Application Form for the European Green Capital Award 2019

Transcription

1 11. Energy performance 11A. Present Situation Clean energy from hydroelectric power The average temperature in Oslo is 5.7 degrees Celsius and the winters are relatively cold. Temperature is the main influencing factor for energy consumption in buildings. Oslo has access to large amounts of renewable energy, from hydro power. Norway produces more electricity from hydro power than it consumes, and almost 60 % of the total energy consumption in Oslo (figure 11.2) is electricity from hydro power. Thus a large percentage of buildings rely on direct electric heating. The total electricity consumption in Oslo has been fluctuating between 8800 and 9600 GWh since was a peak year due to an extremely cold winter. Electricity use per capita shows a decreasing trend (figure 11.1). Some of the driving forces behind this are strict national buildings regulations, more energy efficient products and increased use of district heating. Total electricity consumption Oslo Electricity consumption per capita in Oslos GWh Figure 11.1: Total electricity consumption and electricity consumption per capita Source: Statistics Norway (11D1) Fossil heating oil is replaced by renewables Total energy consumption in Oslo is approx. 15 TWh, including transport (table 1) and total energy use per capita is almost kwh. The building sector accounts for approx. 73 % of the total energy consumption in Oslo. KWh/capita 1

2 Indicator Unit Year of data Final Energy Consumption MWh 2014 Final Energy use/capita kwh/capita 2014 Final Energy usage /sector Ag & Fisheries Industry & Commercial 6 Transport 21 Domestic 35 Services 38 Other Total 100 % Table Energy consumption in Oslo across different sectors. Source: Statistics Norway (11D2) table Although most of the energy used in the building sector is either electricity from renewable hydropower or district heating, there is still some use of fossil heating oil and gas (figure 11.2). The use of heating oil has, however, dropped significantly since 2009 (figure 11.6). Energy mix Oslo 2014 Electricity District heating Heating oil and gas Biomass Petrolium products transport 20% 7% 4% 58% 11% Figure 11.2: Energy mix Oslo. Source: Statistics Norway, The Climate and Energy Strategy (11D3), District heating provider Hafslund (11D4) Fossil free district heating by 2016 In 2015 only 1.3 % of the energy used in the district heating was oil and gas. The City has decided that the district-heating grids need to be fossil-free by The City itself is the majority share owner of the district heating provider Hafslund. The main energy sources in the district heating system are waste (59 %), electricity (27 %) and waste water as heat source of heat pumps (10 %). 2

3 Application Form for the European Green Capital Award GWh Figure 11.3: Development of the district heating in Oslo. Source: District heating provider, Hafslund Municipal new buildings with passive house standard Since 2014, all new municipal buildings comply with Passive House or equivalent standards. The City has 14 passive house buildings in use (11 D6), and numerous kindergartens, nursing homes, schools and office buildings are being planned to comply with the standard. Oslo has been a catalyst for new national building codes, which will take full effect in All buildings will be required to comply with the Passive House standard. The platform for City government cooperation (11D12) increases the ambitions further and states that New public buildings shall generally be energy positive. 7 energy positive kinder gardens will be built to in The total energy consumption in municipal buildings has been quite stable since 2009, except for a peak in The specific energy consumption data does not have satisfying quality before However, the assumption is that energy consumption per m2 has dropped due to the fact that Oslo is a growing city with a growing need for public services (figure 11.4). Energy consumption in municipal buildlings KWh Temperature adjusted stationary energy consumption Specific energy consumption (KWh/m2) Figure 11.4: Energy consumption in municipal buildings Source: The City of Oslo Environment and Climate Report 2015 (11D6). The transport sector is electrified The transport sector is consuming approx. 3 TWh in Oslo. Oslo has experienced a massive electrification of the transport sector in the last years. More than 30 % of new cars sold are electric or plug-in hybrids in 2015 and 2016 (11D15). The transport sector is still fossil fuel dependent, and the total energy use is unchanged. 3

4 Public lighting 20 % of the public lighting is dynamic and energy efficient, and from 2014 to 2015 the energy use in the public lighting has decreased from 37 GWh to 33 GWh. The target is a full roll out of energy efficient public lighting to reach GWh in B. Past Performance Oslo has implemented various measures over the last years to reduce energy consumption and to convert to renewables. They have proven effective. 1.6 TWh saved with support scheme Oslo offers a support scheme for households and businesses, the Oslo Climate and Energy Fund. The fund was built up in the early 80s through an extra tax on the energy bill. The support scheme has contributed to accumulated energy savings of approx. 1.6 TWh since its start in Additionally, since 2008, 1500 oil boilers in private homes/buildings have been phased out and replaced with renewable solutions (e.g. heat pumps and district heating), with grants worth EUR 8.3 mill. This is equivalent to tonnes of CO 2 (11 D7), and the support scheme has contributed to a significant drop in the sales of fossil heating oil (figure 11.6). In June 2016 (11 D9), a new measure was adopted by the City Council, The Oil freehelp. The measure offers home visits by energy advisers for households with an oil boiler. Experts advise on the alternatives and inform about the support schemes and the coming national ban. The City will be working towards housing associations and commercial buildings. Large restate owners and property managers with a large portfolio of oil-boilers are prioritized. Figure 11.5: Posters from the City of Oslo put up on up in public transport shelters inviting housing cooperatives and households to consider replacing their oil-fired boilers and informing about the support scheme, the coming ban and an invitation to come to an information meeting. The Climate and energy fund also supports renewable energy production like solar energy. In addition, it gives grants to shift from non-clean burning stoves to clean burning stoves, which is an important measure to improve the air quality, especially during the winter. Oslo residents can also apply for funding from a national funding scheme, Enova. The financial support in the local and national funding schemes are supplementary and only to a certain extent overlapping. There are many examples where Oslo has given financial support for an energy- and climate measure, and Enova has looked to Oslo and later taken over the funding. Oslo sees this front runner position as a good strategy and that it is valuable to contribute to increased demand for Enova-support from our inhabitants. 4

5 Sale of fossil heating oil in Oslo l000 liter 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Figure 11.6: Sale of fossil heating oil. Source: Statistics Norway (11 D5) FutureBuilt is a driving force in the building sector To support climate friendly urban development, four municipalities, including Oslo, have launched FutureBuilt. FutureBuilt is a 10 year program ( ) with an aim to develop 50 pilot projects set to reduce GHG emissions from transport, energy and material consumption by at least 50%. FutureBuilt s vision is to showcase climate neutral urban areas with high quality architecture. As of June 2016, FutureBuilt includes 43 pilot projects, ranging from schools, to housing projects and city development areas. 27 projects are located in Oslo. Several of the projects are municipal buildings. The projects have a strong focus on transferability and innovation and an important aim is to inspire and change practices in the both the private and public building sectors (11D13). Figure 11.7: Illustration of two FutureBuilt projects; a middle school (right) that has achieved passive house standard and the public kindergarten Kilden (left), that will be developed as a plus house. Leading the shift from fossil to renewable heating In 2008, the City Council decided to phase out fossil fuels for heating in all municipal buildings. 180 municipal buildings have now phased out fossil fuels and replaced them with renewables, i.e. heat pumps, district heating and some pellets/biofuel oil. 25 buildings remain, but they have a phase out plan. Less than 1 % of the municipal energy mix is now from fossil heating oil and district heating is covering an increasing share of the energy mix (figure 11.8). Showing this to be possible, has probably made it easier for national authorities to require all fossil heating in government buildings to be phased out by 2018 and to decide on a national ban on fossil heating oil in all buildings by There is an ongoing a public consultation for the design of the legislation. 5

6 100.0 % 90.0 % 80.0 % 70.0 % 60.0 % 50.0 % 40.0 % 30.0 % Bioenergy District heating Electricity Fossil oil 20.0 % 10.0 % 0.0 % Figure 11.8: Mix of energy carriers used in municipal buildings between 2009 and Source: The City of Oslo Environment and Climate Report 2015 (11D6). Waste heats more homes Over the last 10 years, EUR 220 mill. have been invested in renewable district heating in Oslo and the production has increased from1200 GWh in 2008 to 1700 GWh in This includes massive investments in a waste-to-energy incineration plant, almost doubling the capacity. Additionally, investments in a new bio-pellets boiler and heat pumps to recover energy from the heat in the waste water are made. The key concept of district heating is utilizing local resources, mainly waste that cannot be reused or recycled. Electricity is also being produced from the waste-incinerationplant. At full capacity the plant will provide all the electricity for Oslo's schools. Even though Norway, as described earlier is rich on renewable hydro power, Oslo wants to enable a shift to more robust, flexible, local, low energy sources for heating and to use more of the high-end electricity for transport purposes. Thus, Oslo can avoid new, unnecessary investments in the existing energy infrastructure as transportation is electrified. 11.9: The key concept of district heating is utilizing local resources, mainly waste that cannot be reused or recycled. 6

7 11C. Future Plans The City Council adopted the Climate and Energy strategy (11 D3) in June It sets ambitious climate and energy targets to shape a sustainable energy system. A main target for Oslo is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2020 and 95 % by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. The City will work to reduce energy consumption in buildings by 1.5 TWh by The City Council has adopted several partial targets and various measures have been identified: The use of fossil fuels for heating shall be phased out in Oslo in 2020 and replaced by renewables. The City of Oslo s Climate and Energy Fund, combined with the national ENOVA fund and a warned national ban taking effect in 2020, constitute the main measures to ensure that oilfired heating is phased out in private buildings. Achieving the target will mean that Oslo will reduce approx tonnes of CO2 from 2013 (11D7), and also save energy, assumming a large scale conversion to heatpump solutions. Requirements to develop energy efficient municipal buildings: o New public buildings shall generally be energy positive (11D12) and refurbished municipal buildings shall comply with passive, zero energy or plus house standard (11D10). o All municipal buildings rented, shall as a general rule, comply with very low energy standards by 2015, and with Passive House standards or equivalent by 2020 (11D11). o Oslo will lead the way in developing and testing new energy and eco-efficient solutions and products in its own building projects, operations and administration (11D11). o EUR 8 million has been allocated for energy efficiency measures in the municipal nursing homes and other municipal buildings in the budget for Saved energy costs are calculated to be EUR 0.8 million yearly. 7

8 Figure 11.10: Økern nursing home has been refurbished with the target to cut energy consumption by 70 %. At least 10 % of the energy consumption shall be covered by solar panels. Photo: Tove Lauluten In 2017, the work to exchange mercury vapor discharge street lights (about one fourth of the street lights) with energy efficient street lightening will accelerate. A driver is the Eco Design Directive. Passive House standards in all new buildings from This is a national target, but it is important for the further development of energy consumption in Oslo. The main challenge lies in existing buildings. Low energy prizes and good economy can partly explain rather low interest for energy efficiency measures. Nevertheless, valuable electricity from the building sector needs to be released for electrification of transport. The main measures are The City of Oslo s Climate and Energy Fund and ENOVA. For 2017, EUR 6.52 mill. have been allocated for grants through the municipal Fund. Phasing out oil in buildings and energy efficiency measures are prioritized. Oslo will lead flagship projects that may trigger significant emission reductions in the future. A FutureBuilt (mentioned in B) city area is the suburb city Furuset (11D8). Furuset will be a test-bed for the development of micro energy systems. These are flexible energy systems allowing exchange between different energy carriers as electricity, low- and high temperature and also energy storage enabling low temperature surplus energy to be utilized locally and even new solutions for cooling. The solutions must be innovative, tangible and scalable and have the potential to solve similar environmental challenges in other parts of the city, suburbs across the Nordic countries and beyond. 8

9 Figure 11.11: Elements of macro and micro energy system with energy exchange between them. Source: The Climate and Energy Strategy for Oslo (11 D3) Fossil free district heating The district heating will be fossil-free by the end of 2016, now phasing out the remaining 1.3 % of oil and gas. The plan for the district heating is to continue the growth and reach an energy production of 2000 GWh in Cooling for offices and service buildings is expected to be more important in the future, and the first office building in Norway, and Oslo, will be cooled by district heating in 2018 (sorptive cooling). The City will facilitate city logistic systems where transport demand is reduced by 20 %, and where all new cars and light freight vehicles must use renewable fuels or be plug-in hybrids from 2020 It is expected that most of the new private cars will be electric. The electric car only uses 1/3 of the energy of a traditional car. The reduced energy consumption in cars and the reduced transport volumes will energy consumption in transport significantly. The GHG emissions will be reduced by tonnes by

10 Figure 11.12: Development of GHG-emissions since 1990 and projections towards 2030, if measures are implemented. Oslo has established monitoring and performance evaluation schemes for all the targets through extended yearly reporting to the City Council and climate budgets for (11D7 and 11D14) as a part of the Financial Budget. A digital solution is also being developed, providing real-time climateand energy data combined with trends (trends are already published annually on the City s webpages). The aim is to make it easy for residents, businesses, organisations and authorities to keep abreast of performance in the City s climate and energy policy. 10

11 Figure 11.13: Future Oslo. Illustration by Berit Sømme. 11D. References 1. Statistics Norway, Consumption of electricity , table Statistics Norway, Net consumption of electricity by consumer group, , table Climate and Energy Strategy for Oslo (English) Adopted by the City Council in June 2016, outlining the targets and measures for ghg emission reductions and the development of a sustainable energy system. The English version is a short version. 4. Hafslund 5. Statistics Norway, Sales of petroleum products, table The City of Oslo Environment and Climate Report 2015 (Norwegian) 7. The City governments budget for 2017 and economy plan (Norwegian) 8. Future Built City Government decision 96/10 (Norwegian) Climate Effective Architecture and Urban Development, Oslo-Drammen Escalation of the phase out of oil boilers (Norwegian) Adopted by the City Council in June 2016, 210/ Strategy for energy efficient and climate neutral buildings, 108/14 (Norwegian) 11. Urban Ecology Programme (English) The environmental policy of Oslo adopted by the City Council in Platform for city government cooperation (English) Between the Labour Party, the Green Party and the Socialist Left Party in Oslo Best Practices in The City of Oslo: Future Built (English) 14. Good Practice 1 in the Application: Climate budget (English) 15. Good Practice 2 in the Application: Oslo - The electric vehicle capital of the World (English) Provides an overview of environmental efforts by the City of Oslo. On this site, Oslo shares its best practices. 11