Modeling Fish Farm Operations and Impacts. by Dale A. Kiefer University of Southern California Frank O Brien & Jack Rensel System Science Applications
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1 Modeling Fish Farm Operations and Impacts by Dale A. Kiefer University of Southern California Frank O Brien & Jack Rensel System Science Applications Long Island Sound Bioextraction Meeting Dec. 3-4, 2009 Stamford, Conn. More Information: Google AquaModel
2 Models Three dimensional system for marine applications Interfaces for models, spreadsheets, databases, and Internet PC Desktop & Web-enabled GIS applications Compatible with ESRI (arc-info) GIS
3 Mariculture data
4 Model Overview Water Surface Harvest (Tissue C, N & P) Feed Human Sources Light O 2 Fish Farm Soluble Nutirent Waste (N and P) Photosynthesis Phytoplankton Particulate Organic Waste Feed & Feces (C and P) Grazing Zooplankton Recycling Egestion River Bottom Deposition Resuspension Aerobic above, Anaerobic below RPD Aerobic Food Web Assimilation
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6 AquaModel 3-D Features Fish Cages 2-D or 3-D Currents Dissolved Material Arrays Oxygen Nitrogen Phytoplankton Zooplankton Waste Streams Feed, Fecal Bathymetry Suspended Layer Feed, Fecal, Oxygen Sediment Layer Feed, Fecal, Oxygen Aerobic, Anaerobic Organisms
7 Bioenergetics Model
8 Specific Growth Rate (/day) Atlantic Salmon measurements and AquaModel calculations Growth Rate Measured and Predicted by % BW Ration Temperature 6% 3% 1.50% P 6% P 3% P 1.5%
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10 Behavior of benthic subroutine: steady state conditions defined for low and high rates of loading. Organic Loading= 5 mg C *m -2 *day Rates of Respiration & Diffusion (mg*m -2 *day -1 ) Steady State Diffusion Organic Loading= 1mg C *m -2 *day -1 Steady State O2 concentration (mg/l)
11 Benthic Dynamics CO2 O2 H2S Water Boundary Layer POC Sediment Surface Layer CO2 O2 H2S gas diffusive exchange POC particle deposition & resuspension H2O aerobic biomass O2 H2O POC CO2 chemoauto biomass CO2 SO4 anaerobic biomass H2S S
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13 Specific growth rate of aerobic microbial community as a function of reactive carbon concentration (temperature, oxygen saturating)
14 Change in specific growth rate of aerobic and anaerobic communities as a function of O2 concentration. Temperature and concentration of particulate organic carbon are saturating.
15 diffusive supply from overlying water aerobic respiration Respiration rate of aerobic microbial community and rate of diffusion of oxygen into the sediments as a function sediment 02 concentration. Oxygen concentration in the overlying water is 7 g/m3, and nominal bottom flow.
16 Rate of H2S production by anaerobic community as a function of the sediment O2 concentration. Calculations are for nominal temperature and concentrations of anaerobic microbes and concentration of reactive, particulate organic carbon.
17 sediment O 2 aerobic biomass sediment POC anaerobic biomass Simulation under constant, nominal conditions of temperature, water column O2, bottom currents, and organic loading of the sediments. Steady state conditions are established in about three months.
18 Findlay & Watling ( 94, 95, 97 )
19 O2 Consumption to Carbon Flux
20 CO2 Production vs Carbon Deposition * predicted * * * * * * * *
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22 Gokasho Bay data Figure 6.7. Monthly values at the sediment boundary for the concentration of dissolved oxygen (upper left), acid volatile sulfides (lower left), and numerical density (upper right) and biomass (lower right) of the macrobenthos. The three plots are values for the farm site (o), a nearby pearl farm (.), and control station (o).
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26 Conclusions While the biological dynamics of benthic cycling of nutrients is complicated, I propose that we have sufficient scientific knowledge to successfully employ generalized models that are tuned to local field measurements. These models will be used to find optimal sites for restoration and intervention and define the parameters of sustainable operations. The software that I have discussed is devoted to research on managing marine resources. If you are interested in using either AquaModel or our EASy geographical information system for your research, please contact me or introduce yourself to me during our meeting.
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