Zero Net Energy & Zero Peak: Program Implications for Utilities. Rob Hammon, Ph.D. Principal, ConSol

Transcription

1 Zero Net Energy & Zero Peak: Program Implications for Utilities Rob Hammon, Ph.D. Principal, ConSol

2 Program Structures: Pluses & Minuses 2020 DOE Goal: New homes Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Long term strategy Distribution & other issues Zero Peak Homes (ZP) A step toward ZNE goal Most attainable: several approaches Flat Load Profile (FLP) Utility benefits Long term strategy ZNE with FLP

3 Reducing Annual Energy Use and Summer Cooling Electricity Demand In Communities

4 Premier Gardens Community Evaluation

5 Peak Reduction: Efficiency + PV, 60% Ann. Savings Average 15 Minute Interval Peak Demand ZEH vs. Non ZEH July, 2005 (25% East Facing)

6 GSHP Summer Cooling Peak Reduction About 50% Reduction in Peak Electricity Demand Redding, CA (EM&V: Mowris & Assoc, 2004) Evaluatoin, Measurement & Verificaton Report for the Residential Ground Source Heat Pump Program, Redding Electric Utility; Robert Mowris & Associates, 2004

7 GSHP Peak Reduction & Load Factors Ft Polk, LA 4,000 Homes: 43.5% Summer Electricity Peak Reduction 32.5% Annual Energy Savings 19% Improved Load Factor: 52% 62% The Evaluation of a 4000 Home Geothermal Heat Pump Retrofit at Fort Polk, Louisiana: Final Report; Huges & Shonder, ORNL, 1998

8 Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Homes: Peak Reduction Depends Upon Pgm Design Require Large PV Systems

9 Example PV Sizes for ZNE Homes Zero Energy Homes PV Array Sizes Meritage 5.5kW PV system for a 1,600ft 2 (Livermore, CA) Visionary 4.0 kw PV system for a 1,200 ft 2 (Stockton, CA) Visionary Tierra Del Sol 1,200ft 2 home

10 SMUD Home of the Future 80% reduced energy, less than 1kW peak SMUD HOF 4.1kW PV system for a 1,900ft 2 (Sacramento, CA)

11 Load Factor from ZNE Homes

12 Load Factors: 60% Savings Homes Baseline Efficient Home 60% Savings: EE + PV Flat Load Profile (Storage & Smart) Load Factor 50% kw (Hourly kwh) Load Factor 78% Load Factor 12% 1.5

13 SMUD HOF Summer Daily Load Factor Negative Load Factor

14 Producing a Flat Load Profile Load Factor Near 1.0 (100%) Image retrieved from

15 Measured Peak Reduction: EE + PV Average 15 Minute Interval Peak Demand ZEH vs. Non ZEH July, 2005 (25% East Facing)

16 Summer Peak: Simulated & Actual Loads

17 Tile, CSIPS, 20 SEER, PV & Battery Storage Baseline Efficient Home 60% Savings: EE + PV Flat Load Profile (Storage & Smart) Load Factor 50% kw (Hourly kwh) Load Factor 78% Load Factor 12% 1.5

18 Current Incremental Cost Estimates Feature Incremental Cost Tile $0 CSIPS $15, SEER $1,800* 2kW-AC PV System $18,000 Battery (10kWh) $10,750 Total $45,550 * Information derived from NREL s National Residential Efficiency Measures Database

19 Incremental Cost Mature FLP Market Feature Incremental Cost Tile $0 CSIPS $0 20 SEER $0 2kW-AC PV System $8,000 Battery (10kWh) $5,000 Total $13,000 $2K/marginal kw $8,000 Total $4,000

20 Zero Net Energy Current Implementation EE + PV ZNE Requires Large PV System System Peak and PV Peak Not Aligned Low Load Factor Utility / Grid issues: Reduced grid stability Transformer overloading Tariffs

21 Flat Load Profile (aka Zero Peak) Moderate PV Size and/or GSHP Flat Load Profile Batteries, Thermal, and/or GSHP Storage, HEM, SmartMeter Load Factor High Beneficial to Utilities Improved grid stability No Transformer issues Simpler Tariffs

22 Utility and Grid Implications: ZNE & FLP Zero Net Energy Net Zero Annual Energy Smaller Peak remains ZNE: Poor Load Factor (PVs) Potential Reduced Grid Stability Flat Load Profile Low, Constant Net Energy High Load Factor Increased grid stability ZNE with FLP Efficiency First (GSHP) Add PVs Smart Grid with Storage

23 Thank You Rob Hammon, Ph.D