LANDMINES AND LIVELIHOODS IN HERAT AFGHANISTAN

Transcription

1 LANDMINES AND LIVELIHOODS IN HERAT AFGHANISTAN Barry Pound, Åsa Massleberg, Qudous Ziaee, Samim Hashimi, Shapur Qayyumi and Ted Paterson Landmines & Livelihoods: Geneva, 1

2 Progression of Landmines and Livelihoods Yemen 2006 Future L&L surveys Kabul Mazar 2010 Herat 2011/12 2

3 OUTLINE Landmines and Livelihoods Objectives and Process of survey Findings: Social and economic benefits Prioritisation and quality management Capacity development Conclusions and benefits of livelihoods findings to Mine Action in Afghanistan 3

4 The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework 4

5 Locations of first and second surveys 5

6 Implementation process Training 1 week Survey - 4 villages in Herat Province Stakeholder meetings Final report 6

7 Methods used Approach: Sustainable Livelihoods Framework; participatory, asset-based approach centred on communities, not tasks Tools: Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and focus groups women, girls, men and boys Teams: Surveyors, Afghan social scientists, International livelihoods and gender specialists. The women s teams and men s teams each visited 2 communities, with 2 days in each community 7

8 Introduction Timeline Community Map Focus Groups Individual interviews Tools used Daily Clock & Seasonal Calendar Case Studies with Survivors & Victims Photographic Record Film (men) + voice recorders (women) 8

9 Shakeeban village 9

10 Qalat-i-Ghazi village 10

11 Qala-i-Shater 11

12 Jibrael 12

13 Development outcomes from MA Clearance enables a range of activities, encourages investment, reduces fear and enables the return of refugees/idps MA enables better education and health Schoolgirls, Jibrael Clinic, Jibrael

14 Development findings Homogeneous communities seem most self-reliant and development-oriented Daily and seasonal activities vary hugely by gender, age, occupation and wealth affecting risk; marked gender roles Communities and individuals (including victims) need capital/credit /training to start or expand their businesses Few development agencies (government, NGO or private) are active and effective in rural areas Development dependence in one community (Qala-i-Shater) 14

15 Development-related recommendations MAPA should consider establishing a research and development unit within MACCA MA and development should be linked through focal points in relevant development agencies Ensure women s development priorities are taken into account in prioritization and post clearance activities Data collection and analysis should be disaggregated by sex and age 15

16 Prioritisation Communities are happy with the prioritisation process, and feel involved in it Local suggestions for accelerating clearance should be gathered and acted upon There should be an annual review of local clearance priorities through liaison with the communities Women, girls, boys and men have different exposure to hazards and distinct priorities; separate meetings should be conducted with women and men 16

17 Quality management MACCA has good QM systems for assessing its capability to perform its core function In the past there was a focus on tasks and MA outputs up to handover Livelihoods surveys and PDIA surveys are able to capture some of the social and economic outcomes of MA at community level The case of Jibrael highlighted a rare incidence of unacceptable quality assurance, from which lessons need to be learnt 17

18 Recommendations - quality management Continue strengthening processes that assess post-handover outcomes, impacts and opportunities Add a strong, clear and routine community liaison process to the QA process of MACCA QM 18

19 Economic impacts of MA $5.8 million spent on demining of the four communities; another $4.6 million required to remove the contamination entirely The increase in land value alone is equivalent to 82% of demining costs in Shakeeban, and between 245% and 286% in Qalat-i-Ghazi In Jibrael, a school, clinic, mosque, electricity supply and water channel, as well as about 600 residences built on the cleared land In Qalat-i-Ghazi, a brick factory (employing 150 people) constructed and plans to invest in a sugar beet plantation and factory (which could employ 1,000) and a dairy 19

20 Recommendations (economic impact) MACCA and GICHD should investigate secondary sources for (i) farming systems studies and (ii) land values MACCA and the GICHD should conduct a second workshop on good enough economic analysis of demining projects MAPA partners should reassess their survey forms and re-train survey teams to ensure they can bring back adequate quantitative data for analysis. 20

21 Capacity recommendations Conduct a further small pilot L&L survey using Afghan personnel for all aspects Continue partnership with AIRD MAPA should establish a research and development unit within MACCA to conduct further surveys and to follow up / document development outcomes Training in L&L should be provided to the 22 existing focal points and other key people to widen the understanding of livelihoods and development across relevant Afghan organisations. 21

22 MRE All villages received some MRE (girls, boys and men more than the women). Coverage is not complete. Not all children attend school and many women have restricted mobility There is no evidence of female MRE staff interacting with female community members in three of the four communities 22

23 MRE recommendations Recognize MRE accessibility challenges for women and girls Deploy all-female MRE teams Identify and train female MRE volunteers Ensure activities take into account the particular exposure of boys and men Use KAPB-related information to tailor MRE messages Recognise seasonal variations in gender specific roles and responsibilities MoE should take more responsibilities where the MAPA MRE resources are not available. Include more specific questions on MRE in future surveys. 23

24 Victim assistance Most accidents occurred spring and summer; men are at greatest risk. The smaller number of children injured might reflect success by families and MRE Both mental and physical trauma (e.g. Qala-i-Shater) Little government support to survivors and indirect victims Patchy and inconsistent VA (that relies on broader disability services) is failing both direct and indirect victims. 24

25 VA recommendations Apply the official, broadened definition of victim, ensuring indirect victims are included Remind the Afghanistan government of its treaty obligations under the APMBC and the CCM Deploy female disability personnel to ensure affected women and girls can be reached Develop a register of all direct and indirect landmine/erw victims, and share with relevant agencies Link victims to relevant government and non-governmental organisations, including MoLSAMD, MoE, MoPH Support these organisations through advocacy, training and technical assistance 25

26 Why gender perspective? COMMUNITY Exposure Needs Women Mobility pattern Priorities Girls Boys Different roles & responsibilities Distinct Capabilities Men Decision making Knowledge Access to resources Information

27 Why? Gender sensitive surveys Identify & understand the different capabilities, responsibilites, needs & priorities of women, girls, boys and men Analyse & use findings to ensure future activities are inclusive and benefit women, girls, boys and men without discrimination 27

28 Women participating in the survey 28

29 Key considerations Male surveyors cannot generally access community women due to cultural restrictions Solution: Recruit and train women to work in all-female survey teams Cultural restrictions of travelling and living away from home for women not based in Herat Solutions: 1. Recruit women locally to extent possible 2. Women accompanied by male Chaparon (Mahram) 29

30 Women s participation in MA Ensure women receive first-hand information Organisations should employ and deploy female MA staff members to reach out to, and include female community members Women s inclusion and participation in priority-setting and handover should be actively encouraged Monitor information sharing with women and men pre and post clearance Organize meetings with community women, utilizing local structures like women s Shura. 30

31 Thank you for your attention. Questions? 31