The case of Lavrion Technological & Cultural Park

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1 Rehabilitation of old mine waste sites: The case of Lavrion Technological & Cultural Park Andreas Benardos Assistant Professor - NTUA 29/09/2017

Contaminated sites Soil contamination poses major risk to human health and significant environmental hazards to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Soil contamination is mainly located close to waste

2 Contaminated sites Soil contamination poses major risk to human health and significant environmental hazards to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Soil contamination is mainly located close to waste landfills, industrial/commercial activities, diffusing heavy metals, oil industry, military camps, mining sites and nuclear power plants The management of contaminated sites is estimated to cost around 6 billion Euros annually Contaminated Site (CS) refers to a well-defined area where the presence of soil contamination has been confirmed and this presents a potential risk to humans, water, ecosystems or other receptor (European Environmental Agency).

3 Contaminated sites CS and PCS can be found almost everywhere EC-JRC, 2013 Panagos et al., 2013 Much work is to be done in the proper identification of the CS General public is in immediate contact with such sites with density values of: PC: 2.62/10,000 capita PCS: 2.40/1,000 capita EC-JRC, 2013 Panagos et al., 2013

disposal Various sources of contamination can be identified, with each

4 Contaminated sites Main economic activities (types) associated with CS are industrial and commercial activities as well as waste treatment and disposal Various sources of contamination can be identified, with each country having its unique profile (at specific time periods) ΕΕΑ, 2009 ΕΕΑ, 2014

5 Mining sites and contamination EC-JRC, 2013 Panagos et al., 2013 The mining sector contributes to around 7% in the development of CS Special focus on orphan mining sites due to their size and challenging remediation process

6 Mining sites and contamination Preliminary identification and inventory of 19 abandoned mining waste sites in the Greek territory Ministry of Energy Environment and Climate Change, 2012

7 Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP) 29/09/2017

8 Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP) 7 th century B.C.: Silver mining (excavation of lead containing ores) 5 th century B.C.: Golden age of Athens fueled by the mining in Lavrion 19 th century: major metallurgical complex 20 th century: technological - cultural park

Mining the waste The first systematic utilization of (ancient) mining wastes and metallurgical slugs took place in the area in the mid 1800 s Waste materials

9 Mining the waste The first systematic utilization of (ancient) mining wastes and metallurgical slugs took place in the area in the mid 1800 s Waste materials were so valuable that J.B. Serpieri clashed with the Greek Government for their exploitation Schreiber Fritz Companie Francaise des Mines du Laurium CFML (1908)

10 Companie Francaise des Mines du Laurium CFML s operation lasted for almost a century resulting to significant impacts on the surrounding environment

11 LTCP Initial Remediation actions The initial remediation phase targeted the region in the main part of the complex, to allow for the drastic minimization of the risk in the vicinity of the buldings

LTCP The challenges In the remaining LTCP area extremely high concentration of several toxic contaminants were found Contaminant As Cd Pb Cr Cu Mn Ni

12 LTCP The challenges In the remaining LTCP area extremely high concentration of several toxic contaminants were found Contaminant As Cd Pb Cr Cu Mn Ni Zn 95% UCL of the mean 8, , ,253 11, ,644 German trigger values for industrial and commercial sites ,

13 LTCP The challenges Distribution of As concentration on surface samples of the LTCP area

14 LTCP The challenges 0m -1m 0m -2m -1m -3m -2m -5m -3m -5m Distribution of As concentration in zones 4 and 5

15 LTCP The challenges Target group Risk model Deterministic Probabilistic (probability of exceeding the acceptable risk limits) Indoor workers Outdoor workers Cancer risk 4.5E % Noncancer risk % Cancer risk 2.8E % Noncancer risk % Calculation of the actual risk posed to indoor and outdoor workers at the LTCP through ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathway

16 LTCP Final Remediation actions Main objectives Elimination of human health risk Minimisation of ecological risk Excavation, transfer and disposal of the contaminated soil at an on-site repository - a watertight (dry-tomb) construction - and the backfilling of the excavated areas with clean soil Development of an underground space used as a hazardous waste storage facility to store special hazardous waste Installation of a state-of-the art environmental laboratory to monitor the construction phase and assess the remediation project s efficiency

17 Konofagos building Underground repository Zone 11A Zone 9 Zone 11B Zone 5 Zone 13 Zone 4 Wood processing factory Dry tomb Hospital Machine works Villa Serpieri Kontopoulos Remediation Entrance

18 LTCP Final Remediation actions Main objectives Elimination of human health risk Minimisation of ecological risk Excavation, transfer and disposal of the contaminated soil at an on-site repository - a watertight (dry-tomb) construction - and the backfilling of the excavated areas with clean soil Development of an underground space used as a hazardous waste storage facility to store special hazardous waste Installation of a state-of-the art environmental laboratory to monitor the construction phase and assess the remediation project s efficiency

19 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Excavation, transfer and disposal of the contaminated soil at an on-site repository, using the dry tomb technique Excavated zones dry tomb Area:18,500 m 2 Capacity:113,000 m 3

20 Encapsulating the waste Top soil cover Geotextile Geosynthetic drainage layer Geomembrane GCL Geotextile Contaminated soil Geotextile Geosynthetic drainage layer Geomembrane GCL Geotextile

21 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Main advantages: It breaks the pollutant linkage and eliminates risk by cutting-off the pathway It can be applied to almost the entire range of soil contaminants It is the most cost-effective solution Main steps: Construction of the lower (base) part of the landfill Excavation, haulage and placement of the contaminated soils Construction of the upper part of the landfill Installation of monitoring system

22 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Lower part sealing system A 4.5 mm thick protective non-woven polypropylene geotextile (800 gr/m 2 ) An 8/10 mm (dry/wet) thick Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) achieving hydraulic conductivity of 1, m/s A 2.5 mm thick doublesided textured high density polyethylene geomembrane

23 Lower part sealing system Development process

24 Excavation and haulage of the contaminants Zone 4 Zone 9

(dry/wet) Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) An 1.

25 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Upper part sealing system A 4.5 mm thick protective non-woven polypropylene geotextile (800 gr/m 2 ) An 8/10 mm thick (dry/wet) Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) An 1.0 mm thick double-sided textured HDPE geomembrane A 10 mm thick 100% HDPE geosynthetic drainage layer A non-woven polypropylene geotextile (250 gr/m 2 ) A 1.0 m thick topsoil cover

26 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb The dry tomb after the installation of the geomembranes

27 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Preparing the top-soil cover

28 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb Environmental monitoring Meteorological station 2 PM-10 high volume samplers and a PM-10 TEOM real-time continuous monitor: air quality data - dust emissions 6 monitoring wells: Surface water and groundwater quality data (ph, heavy metals, etc.) Vertical concrete shaft constructed at the lower level of the landfill base, collection pipe, below-liner system: leachate data (volume, chemical composition, leakage, etc.) Network of 18 observation points: settlement / subsidence phenomena PM-10 Hi-Vol PM-10 TEOM

29 Hazardous waste landfill dry tomb The total cost of the project was approx. 3.5 million Euros Approximately 31 Euro per m 3 or 16 Euros per ton of disposed contaminated soil Liners/ barrier systems- top cover 47% Leachate collection systems 2% Environmental Equipment and monitoring system supply 3% 2% Excavation, transfer and disposal of contaminated soil 28% Infrastracture 4% Environmental monitoring, sampling and analysis 14% Cost breakdown for the LTCP remediation Waste landfilling

30 Cost effectiveness of dry-tomb General category Remediation technology Indicative unit price ( ) Excavation and containment Excavation and disposal to landfill 74/ m 3 In situ physical containment by means of engineering systems Engineering capping 22-44/ m² Encapsulation (shallow cut-off wall) 59-89/ m² Encapsulation (deep cut-off wall) / m² Treatment Bioremediation 52-67/ tn Vitrification In-situ vitrification (5t/hr) Soil washing 59/ tn / tn 45-52/ tn In situ chemical oxidation / m 3 Soil washing ex situ Stabilisation/ Solidification ex situ Landfarming Pump and treat / tn / tn 48/ tn / tn LTCP dry tomb 31/ m 3

31 Cost effectiveness of dry-tomb practiced both ex situ and on site

32 LTCP Underground repository Main purpose of the underground repository is to store special hazardous waste found in the Park. Its maximum capacity is approx. 5,000 tn UHWR construction site

36 UHWR total area (~2.500m 2 ) Access tunnel (~170m) Shaft (~35m) General layout of the LTCP underground repository

The LTCP underground repository Developed

pillars of the host rock 7-m in width and

(perimetric corridor: 6m) Available space

37 The LTCP underground repository Developed under the principles of the room-and-pillar mining method The excavation leads to the development of pillars of the host rock 7-m in width and rooms (excavations) of the same size (perimetric corridor: 6m) Available space of about 1,900 m 2 (with a max height of 5.5 m) LTCP UHWR room and pillar layout

Floor: chemical resistant, impermeable industrial flooring Additional collection and

38 LTCP Underground repository Steel drums for the storage of the wastes Complete waterproofing of the UWDR Sidewalls, roof: special shotcrete waterproofing additives Floor: chemical resistant, impermeable industrial flooring Additional collection and treatment options in case of water infiltration in the repository LTCP UHWR: Technical and geological barriers used

41 LTCP Underground repository General layout of the LTCP underground repository operational phase

43 LTCP Remediation actions Gaining public acceptance in LTCP waste repository Greece

44 LTCP Future Remediation actions Contaminant As Cd Pb Cr Cu Mn Ni Zn Concentration (mg/kg) 8, , ,253 11, ,644 Total quantity (t) 1, , , ,127 Price ($US/t) 1,700 1,450 2,300 2,500 6,450 2,100 11,000 3,050 POTENTIAL VALUE OF METALS ($US) Price data for Sept ( Potential benefits from the future re-utilization of the wastes? Can the history repeat itself one more time? A S CD PB CR CU MN NI Z N

45 Thank you!!!

Underground Hazardous Waste Disposal: Current Trends And Future Prospects

National Technical University of Athens School of Mining & Metallurgical Engineering Underground Hazardous Waste Disposal: Current Trends And Future Prospects D. Kaliampakos Professor, National Technical