due to the interest shown by communities and individuals in water resource rich regions. Success of operating pilot schemes such has Tungu-Kabiri scheme has triggered considerable interest in rural communities to establish their own hydro-powered mini-grid systems. Tungu-Kabiri is an 18 kw run-off-the-river type micro-hydro power plant, located in Mbuiru village community in Meru South district. The project benefits 200 rural households in the Mbuiru village river community. Several projects are now ongoing in Kirinyaga, Murang a, Maragua and Meru districts. Small Hydro Power Plants Connected to the Grid at the Extremities of the Distribution Network The rainy areas of the wider foothills of Mount Kenya and other water towers in the country have a high potential for small-hydro power schemes. For the case of Mount Kenya, the population density is relatively high and the region is largely supplied by the national grid. However as the high power outages show (country average of 11,000 per month), the 11 kv supply line is already operating at its technical limits, with resultant low power quality and unreliable supply. Potential development and connection of small-hydro power schemes feeding into the peripheral ends of the distribution network will improve the quality of supply and enable connection of a larger number of rural customers. The potential small-hydro schemes to be developed could form a network of distributed generation (DG) points along the national grid. This would offer the national utility company KPLC an opportunity to divert investment in expensive system upgrades to other uses Agro Industries Presence of all year round rivers in several regions of Kenya provides opportunities within the agro industry to develop small-hydro projects. This refers in particular to the tea and the coffee subsectors, which are characterized by production on estates and plantations with hydro power resources. Various actors are pursuing support interventions towards exploring this potential, as further outlined below under 3.3.

11 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market Local Capacities Table 3 shows a list of expertise needed for realisation of small-hydro projects and the extent to which the same is available in Kenya. Table 3: Existing Capacity for Studies and Works (Small-Hydro) Kenyan Private Firms or Individuals International Firms present in Kenya Government Institutions Resource assessment studies small-hydro Site survey and rough design of small-hydro supply mechanism Demand & willingness to pay surveys -/+ - -/ /+ Feasibility study -/+ - - Business development advice Audits & Book keeping advice + + -/ not available; -/+ limited; + can be found; ++ there is choice The capacity needed for development of small-hydro power in Kenya has slowly been building up. Recent development in government and private sector such as green energy fund, as well as the campaigns as outlined below under 3.3. have improved the capacity needed for the take-off of smallhydro power development in the country.

12 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 5 2 Market Potential 2.1 Overall Sector Outlook Over the past decade sharp population growth coupled with economic growth has led to tremendous growth in energy demand, especially for electrical power. Electricity demand is projected to grow from 5035 GWh in 2003/04 fiscal year to 8561 GWh by 2013/14. Figure 1 shows the existing and proposed electricity supply lines in Kenya. Figure 1: Electricity Distribution Lines in Kenya 1 Kenya s installed power capacity currently stands at 1,310 MW. The bulk of Kenya s electricity comes from large hydro electric dams located along Tana River and the Turkwel gorge dam. The remainder is produced in petroleum-fired thermal plant located near Mombasa, geothermal power plants in Olkaria near of Naivasha, as well as one biomass plant at the Mumias sugar factory. The majority of Kenyans lack access to modern energy services and have to rely on wood fuel and other biomass sources which account for nearly 68 % of energy consumption. 1 Source: Kenya Energy Atlas

13 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market Undeveloped Market Opportunities The Ministry of Energy (MoE) carried out a survey to identify potential small-hydro power sites. There are results for 260 sites with the current known potential for small-hydro power projects being estimated to be 300 MW. The exploitable small-hydro sites in Kenya are found within the major drainage systems in the country. Small-hydro systems have been demonstrated to be capable of meeting local electricity demand for regions remote to the grid. Currently, the Ministry of Energy (MoE) is ramping up efforts towards greater utilisation of the existing potential with active participation of NGOs and donor community. The MoE policies on renewable energy encourage for wider use of this resource, e.g. through allowing development and use of up to 3 MW capacity without licensing, and through the feed-in tariffs policy. Figure 2 shows existing and proposed hydro power generating sites. Figure 2: Existing and Potential Hydro Power Sites 2 2 Source: Kenya Energy Atlas

14 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 7 The Government through the Ministry of Energy (MoE) has recently begun to prioritize the utilization of small-hydro power for rural electrification. Some of the immediate opportunities that are available under the current programme include: Becoming an Independent Power Producers (IPP) or Independent Power Distributors (IPD): This is a market opportunity for those interested in generating their own electricity, for their own use or for specific client(s), and thereby replacing diesel generated electricity. These can either be represented as individual entrepreneurs or communities. Donors funding: The Rural Energy Authority (REA) was created to support the utilisation of modern energy services in rural Kenya through projects developed by private and public entities. One of the challenges facing small-hydro power development in the country has been financial viability. As a result, the rural power market has been sustained through donor support. 3 Small-Hydro Specific Regulations and Framework 3.1 Policies and Regulations Kenya s electrical energy sector continues to be dominated by the Government. In rural areas without grid connection and outside the reach of the Government s Rural Electrification Programme (REP), energy demand is mainly met by the intervention activities of small-scale operators such as Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs). The Energy Act (2006) provides the legal and regulatory frameworks for the power sector in the country with the Government role being coordination, management and policy formulation. The new Energy Act of 2006 removes earlier barriers such as one that limited site development to the Kenyan Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) only. It now allows community groups, companies and even individuals to develop small hydro plants of up to 3 MW. Several entities such as tea factories have already started initiatives to develop small-hydro projects in their tea catchment areas. The Act also provided for the establishment of Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) whose role includes protection of consumers, investors and other stakeholder interests. ERC regulates the energy sector and is also mandated to lead on environmental issues. It also maintains the National Grid Code and is the lead Agency for tariff setting. The Act also provides for establishment of the Energy tribunal and the Rural Electrification Authority (REA). REA is one of the new institutions in the power sub-sector and has taken over the management of the Rural Electrification Programme. REA is mandated and expected to be the main driver in realizing the rural electrification targets set by the Government between 2010 and Feed-in Tariffs The MoE formulated and is implementing feed-in tariffs (FIT) policy for wind, small-hydro and biomass resources generated electricity. This policy is aimed at attracting private sector investments in electricity generation from renewable energy sources. The feed-in tariff allows power producers to sell and obligates the distributor to buy on a priority basis all renewable energy sources generated electricity at a pre-determined fixed tariff for a given period of 20 years. Table 4 below shows the applicable grid-connected power tariffs.

15 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 8 Table 4: Grid Connection Power Tariffs 3 Technology Type Plant Capacity (MW) Maximum Firm Power Tariff (USD/kWh)at the Interconnection Point Maximum Non-Firm Power Tariff (USD/kWh) at the Interconnection Point Small-Hydro Power 0.5 < Any individual capacity greater than 10 MW 10 and above Tariff to be negotiated on commercial basis Tariff to be negotiated on commercial basis Grid Connection Procedure The following procedure applies for inclusion of projects under the FiT scheme: Fill out application forms, attache accompanying documents on financial and technical capability and details of proposed undertaking; Provide a non-refundable application processing fee of KShs 10,000; Publish notice on intended project in the print media days before the date of application to invite the public to raise concerns/objections. Once a supplier has applied for a licence, the Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) may hold public hearings regarding objections to the granting of a licence. The ERB is to acknowledge receipt of application within seven days. The application is to be processed within 180 days, and the applicant is to be informed on terms and conditions and fees required for granting the license in that time Challenges Some of the challenges contributing to low development of the existing potential include limited skills in planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of the hydro schemes as well as a lack of unified standards, site specific data and local capacity to design and manage projects or manufacture equipment. Another challenge facing the energy sector is a weak power transmission and distribution infrastructure due to limited investments in power systems upgrade. Furthermore there are also several specific challenges being encountered in the exploitation and development of small-hydro projects in the country. These include among others: Land ownership problems and boundaries adjudication between farm owners; The current requirements of the Water Act are complicated and make it difficult to get local communities to cooperate in project development; Government policies and efforts targeting local communities participation in small hydro power projects development are not well developed or defined; Low rural loads to justify investments. 3 Source: MoE, 2010

16 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market Applicable Public Sector Support and Financing Sources Due to the low level of engagement in energy sector by the private funding market, the Government of Kenya, through the Rural Electrification Fund (REF), and in partnership with development partners, remains the largest financier of energy projects in Kenya. The Prime Minister s Office, in close collaboration with the Ministry of Energy, announced a Green Energy Fund during the time of this market study. It was announced that the Green Energy Fund, which targets the development of 2000 MW of clean energy, would support wind, hydro, geothermal and clean coal. Solar energy was not specifically mentioned. Currently, the fund developers are consulting with members of the energy sector to identify potential projects. 3.3 Campaigns and Others In the last few years there has been accelerated funding of the energy sector by both the government and the private sectors. In 2009, as a campaign to accelerate the uptake of renewable energy technologies (RETs) especially small hydro in the rural areas, the government set aside approximately USD 6 million as seed money for its Green Energy Fund. The Ministry of Energy (MoE) has been active in carrying out pre-feasibility studies on potential small hydro energy sites and has also gone ahead to map the same. This information is available from the ministry offices. Beside government intervention in the sector, Kenya has a strong financial services sector, and financial institutions that are active even in rural areas. The financial institutions are at the forefront in funding small energy projects in the rural and peri-urban centres. This is more so for Equity Bank of Kenya. In addition to the major commercial banks such as Barclays and the Commercial Bank of Africa (CBA), the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) are also active in the country. In the tea sub-sector, the Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa (GTIEA) project is a small-hydro power initiative that is being implemented by East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA) and coimplemented by UNEP and the African Development Bank (AfDB). It is developed for small hydro power sites in tea growing areas of East, Central and Southern Africa, so as to reduce tea factories overdependence on the national grid. A total of six feasibility studies, of which three are in Kenya, have been reviewed.

17 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Micro Hydro Energy Market 10 4 Business Partners and Competitors 4.1 Overview of the Small-Hydro Key Market Players Full Name Role in Sector Activities Contact Details Aqua-Domita Consultant Hydro Engineering, project developers and implementers. John Kago and Daniel Hag P.O. Box Tel: (+254) (0) aqua_domita@yahoo.com CAMCO Consultant Research, carbon finance, training Stephen Mutimba P.O. Box 76406, Nairobi Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) / / smutimba@camcoglobal.com Integral Consulting & Advisory Services Ltd Consultant Project management (Managed $5M PVMTI project on behalf of IFC-GEF) Ashington Ngigi P.O. Box 11463, GPO Tel: (+254) (0) / 6 ashington@integral-advisory.com Clean Air Kenya Consultant Small company, components manufacture and project implementation Kinyua Ngige P.O.Box Tel: (+254) (0) kinyuangige@hmail.com Integrated Energy Solutions Consultant Project development, off-grid system design, energy audits, market study Anjali Saini P.O. Box Nairobi Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) anjali.saini@escoafrica.com Practical Action Consultant Non governmental organization (NGO) active in the area of small-hydro design, construction and management P.O.Box , Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) practicalaction@practicalaction.or.ke Internet:

18 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Micro Hydro Energy Market 11 Kenya Renewable Energy Association RE Association Organises trainings and conducts industry outreach Charles Muchunku P.O. Box Tel: (+254) (0) / / info@kerea.org East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA) Tea industry stakeholder association Executes the Greening the Tea Industry Project, implemented by UNEP and AfDB, implements hydro projects in the tea sector P. O. Box , Mombasa, Kenya info@eatta.co.ke Internet: GPower SHP/MHP project developer Develops decentralized micro-hydro energy mini-grid systems around Mt. Kenya, overseas component production and import. Nyaga Ndwiga P.O.Box , Nairobi, Kenya Tal: (+254) (0) greenpower@wananchi.com Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) Power generation utility Owns and operates most of the existing hydro power plants in the country P.O.Box , Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) Internet: Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) Transmission and distribution utility Single buyer; transmits and distributes power to customers in Kenya Stima Plaza, Kolobot Road P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya Internet: Rural Electrification Authority Ministry of Energy Government agency for rural electrification Policy formulation and implementation Coordinates rural electrification, manages rural electrification fund, fund raising, rural electrification masterplan update and implementation Energy policies, project planning and support, sector coordination P.O. Box: , Nairobi, Kenya info@rea.co.ke Internet: Director Renewable Energy Dept. P.O. Box 30334, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) , dre@energymin.go.ke, ps@energymin.go.ke Internet: Energy Regulatory Commission Energy market regulation Energy regulations, end-user pricing, tariffs, strategy development Director General P.O. Box 42681, Nairobi Kenya Tel: (+254) (0) /31/75 info@erc.go.ke Internet:

19 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market Small-Hydro Projects Overview KenGen operates several small-hydro power stations located in various parts of the country. These stations were built before Kenya s independence and are still in service. Table 6 lists the hydro-power stations. Table 5: Micro-Hydro Stations run by KenGen 4 Station Location Installed Capacity (MW) Year Of Commission Mesco Maragua Ndula Thika Sagana Upper Tana Gogo Migori Sosiani Sosiani Wanjii Maragua Kabiri Community Micro-Hydro Power Project: This is an 18 kw-run-off-the-river type microhydro power plant. Funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and developed by Practical Action East Africa and Kenya s Ministry of Energy (MoE), the project benefits 200 households in the Mbuiru village river community. Local tea farmers in Muranga district have pooled their resources together with the help of Barclays Bank (through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)) to help finance a hydro electric plant for the community. Imenti tea factory in Meru central district is generating 850 kw for its own consumption and for export to the national grid. The East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA) in conjunction with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and other donors have carried out feasibility studies on three small-hydro power sites in Kenya s tea industry as part of the greening tea project in nine Eastern African countries. No projects have been implemented at the moment. GPower, an NGO based in Kenya, is implementing a number of MHP projects in the Mount Kenya region. It works closely with local communities, involves the communities in project planning and implementation, thereby creating assets and providing electricity for these communities at the same time. 4 Source: Kenya Energy Atlas

20 Target Market Analysis: Kenya s Small-Hydro Energy Market 13 References EAC-EASUP (2008): National Baseline and Work plan for Kenya. Final Country Report. Green Energy Fund: Newsfeed from the web portal reuters.com (14th January 2010): Kenya plans open-ended green energy fund: government, (July 2010), Newsfeeds from the web portal allafrica.com (20 th May 2010): Kenya: Sh70 Billion to Fund Green Energy Projects, (July 2010). GTZ (2009): Business Guide Kenia, Eschborn. Kenya Energy Atlas. Energy for Sustainable Development AFRICA. Ministry of Energy: (July 2010). Ministry of Energy (2010): Feed-in-Tariffs for Renewable Energy Resources Generated Electricity. Ministry of Energy (2004). Sessional Paper No. 4 on Energy. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy.

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