Biodiversity & Sustainable Agriculture: Harvesting Ecosystem Services from Agricultural Landscapes
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1 Biodiversity & Sustainable Agriculture: Harvesting Ecosystem Services from Agricultural Landscapes 2009 Harris World Ecology Conservation Forum Douglas A. Landis Dept. of Entomology & Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University
2 Outline Biodiversity & ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes Cellulosic biofuels Implications for future agricultural landscapes
3 Agricultural Landscapes
4 Demands on Agricultural Landscapes Profitable (food, fiber) Sustainable Conserve soil and water Conserve pollinators Greenhouse gas mitigation Wildlife habitat Ecosystem restoration Biofuel production Can we manage landscapes to meet these multiple goals?
5 Biofuels Any contemporary plant material used to generate energy Fossil fuels Oil, Coal First Generation Grain Ethanol & Biodiesel Second Generation Cellulosic Ethanol
6 Legislated Biofuel Goals U.S. Energy Policy Act of % of transportation fuel mix in billion gallons ethanol 15 billion gallons of grain-based ethanol 21 billion gallons of advanced ethanol (>16 cellulosic )
7 FAQ 2.1, Figu Current Drivers Reduce dependence on foreign oil Mitigate climate change
8 FAQ 2.1, Figu Current Drivers Reduce dependence on foreign oil Mitigate climate change
9 Cellulosic Biofuel Landscapes Production Processing Ecosystem services
10 Biofuel Crops and Biodiversity H o Lower Biodiversity Higher Biodiversity Annual Monoculture Exotic High input Perennial Polyculture Native Low input Corn Switchgrass Mixed prairie
11 Biodiversity Sampling
12 avg bee abundance S.E. avg bee abundance avg no. of species S.E. avg no. of species Bee Richness & Abundance 2008 average across sites by bee family F 2,27 = 2.0, P = 0.15 * species richness Megachilidae Halictidae Colletidae Apidae Andrenidae 0 corn switchgrass prairie corn switchgrass prairie F 2,27 = 2.64, P = 0.09* abundance corn switchgrass prairie 0 corn switchgrass prairie Gardiner, Tuell, Isaacs, & Landis. BioEnergy Research In press
13 Species Habitat Use Birds in Biofuel Crops Nesting Foraging State listed (MI) species found in biofuel crops: Corn Switchgrass Prairie Northern Harrier Henslow s Sparrow Dickcissel Grasshopper Sparrow Prairie Prairie Prairie Prairie Switchgrass Robertson, Doran, Schemske, unpub data
14 Perennial Grasses > Corn for Breeding Birds ANCOVA: habitat type: F2,43 = 0.80, P = 0.45; area: F1,43 = 10.80, P = 0.02; habitat x area: F1,43 = 6,83, P = 0.03 # of species per transect increases with patch size in prairie and switchgrass
15 Are There Win-Win Scenarios? Increase biodiversity and ecosystem services
16 Are There Win-Win Scenarios? Improve marginal lands
17 Conclusions Implemented wisely cellulosic biofuels offer enormous potential to address societal needs (energy independence, employment, greenhouse gas mitigation, ecosystem services ) Research to inform these approaches is critically needed and long-term in nature Policy drivers will be instrumental in determining outcomes
18 Acknowledgements LTER Collaborators Alejandro Costamagna Mike Brewer Manuel Colunga GLBRC Biodiversity Team Birds Doug Schemske MSU Bruce Robertson MSU Patrick Doran TNC Biocontrol Services Doug Landis MSU Mary Gardiner MSU Lauren Bailey MSU Claudio Gratton UW Hannah Gaines UW Mary Gardiner Stuart Gage Chris Sebolt Pollination Services Rufus Isaacs MSU Julianna Tuell MSU Plant Biodiversity Kay Gross MSU Carol Baker MSU Pam Mosley MSU Microbial Biodiversity Thomas Schmidt MSU Dana Reznik MSU RAMP Collaborators Claudio Gratton UW Matt O Neal ISU George Heimpel UMN Chris DiFonzo MSU Nick Schmidt ISU Emily Mueller UW Jeremy Chacon UMN Kevin Johnson ISU Alejandro Costamagna UMN David Ragsdale UMN
19 Elements of Biofuel Sustainability Economic Profitable Environmental Carbon negative (climate stabilizing) Nutrient, water conservative Biodiversity benefits Social Food, energy security Rural community health
20 How much land? Land Requirements for 2050 needs (800 x 10 6 MT biomass) Switchgrass today 1 at 7.5 (6-9) MT/ha = 260 million acres Compare to 37 million acres Conservation Reserve Program 440 million acres cropland 588 million acres range, grasslands 1 Schmer et al PNAS 105:
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