BLOCK 1 INTRODUCTION TO ITS. Basic Concepts

Transcription

1 AN INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS SPRING 2003 Professor Joseph M. Sussman Mon/Wed 1-2:30 BLOCK 1 (Lectures 1, 2) INTRODUCTION TO ITS Basic Concepts SPEAKER: Joseph M. Sussman MIT February 5, 2003

2 DEFINITION OF ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) apply wellestablished technologies of communications, control, electronics and computer hardware and software to the surface transportation system.

3 TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS INSTITUTIONS

4 WHAT IS ABOUT It s a transportation class, with all that implies It s a policy class -- how transportation relates to major societal goals It s a technology development and deployment class It s a complex system (CLIOS) class It s a Regions class Planning Architecture It s an organizations/institutions class It s an advanced research ideas class

5 1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS Spring 2003 Block Topic Lectures 1 Introduction to ITS, including where ITS fits; roles and responsibilities 2 Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), including functionality; business models; field trip to SmartRoute Systems 3 Advanced Transportation Management Systems (ATMS), including network operations; incident detection, metrics; example deployments 4 Fleet-oriented ITS services, including Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS); Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO); Intermodal Freight, including International Operations 5 ITS and Technology, including automated highway systems (AHS); sensors, electronic toll collection (ETC); dedicated short range communication 6 Regionally-scaled ITS deployment, including regional architecture; organizational and institutional issues; standards; developed vs. developing countries; ITS and strategic regional transportation planning 7 Critical ITS Issues, including (as time permits) ITS and security; safety; human factors; privacy; sustainability; funding (as contrasted with conventional infrastructure); technology deployment/r&d/policy; other institutional issues 8 Conclusion, including regional architecture presentation; the future of ITS

6 1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS SPRING 2003 TEACHING GRID (ACTUAL) WEEK OF MONDAY WEDNESDAY February 3 Registration Day February 10 2 Intro, JS 3 ATIS, JS February 17 February 24 * Class actually scheduled for Tues, 2/18 ATIS--SmartRoute Systems Field Trip SNOW DAY--CLASSES CANCELED 5 ATIS: What Information People Want and Use, Jane Lappin 1 Intro to ITS, organization of subject, history, JS 4 ATIS, JS 6 ATIS SmartRoute Systems Field Trip March 3 7 ATMS/ATIS, JS 8 ATMS: Dynamic Route Guidance -- Vehicle-centric, Jennifer Farver March 10 9 Article for discussion: Congestion Pricing/London, JS March CVO, Michael Wolfe 12 CVO, JS 10 ATIS -- Reliability; debrief of Jennifer Farver s talk, JS March 24 SPRING BREAK March Technology/Sensors, Rory O'Connor 14 ITS-MA Annual Meeting -- Boston April 7 15 ITS-MA debrief, JS 16 APTS, JS April 14 April Regions, Rebecca Dodder on Bay Area (Chisholm/informal coordination) Patriot's Day--NO CLASS April Regions, JS 21 Regions, JS 18 Regions, Matthew Edelman-- Transcom and Blue Collar Regionalism 19 Regions, Jonathan Gifford-- Organizations and Operations May 5 May Individual meeting with the two groups -- Preliminary KL Architecture Ideas, JS 24 Conclusions -- The future of ITS, JS; Student evaluations 23 Regions, JS 25 Student KL Arch presentations; Closing Comments

7 STUDENT REQUIREMENTS 1. One short (7 pages) assignment. 2. Mini Term Paper (about 10 pages -- topic to be negotiated with Professor Sussman); submitted right after Spring Break. A. Critical review of selected ITS literature B. A paper or analysis on some topic of interest to you. 3. Readings 4. Group Regional Architecture Project (second half of semester) 5. Discussion Articles -- We will distribute several articles that will be discussed (interactively) at the next lecture. We will ask you to write a brief summary of the article to be submitted before the discussion. 6. Class Participation

8 BIG ITS IDEAS The ITS-4 Technologies The ITS Insight: Linkage of Vehicle and Infrastructure Regionalism Intermodalism Information Mobility The Potential of Pricing Institution Building and Institutional Change Nationally-Consistent System Internationally-Consistent System

9 THE FUNDAMENTAL ITS INSIGHT Linkage of vehicle and transportation infrastructure through ITS infrastructure. VEHICLE ITS INFRASTRUCTURE SENSORS COMMUNICATIONS IT ALGORITHMS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (BROADLY DEFINED)

10 THE ITS-4 TECHNOLOGIES Sensing Communications Computing Algorithms

11 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DIMENSIONS ORGANIZATIONAL SCALE Integrated Supply Chain Intermodal Modal GEOGRAPHIC SCALE Real-Time Urban Regional National Global Tactical Planning Strategic Planning TIME SCALE APPROACHES Quantitative Models (OR, Simulation, ) Qualitative Frameworks for Analysis Transportation Domain Knowledge

12 DRIVING FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES RESOURCES / EXTERNALITIE S ISSUES Economic Development Quality of Life Social Equity Sustainability Environmental Issues INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL REALITIES

13 BIG, WORLD-WIDE CHANGES Mid-1980s to the Present -- WHERE DOES ITS (AND, MORE BROADLY, TRANSPORTATION) FIT?

14 CONTEXT Transportation at a Crossroads (Congestion, Safety, Environment, Energy and Productivity) Can t build our way out of it ITS Addresses All These Key Issues Technology -- No Breakthrough Needed Institutions -- Partnerships Transportation -- Information Infrastructure Broad-based Set of Benefits

15 GOALS FOR ITS IN THE U.S. Improved Safety Reduced Congestion Increased and Higher Quality Mobility Reduced Environmental Impact Improved Energy Efficiency Improved Economic Productivity A Viable U.S.ITS Industry

16 VISION A national system that operates consistently and efficiently across the U.S. to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious movement of people and goods. An efficient public system that interacts smoothly with improved highway operations. A vigorous U.S. ITS industry supplying both domestic and international needs.

17 ITS RECENT U.S. HISTORY Early 1970s Electronic Route Guidance (ERGS) 1986 California (CALTRANS) 1987 Federal government (FHWA) 1990 Mobility Formation of ITS America Strategic Plan Development 1991 ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) 1994 ITS Architecture Contracts 1996 Major Regional Initiatives 1997 Automated Highway Demonstration in San Diego 1998 TEA /3 Ten-Year ITS Plan 2003/4 TEA-21 Reauthorization

18 FUNDAMENTAL ATMS/ATIS SYSTEMS VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE V I TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS CENTER (TOC) ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (OPERATOR) ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM (CUSTOMER)

19 SOME FUNCTIONS Manage and monitor the network traffic flows Provide information on the state of the network Fleet management (vehicle location) Trucks Buses Monitoring vehicle condition and status Trucks Buses Autonomous systems Vehicle status Intelligent cruise control Obstacle detection

20 SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (I) The Need for Organization Innovation Public/Private Partnership All Levels of Government Changes in the Definition of a Transportation Professional Academic/Research Role Building a U.S. ITS Industry/Test of the Marketplace International Competition for the ITS Market The Role of the Auto Manufacturer The Role of the Information Service Providers The Size of the Public and Private Markets ITS as a National System Standards and Protocols

21 SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (II) Productivity and International Competitiveness Congestion Safety Sustainability Environment Energy Mobility Limits on Build More Highways Option ITS as an Enabling Technology -- The TRANSPORTATION/ INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE An Extended Definition of Infrastructure Integration of IT, Communications, Sensors Spending on Infrastructure Works Productivity Improvements Examples: Interstate System Air System ITS and the Regional Scale

22 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Privacy/enforcement Anti-trust Who is in Charge? Public/Private Partnership International Cooperation Tort Liability Procurement Marketplace

23 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Interagency Coordination and Cooperation Metropolitan Area Traffic Management Federal and State Departments and Agencies Adaptation of Existing Posers and Organizational Forms Collaborative vs. Adversarial Approaches Public/Private Partnership Agreements

24 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE V I TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS CENTER (TOC) ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (OPERATOR) ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM (CUSTOMER) DISCUSSION: What specific actions can ATMS take to improve network performance?

25 STATIC INFORMATION SEMIDYNAMIC (E.G., NETWORK INFORMATION TOPOGRAPHY) (E.G., CONSTRUCTION) DYNAMIC INFORMATION E -INFORMATION FROM ATMS E.G., VOLUMES ESTIMATE SPEEDS NETWORK STATE FIELD IN REAL-TIME QUEUES GENERATE ATIS NETWORK STRATEGIES INFORMATION TO PREDICTION OF FUTURE NETWORK STATE AS F (STRATEGY) INCLUDING GUESSES ABOUT TRAVELER REACTION TO ATIS SELECT AND DEPLOY STRATEGY NON- E -INFORMATION E.G., SPOTTER AIRCRAFT STATE POLICE TRAVELERS E.G., DYNAMIC ROUTING INFORMATION TO INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES E.G., VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS ACTUAL CHANGE IN TRAVELER BEHAVIOR?

26 TRANSPORTATION AND CHANGE Our transportation system provides fundamental and basic services to society, and has done so for thousands of years. However, as we begin the 21st century, the field is subject to many changes. These transitions occur on the dimensions of technology, systems and institutions and characterize the field in its broadest sense.

27 TRANSITIONS What are these transitions? What do they mean for the education of the New Transportation Professional?

28 CLIOS Complex Large-scale Integrated Open Systems

29 COMPLEXITY Complexity as in CLIOS (Sussman, The New Transportation Faculty: The Evolution to Engineering Systems, Transportation Quarterly, Summer 1999): A system is complex when it is composed of a group of related units (subsystems), for which the degree and nature of the relationships is imperfectly known. Its overall behavior is difficult to predict, even when subsystem behavior is readily predictable. Further, the time-scales of various subsystems may be very different (as we can see in transportation -- landuse changes, for example, vs. operating decisions).

30 NESTED COMPLEXITY Policy System Physical System

31 SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS FROM T O 1. CAPITAL M ANAGEMENT PLANNING AND O PERATIONS FOCUS 2. LONG R EAL-TIME T IMEFRAMES CONTROL 3. U RBAN S CALE R EGIONAL S CALE PLANNING AND O PERATIONS PLANNING AND O PERATIONS 4. E MPHASIS ON E MPHASIS ON M OBILITY ACCESSIBILITY (THE T RANSPORTATION / LAND-USE CONNECTION ) 5. CUSTOMER O NE SIZE O RIENTATION FITS ALL S ERVICE Q UALITY PRICING FOR S ERVICE

32 FROM TO 6. ALLOCATE ALLOCATE CAPACITY CAPACITY BY QUEUING BY PRICING 7. AGGREGATE DISAGGREGATE METHODS FOR METHODS FOR DEMAND PREDICTION DEMAND PREDICTION 8. EPISODIC DATA DYNAMIC DATA FOR INVESTMENT PLANNING FOR INVESTMENT PLANNING (AND OPERATIONS) 9. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC/ PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PUBLIC FINANCING FOR FINANCING FOR OF INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS AND OPERATIONS USING HYBRID RETURN ON INVESTMENT MEASURES 10. INFRASTRUCTURE NEW HIGH- CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY MAINTENANCE PROVIDERS PLAYERS

33 FROM TO 11. STATIC DYNAMIC ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIPS 12. PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL EMPHASIS ON EMPHASIS ON TRANSPORTATION DESIGN OF PHYSICAL AS A COMPLEX, INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-SCALE, INTEGRATED, OPEN SYSTEM (CLIOS) 13. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT 14. COMPUTERS ARE UBIQUITOUS JUST A TOOL COMPUTING 15. FROM TO AND ON TO SUPPLY-SIDE SUPPLY/DEMAND SYSTEMS THAT PERSPECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM NEVER REACH FRAMEWORK EQUILIBRIUM

34 FROM TO 16. INDEPENDENT LINKED ADVANCED CONVENTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS REQUIRING PROJECTS A SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 17. VEHICLES AND VEHICLES AND INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AS AS INDEPENDENT ELECTRONICALLY LINKED 18. REDUCING CONSEQUENCES OF CRASHES CRASH AVOIDANCE 19. FROM TO AND ON TO MODAL INTERMODAL SUPPLY CHAIN PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE MANAGEMENT 20. NARROW THE NEW TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION SPECIALISTS PROFESSIONAL

35 NESTED COMPLEXITY Policy System Physical System

36 THE T-SHAPED TRANSPORTATION PROFESSIONAL BREADTH IN: TRANSPORTATION FUNDAMENTALS IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGY WITHIN A SYSTEMS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTIONS SPECIALTY