Environmental Quality Improvement Strategies in the Fishing Settlement: A Case Study on Sepulu Coastal Area in Madura Island

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1 Environmental Quality Improvement Strategies in the Fishing Settlement: A Case Study on Sepulu Coastal Area in Madura Island Erina Rahmadyanti Abstract Sepulu coastal area is a coastal village with a fishing settlement criteria, crowded, dirty, simple houses, and low income economies. The principal environmental problem of this area is deposition of silt, biodiversity loss, saltwater wetlands destruction, and eutrophicatio. According to Agenda 21 which sustainable development as a way to reverse both poverty and environmental degradation. The better approach to making sustainable development is integrating ecological, economic, legal, political, educational, health, cultural, social and aesthetic criteria into a single comprehensive strategy. This study is aims to identify potential areas and environmental impacts arising from the activities of fishermen in the region as a basis for the preparation of environmental quality improvement strategies and prioritization of programs to be implemented. The data used in the study is secondary data and primary data. Methods was used in data analysis is quantitative AHP based on analysis. Based onthe analysis, the most important factor in is high demand of local products both local and exports from opportunities group with an overall priority value of Other considerable factors are ranked as follows according to priority: Strategies position as shipping area (14.7%), coastal erotion and abration (4.3%), convertion of protected land (4.3%) and There has been no change in the control of conservation (2.9%) factors. Keywords Coastal area, environmental quality, fishing settlement, sustainable development. I. INTRODUCTION ndonesia is the largest archipelago in the world comprising Iof approximately 3.1 million km 2 (based on the 1982 UN convention) which has the potential sources of biological and non biological resources are abundant [4]. This causes most people live and occupy the area around the coastal areas and depend on fishing. Fishing communities are a people who live in coastal areas with their main livelihood is to utilize the natural resources found in the ocean, in the form of fish, shrimp, seaweed, coral reefs and other marine resources [2]. Dr. Erina Rahmadyanti is working as Lecturer, State University of Surabaya, Indonesia. Community living in the coastal region in 2006 recorded a number of million people, to 7.87 million by the year 2012 spread over 8090 coastal villages. Of these, 1084 which is a coastal village with a fisher settlement criteria, crowded, dirty, simple houses, and low income economies. This means that coastal fisher settlement in Indonesia are pockets of poverty [5]. Fishermen who live in the Madura Sepulu mostly traditional fishermen. The traditional fishermen are fishermen who take advantage of fishery resources with traditional fishing equipment, capital small businesses and organizations are relatively simple catching. In the everyday life of traditional fishermen subsistence-oriented, in the sense that the allocation of the catch is sold more widely used for everyday basic needs especially food and not reinvested in the development of enterprise scale [3,10]. In general, problems of powerlessness factors ranges fishing community on the issues, namely: (a) limited access to capital, technology, markets, (b) degradation of environmental resources, and the number of fisher settlement concentrated in coastal areas. As a result of these conditions the excess number of fishermen and fisheries resources on the other side and catch the more limited, but fishermen still do the actual fishing is no longer economically efficient [4,1]. The principal environmental problem of the coasts of the first three groups is deposition of silt and fecal pollution. The others two groups have innumerous problems with oil spills, heavy metals contamination, organochlorides contamination, siltation, biodiversity loss, saltwater wetlands destruction, eutrophication, fish mortality [7]. United Nations on Environment and Development (UNCED), in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro signed a blueprint for sustainable development in the 21st century, aimed at providing a high quality environment and healthy economy for all people. Agenda 21 sees sustainable development as a way to reverse both poverty and environmental degradation. A major theme is to eradicate poverty by giving poor people more access to the resources they need to live sustainable, including information and skills [6,12]. These tasks and challenges, as well the development of the environmental sciences, make it necessary to re-consider existing strategies for the protection of marine environment, and to propose new ones. It is presently clear that in view of a number of global changes in the environment, measures to protect the marine environment cannot be made in isolation but 1

2 will also have to take into account other environmental compartments [8]. The better approach to making sustainable development is integrating ecological, economic, legal, political, educational, health, cultural, social and aesthetic criteria into a single comprehensive strategy. Such strategy should not give undue emphasis to one issue in detriment of the others, given their interdependence [5]. An integrated strategy to save our coastal regions needs to take into account of needs of local people, environmental laws, political factors, education, government officials, environmental leaders, health and sanitation, cultural and social factors, ecological aspects, specially its fragility s, and the effects of various proposed developmental actions. We need to link all those aspects to the proposed development projects [12]. II. METHODS This study is conducted in the area of fishermen Sepulu, Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia which aims to identify potential areas and environmental impacts arising from the activities of fishermen in the region as a basis for the preparation of environmental quality improvement strategies and prioritization of programs to be implemented. The data used in the study is secondary data and primary data. Secondary data were obtained from the Regional Development Planning of Bangkalan include geographic data areas, the coastal resources, economic potential data and the data of environmental damage. The primary data used were obtained from a field study of stakeholder preferences in formulating and drafting the improvement of environmental quality. Collecting preferences conducted using a qualitative approach in order to obtain in-depth information. In this study, a quantitative AHP based analysis has been proposed to determine priorities among factors systematically. The proposed method is obtained by performing pairwise comparisons between identified factors [9]. Moreover, includes no means of analytically determining the importance of the factors or of assessing the decision alternatives with respect to the factors [11]. There is no universal and perfect approach for strategic sustainable planning in the development of environmental management. After that, comparison matrices analyzed by the eigenvalue method applied in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for calculate priorities and assign the relative importance of each factor. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sepulu coastal conservation is an effort to maintain the existence and continuity conditions, properties, and functions of beaches to always available quantity and quality to fulfill needs of living in the present and the future. It is therefore necessary formulation development strategy based on the economic potential of the region without ignoring environmental management. -AHP is based on three-phase model of strategic management consists of building initial task; modifying factors, and building an evaluation model. analysis is carried out and matrix is structured. The relevant factors and internal environment are defined and built in the matrix (Table I). TABLE I MATRIX Strengths (S) Weaknesses (W) (S1) Potential areas along the (W1) Settlement are not well coastline 412 km organized (S2) Flat land conditions (W2) Low quality of human resources (S3) Strategies position as a (W3) Coastal erosion and abration shipping area Strengths (S) Weaknesses (W) (S4) Location not potentially occur tsunami waves (W4) Conversion of protected land (S5) Potential coastal as a transit area (W5) Coastal sedimentation and accretion Opportunities (O) Threaths (T) (O1) High demand for marine (T1) Conflict of interest products both local and export (O2) Stakeholder awareness (T2) There has been no change in the control of conservation to cultivation (O3) Mangrove management (T3) Potential contamination of the encourage an increase port and settlement economy (T4) Decreasing the amount of mangrove (T5) Possibility of sedimentation, erosion, abrasion, and beach accretion increased every year TABLE II PAIRWAISE COMPARISON OF FACTORS S S W O T Importance group Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threaths TABLE III COMPARISON MATRIX OF STRENGTHS GROUP Strength s S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Importance (S1) (S2) (S3) (S4) (S5) TABLE IV COMPARISON MATRIX OF WEAKNESSES GROUP Weaknesses W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 Importance (W1) (W2) (W3) (W4) (W5) CR = 0.06 TABLE V COMPARISON MATRIX OF OPPORTUNITIES GROUP Opportunities O1 O2 O3 Importance (O1) (O2) (O3) of 2

3 TABLE VI COMPARISON MATRIX OF THREATS GROUP Thre ats T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Importance (T1) (T2) (T3) (T4) (T5) Finally, the overall priority scores of the factors are calculated. Overall priorities are shown in Table VII. TABLE VII OVERALL PRIORITY SCORES OF FACTORS Priority s Priority within the Strengths Potential areas along the coastline 412 km Flat land conditions Strategies position as a shipping area Location not potentially occur tsunami waves Potential coastal as a transit area Weaknesses Settlement are not well organized Low quality of human resources Coastal erosion and abration Conversion of protected land Coastal sedimentation and accretion Opportuniti es High demand for marine products both local and export Stakeholder awareness Mangrove management encourage an increase economy Threats Conflict of interest There has been no change in the control of conservation Overall Priority of Priority s Potential contaminatio n of the port and settlement Decreasing the amount of mangrove Possibility of sedimentation, erosion, abrasion, and beach accretion increased every year Priority within the Overall Priority of In this paper, we have determined significant strategic factors to environmental quality improvement in the fishing settlement by combining with AHP techniques. The findings show the following ranking of each group priority is strengths (group weight 36.7%), opportunities (36.5%), weaknesses (14.6%) and threats (12.3%). According to the analysis, the most important factor in is high demand of local products both local and exports from opportunities group. This matter is the most important factor to be considered with an overall priority value of Other considerable factors are ranked as follows according to priority: Strategies position as shipping area (14.7%), coastal erotion and abration (4.3%), convertion of protected land to cultivation (4.3%) and There has been no change in the control of conservation (2.9%) factors. AHP technique is done by comparing the level of interest among the priorities of the elements with other elements that are at the same level or a level based on certain considerations. In this analysis there are five parts consisting of goals and four levels, namely: (1) the purpose, (2) level 1 is aspect, (3) level 2 is criteria, (4) level 3 is stakeholder, and (5) level 4 utilization is a priority. To resolve the conflict and find a solution it is necessary to know the factors that influence the decision to take out a policy. The factors to be considered are economic factors, environmental factors and social factors. Economic factors consist of the criteria of employment, income, and revenue optimization. Environmental factors consist of criteria for environmental degradation and conservation goals while social factors consist of equity criteria, cultural goals, and social activities. Stakeholders' views on the use of priority in the management and development of coastal areas in the District Sepulu based on level criteria which can be seen in Table. Based on the table, it can be said that if it is based on the following criteria: 1) achieve the optimization of the coastal region, 2) increase the income of coastal communities; 3) prevent the degradation of the coastal environment; 4) achieve conservation goals; 5) achieving equality in all aspects; 6) reaches cultural purposes, and 7) improving social activities in the coastal areas of the government's view are use of priority industrial sectors. While 3

4 if it is based on improving employment opportunities for coastal communities, more emphasis on the fisheries sector and the industry as a top priority because both have equal weight of This view is in synergy with government policy in making referrals Bangkalan spatial development based on the spatial development approach. Private stakeholder views on priorities for the utilization and development of environmental management of coastal district Sepulu show that all the criteria for a priority development sector. Stakeholder views of the community shows that for all criteria except transportation a priority for the development of fisheries increased employment a priority. This is due to that has been good enough to contribute to society in terms of income in addition to the fishermen as laborers or traders. Stakeholder views of non-governmental organizations are also looking at the fishing industry based empowerment of local communities as a priority development area. It is regarded as a triggering factor in the improvement of social welfare in the Sepulu district. Similarly, the banking stakeholders who see the industry as a priority sector of development environments that are willing to support in terms of capital to small and medium industries. Combined analysis shows that the industry is a priority utilization and development of marine environments District Sepulu influenced by considerations of economic aspects and increased employment. Seeing this condition, then before the planning area based industrial development will require the preparation of environmental management and utilization formulation. It aims to turn, builds a sustainable industry where the use of regions for industrial development not damage the conservation area. Based on integrated analysis, the alternative of environmental management strategies in Sepulu coastal areas are as follows : 1. Development and planting of mangrove ecosystems in the conservation area primarily for use in coastal areas that are supported by institutional and communitybased empowerment; 2. The implementation of local government policies (Bangkalan district) or the authorities to control the top-down conversion of the dissemination and the provision of incentives and disincentives for the offenders; 3. Provide specific space allocation for security and protection of coastal areas, especially in the transit area of District Sepulu and trade loading also shipping lines; 4. Creating special area of conservation and coastal protection in Sepulu district naturally as an effort to control pollution, sedimentation, erosion and accretion. IV. CONCLUSION Conclusions that resulted from this study are as follows: 1. Utilization zoning as a first step in the application of control land use patterns in the coastal areas of Sepulu District. 2. Determination of provisions for Utilization a restricted zone so as not to disrupt carrying capacity of the environment and conservation zones. 3. Mangrove ecosystem development on natural conservation area for utilization in coastal areas that are supported by institutional and community-based empowerment. 4. Strategy and management of coastal and marine pollution control in districts carried Sepulu of prevention strategies, through control management. Therefore, control measures, pollution, and the potential for environmental damage arising should be part of the policy and action of environmental management in all sector of development. 5. Assign special area of conservation and coastal protection Sepulu districts naturally as sedimentation control measures, erosion and accretion. 6. Provide specific space allocation for security and protection of coastal areas, especially in the transit area of District Sepulu and trade loading also shipping lines. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study is result collaboration the community service of State University of Surabaya with regional development planning agency of East Java province in REFERENCES [1] K. Tuwo and P.L Ambo, Management of Coastal and Marine Ecotourism, Academic Publisher Boston M.A, [2] E. Kusnadi, Empowerment of the Fishermen and Coastal Economic Dynamics, Publisher Research Center of Coastal Areas and Small Island, Research Institute of the University of Jember, [3] R. Baudo, J. Giesey, and H. Muntau, Sediments; Chemistry and toxicity of in place pollutants, Lewis Pub. Inc. Ann. Arbor, [4] B. Groombridge, Global biodiversity : Status of the Earth s living resources. A report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Center. Chapman & Hall: 2-6. Boundary Row, London, U.K., [5] J. Cairns, Aquatic ecosystem assimilative capacity, Fisheries, 2: 1-4, [6] E. Ronchi,A. Federico & F. Musmeci, A system oriented integrated indicator for sustainable development in Italy. 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Bond, J.Curran, C. Kirkpatrick, N Lee, & P. Francis, Integrated impact assessment for sustainable development: A case study approach. World Development, 29(6), , Erina Rahmadyanti became a Senior Member of Asia Pasific Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Society (2012) and The SCIence and Engineering Institute (2012). She became the editorial board at the Journal of environment and earth science. In addition, she became the 4

5 International Advisory Board Members and Reviewers in the International Journal of Environmental Science and Development (IJESD) and the Scientific Committee and the Editorial Review Board at the World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. The author is a lecturer in the department of civil engineering at the State University of Surabaya who was born in Surabaya on August 13, Academic educational background is bachelor of environmental engineering (2002) and a master's degree in environmental engineering from Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya (2004) and environmental health doctorate from Airlangga University (2009). Majority of the research field is environmental management, pollution of water and wastewater treatment. 5