MICROFLUIDIC CHIP FOR PARTICLE-LIQUID SEPARATION

Transcription

1 Poceedings of he ASME 011 Inenaional Mechanical Engineeing Congess & Exposiion IMECE011 Noembe 11-17, 011, Dene, Coloado, USA Poceedings of he ASME 011 Inenaional Mechanical Engineeing Congess & Exposiion IMECE011 Noembe 11-17, 011, Dene, Coloado, USA IMECE IMECE MICROFLUIDIC CHIP FOR PARTICLE-LIQUID SEPARATION Piyank Bhadwaj Indian Insiue of Technology Guwahai Guwahai, Assam, India Ashish S Shama Indian Insiue of Technology Guwahai Guwahai, Assam, India Piyush Bagdi Indian Insiue of Technology Guwahai Guwahai, Assam, India Ashis K Sen Indian Insiue of Technology Guwahai Guwahai, Assam, India ABSTRACT This pape pesens heoeical analysis, design, fabicaion and es of a micofluidic deice ( Mico hydocyclone ) fo sepaaion of micon and sub-micon size solid paicles fom liquid in a paicle-liquid mixue. A heoeical analysis of he mico hydocyclone is pefomed o undesand he physics and deelop suiable design models. The sucue of he poposed deice is designed based on Badley model, as i offes lowe cu-size hus making i suiable fo micofluidics applicaions. The opeaional paamees ae deied fom he dimensional goup model. The deice is fabicaed wih SU-8 phooesis on subsae using a combinaion of phoolihogaphy and mico-milling. Expeimens ae pefomed o demonsae paicle-liquid sepaaion using polysyene micobeads suspended in PBS as he feed sample. The influence of inle elociy and paicle size on paicle sepaaion efficiency is inesigaed. The poposed deice can be easily inegaed wih mico-enionmens hus is suiable fo lab-on-chip and micosysems deelopmen. The deice may hae applicaions in chemical analysis, maeials eseach, poin-of-cae, blood sample pepaaion and ohe biomedical applicaions. INTRODUCTION The sepaaion and concenaion of mico-paiculae maeials in a coninuous flow ae equied fo a wide aiey of applicaions including chemical synheses, mineal pocessing and biological analyses [1, ]. The use of sepaaion echnology in biological applicaions is becoming inceasingly impoan. The ealy deelopmen of micofluidics as a field was songly moiaed by he need o analyze biomolecules moe efficienly and accuaely, which was culminaed by he human genome pojec [3]. Howee, he focus of he field has now been shifing moe owad addessing he need fo cell biology sudies. Sepaaion echniques ae boadly classified ino acie sepaaion echniques ha inole exenal field fo sepaaion of paicles and passie sepaaion echniques ha make use of flow pofile of paicles aound obsacles and ohe fluidics phenomena. Passie sepaaion echnique has adanages oe acie sepaaion echnique ha no exenal enegy is needed fo he sepaaion pocess. Thee ae numeous passie sepaaion echniques aailable fo sepaaion of he paicles in micofluidic deices including pinched flow facionaion (PFF) [4], hydodynamic filaion [5-7], deeminisic laeal displacemen [8-11], biomimeic [1, 13], cossflow filaion [14-16], and ineia and dean flow [17, 18]. A unique aiaion of cossflow filaion is pefusion. In pefusion, seconday medium washes away small paicles while only lage paicles ae eained in he main seam. This echnique was exploed by Viginia e.al. [19] fo sepaaion of WBC fom whole blood. As eiden fom he lieaue eiew, hee ae seeal micofluidics based filaion echniques exis fo paicle-liquid sepaaion. Bu, unfounaely, hey suffe fom he inheen poblem associaed wih low-houghpu and clogging; so i is impeaie o deelop alenaie appoaches o miigae hese issues. Hee, use of a micofluidic deice based on a mico hydocyclone fo paicle-liquid sepaaion is pesened. As he size of he cyclone is educed, he cu-size of he paicles is also educed [0] and hus sepaaion of micon and sub-micon size paicles becomes possible. The poposed Micohydocyclone [1] is capable of coninuous sepaaion wih excepional flow aes and wihou clogging esuling in high houghpu of paicles hus impoing pefomance and eliabiliy. Hydocyclone is a muli-phase sepaao widely used in peochemical, mining and many ohe indusies [, 3]. 1 Copyigh 011 by ASME 1 Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

2 The applicaion of solid liquid hydocyclones can be aced back seeal decades bu hey ae used mainly o sepaae lage paicles, such as he paicles wihin dilling fluids in he peoleum indusy, and ohe lage mineal paicles. Macoand meso- scale hydocyclones hae been widely inesigaed using heoeical analysis [0, 4], simulaions [5-9] as well as expeimens [30-33]. Howee, deelopmen of micofabicaed hydocyclone fo micofluidics applicaions has no been epoed and o auhos knowledge, such a deice is being epoed fo he fis ime [1]. This sudy is focused on heoeical analysis, design, fabicaion and es of he mico hydocyclone fo paicle-liquid sepaaion. DESCRIPTION OF MICRO HYDROCYCLONE The design of he mico hydocyclone deice is depiced in Fig. 1 and an expanded iew of he mico hydocyclone sucue is shown in Fig.. The sucue of he deice includes a inle micochannel of size D i, a cylindical chambe of diamee D and lengh L wih a fusoconical boom as he main funcional elemen, boom oule (undeflow) of diamee Du fom he boom of he chambe leading o a mico-channel and op oule (oeflow) of diamee Do fom he op of he chambe leading o a mico-capillay. An impoan elemen in he hydocyclone is he oex finde which is essenially he op oule capillay, which is exended up o a ceain disance l wihin he main body of hydo-cyclone o aid he fomaion of a oex fom he inle flow. The inle micochannel is angenial o he cylindical chambe. The angenial flow ino he cyclone geneaes a spial flow paen enabling paicle-liquid sepaaion due o a ne ouwad adial elociy expeienced by he solid paicles. The fluidic ineface beween he micofluidic chip and he exenal capillaies is esablished using ¼-8 UNF headed fiings as he ineconnecion mechanism. The micofluidic chip is fabicaed in hee diffeen layes ha ae hemally bonded ogehe. Fig. 1 Concepual design of he mico hydocyclone deice THEORETICAL ANALYSIS In his secion, analyical ools ae fomulaed o qualiaiely es he concep of hydocyclone fo paicle-liquid sepaaion. The necessay goening equaions o deie he design paamees of he mico hydocyclone ae also pesened. Gien ha he fluid elociy is moing in a spial he fluid elociy can be boken ino wo componen elociies: a angenial componen,, and a adial elociy componen. Assuming Sokes' law, he dag foce F d on any paicle in his inle seam is heefoe gien by he following equaion, 3 πρ D p p F c = m = d = 3π Dp 6 (1) F µ whee D p is paicle diamee, µ is iscosiy. If one consides an isolaed paicle cicling in he uppe cylindical componen of Copyigh 011 by ASME D u Fig. Expanded iew of he mico hydocyclone sucue he cyclone a a oaional adius of fom he cyclone's cenal axis, he paicle is heefoe subjeced o cenifugal, dag and buoyan foces. These ae gien by, whee ρ p is paicle densiy. The buoyan foce (aibued o diffeence in densiies of he paicle and fluid medium) is gien as, Fb = pρ f πd = 6 3 p ρ f whee ρ f is fluid densiy. The foce balance can be ceaed by summing he foces ogehe, Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

3 d( m) = F d d + F + F c b Fo seady sae opeaion of he hydocyclone, he ne foce on he paicles should be zeo. I is o be noed ha he gaiaional foce is negleced hee as he effec of he gaiaional foce is by fa ey negligible as compae o he ohe foces in opeaion. So, d + c b Soling fo D p, we ge paicle adius as a funcion of cyclonic adius, fluid densiy and fluid angenial and oaional elociies as, 1 3 µ Dc D p = ( ) ρ p ρ f Subsequenly, gien a alue fo V, and a cu-off adius, a chaaceisic paicle fileing adius can be esimaed, aboe which paicles will be sepaaed. Also, his can be expessed in ems of adial elociy V as: = ( ρ ρ ) D p 9µ D f c p whee D c is he cyclone diamee. Hee, if he densiy of he fluid is geae han he densiy of he paicle, he moion is owads he cene of oaion and if he paicle is dense han he fluid, he moion is away fom he cene. Typically, alues of he densiy of paicles encouneed in chemical and biological analysis ae geae han he suspending medium. Hence, he mico-paicles migae ouwads owads he wall and ae sepaaed. The poposed mico hydocyclone is designed using equaions deied fom he heoy of he Dimensional goup model [0]. The funcion of hydocyclone wihin is opeaional limis ae descibed using he following equaions, ρ f Sk 50 ( ρ p ρ f ) ( d = 18µ D whee Re is he Reynolds numbe, Eu is he Eule numbe, Sk 50 is he soke numbe fo cu size d 50 (size of paicle a which 50% sepaaion is obained), is supeficial elociy and c is F F + F = 0 concenaion of paicles. The aboe eqns. (5) can be used fo eliable design of hydocyclone geomeical and opeaional paamees. The poposed mico hydocyclone has a cylindical 3 body of boe (D c ) 350 µm diamee. Using PBS buffe as he πρ 3 pdp D p Thus, 3 Dp + π suspending medium fo he mico-paicles, π µ ρ f = 0 (6) he opeaional 6 6 c 50 ) paamees ae calculaed using he dimensional goup model. The opeaional paamees esimaed fo he poposed mico hydocyclone ae pesened in Table 1. Hydocyclone has mainly wo pominen families of designs [0]: Rieema and Badley Hydocyclones. The ohe dimensions of a hydocyclone ealuaed wih espec o he cyclone diamee using he aboe models ae pesened in Table. The wo designs hae hei own meis and demeis and he selecion is done based on he equiemens. Fo he sepaaion of micopaicles, Badley design is used since i is he mos efficien one and has lowes cu size amongs he boh. The mico hydocyclone geomey consideed hee has a cylindical body of boe 350 µm diamee. Fom his, he ohe geomeical dimensions of he sucue ae deemined using he Badley model. The angenial inle channel (paiculae(8) fluid) a he op of he cylindical boe D i is 50 µm and he angenial oule (concenaed paicle) a he boom of he cylindical boe D u is 70 µm. The ohe oule (fo pue liquid) locaed a he op of he cylindical boe along he cylindical axis D o is 70 µm. The paamee ha nomally dicaes he diamee of he cyclone is he cu size. Hee, he cu size is deemined o be 1 µm which is equal o smalle han he size of he paicles o be sepaaed. In his case, he selecion of he hydocyclone size D c (350 µm) was dicaed by he minimum channel size of 50 µm ha could be fabicaed using he esablished SU-8 based phoolihogaphy pocess on subsae. DEVICE FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY The micofluidic deice based on he mico hydocyclone was fabicaed using SU-8 phooesis on subsae employing a combinaion of phoolihogaphy and micomilling. The pocess flow used fo fabicaion of he deice is depiced in Fig. 3. As shown, he deice is fabicaed in hee diffeen layes: op laye, base laye and cene laye, which ae whee he dimensionless goups ae defined as follows, bonded ogehe using hemal bonding. A subsae 8.0 R e = ν Dρ f µ mm hick is used as he op laye. Fis, he op (1) subsae suface is cleaned wih O plasma and hen spun coaed wih SU-8 P phooesis a 3000 pm o ceae a ey hin laye of phooesis Eu = (5 µm hick). This SU-8 laye acs as a seed laye (13) which helps in bonding beween wo diffeen subsaes. The spun coaed SU- 8 is cued in oen a 95 C fo 10 min and hen cooled down o (4) 3 Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

4 oom empeaue. Then, he conneco holes ae mico-milled followed by apping o ceae he ¼-8 headed fiings. A subsae 0.5 mm hick is used as he base laye. The suface of he base subsae is cleaned wih O plasma and spun coaed wih a seed laye phooesis. Afe cuing and cooling down o oom empeaue he sucual laye of he SU-8 (75 µm hick) is spun coaed a 1000 pm. The phooesis is died in oen a 95 C fo 0 min. The channel sucue is paened by exposing he SU-8 wih UV ligh hough a mask. Then, he phooesis is pos-baked and deeloped in he deelope soluion o ceae he channel, which acs as he exi channel fom he mico hydocyclone. The subsae used as he cene laye was.0 mm hick. The subsae was cleaned on boh sides using O plasma and hen seed SU-8 laye was coaed on boh sides. Then, one side of he subsae was coaed wih 100 µm hick SU-8 as sucual laye simila o he pocedue followed in he case of he base laye. Channels wee paened ono he cene laye, which acs as he inle channel o he mico hydocyclone. Then, he cylindical chambe (0.35mm dia.) of he mico hydocyclone wih a fuso-conical boom was mico-milled. An exi flow pah connecing he exi channel wih he oule fiing was also machined. Finally, he hee diffeen layes wee hemally bonded on a ho pess using 140 psi a 10 C. A such condiions, he chemical bonds on he SU-8 a he inefaces become acie and coss-link wih each ohe foming song bonding. A phoogaph of he fabicaed micofluidic chip is shown in Fig. 4 (a). The micofluidic chip has a foo pin of 50 0 mm and is 1.5 mm hick. A magnified opical image of he mico hydocyclone is pesened in Fig. 4 (b). Top O plasma cleaning Top Spin coa SU-8 and cue Mico-mill conneco holes followed by apping Top O plasma cleaning O plasma cleaning Spin coa seed SU-8 and cue Spin coa sucual laye SU-8 and cue Expose o UV hough mask Deelop Mico-mill he cyclone chambe and fluid exi pah Themal bonding Fig. 3 Lay ou of he pocess flow fo fabicaion of he mico hydocyclone based micofluidic deice The micofluidic chip was inegaed wih a glass capillay (Chales Supe Company, USA) o fom he oex finde of he mico hydocyclone. The glass capillay used fo his pupose has an OD of 100µm and ID of 70µm, as deied fom he heoeical analysis. The glass capillay was glued a he oifice of he headed conneco scew. The lengh of he capillay pouding fom he oifice is dependen on he lengh of he oex finde inside he hydocyclone. Special cae was aken o mainain he appopiae lengh equied. The oex finde capillay is secued in place by ighening he headed conneco scew ino he ¼-8 conneco hole. A phoogaph of he headed conneco scew wih he assembled capillay is shown in Fig. 5 (a). A phoogaph of he chip assembled wih he connecos and capillaies is pesened in Fig. 5 (b). Top Spin coa seed SU-8 and cue Spin coa sucual laye SU-8 and cue Expose o UV hough mask Deelop (a) 4 Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

5 Resuls and discussion (b) Fig. 4 (a) Phoogaph of he fabicaed mico hydocyclone based micofluidic chip (b) Magnified opical image of he mico hydocyclone showing he inle channel, he cyclone and he oule channel Fig. 5 (a) Phoogaph of he headed conneco inegaed wih glass mico capillay (100µm OD and 70µm ID) (b) Phoogaph of he hydocyclone chip assembled wih fiings and capillaies EXPERIMENTS Expeimenal seup and pocedue The schemaic and a phoogaph of he expeimenal seup ha was used o pefom he paicle-liquid sepaaion expeimens ae depiced in Fig. 6 (a) and (b), especiely. The feed sample was infused ino he micofluidic chip using a syinge pump (TSE Sysems, Gemany). The fluidic ineface beween he exenal capillaies and he chip was esablished using ¼-8 headed fiings (Upchuch). The polysyene micobeads (Sigma Aldich, Bangaloe, India) suspended in PBS was used as he feed sample. The micobeads wee mixed wih PBS and he mixue was sonicaed o ensue homogeneous mixing. EDTA (Ehylene-diamine-ea-aceic-acid) was added o he mixue while sonicaing o peen coagulaion of he paicles. Fis, he channels on he chip ae cleaned by pumping IPA (Isopopyl alcohol) ino he micofluidic chip, o emoe any paicles o impuiies, if pesen. Then, he mixed sample is infused and he undeflow and he oeflow exiing hough he especie capillaies ae colleced and analyzed. The feed and he undeflow and he oeflow samples colleced ae well-mixed using a oex and hen 1µl of sample fom each ae spoed ono a glass slide and obseed unde micoscope (Cal Zeiss). Opical images of he feed and he colleced undeflow and oeflow ae pesened in Fig. 7. As obseed, he concenaion of he paicles in he undeflow is much highe as compaed o ha in he feed and he oeflow is almos paicle-fee, which ae in ageemen wih he heoy of hydocyclone. A a flow ae of 1000 µl/min, he flow ae of he undeflow was measued o be 600 µl/min and ha of oeflow was measued o be 400 µl/min. he concenaion of he micobeads in he feed was 1 105/µl The concenaion of he micobeads calculaed fom he opical images as well as Haemocyomee chip couning was appoximaely /µl, hus saisfying mass conseaion. The concenaions of paicles in he feed, undeflow and oeflow ae also quanified using absobance measuemens (Pekin-Elme UV-VIS Specomee) and he esuls ae pesened in Fig. 8. As obseed, he absobance measued fo he undeflow is highe han ha measued fom he feed and he absobance of he oeflow is almos zeo. Fom he aboe wo sudies, i can be concluded ha he poposed micofluidic deice based on a mico hydocyclone is capable of efficien sepaaion of paicles and liquids in a paiculaed sample. Influence of inle flow ae on paicle sepaaion efficiency was inesigaed expeimenally and esuls ae compaed wih ha obained fom he simulaions, which ae depiced in Fig. 9. As obseed, he sepaaion efficiency inceases wih incease in he inle flow ae, which is because he paicle expeience lage cenifugal foce a highe inle elociy. The ageemen beween expeimenal daa and model pedicions is quie good. The influence of he paicle size ae on paicle sepaaion efficiency was also inesigaed expeimenally and esuls ae compaed wih ha obained fom he simulaions, as shown in Fig. 10. Fou diffeen paicle sizes of diamee 5 µm, 10 µm, 15 µm and 5 µm wee used. I is obseed ha he paicle sepaaion efficiency is highe fo a lage paicle size, which is in ageemen wih he pedicions fom heoy. Feed Syinge pump Oeflow Undeflow (a) 5 Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems Copyigh 011 by ASME

6 3.5.8 Absobance (a.u.) (b) Fig. 6 The schemaic (a) and a phoogaph (b) of he expeimenal seup Waelengh (nm) Oeflow Feed Undeflow Fig. 8 Compaison of absobance measued fo he feed, undeflow and he oeflow 100 (a) (b) (c) Fig. 7 (a) Micoscopic images of paicles in he (a) feed sample (b) unde flow and (c) oe flow Sepaaion efficiency (%) Simulaion Expeimens Inle elociy (m/s) Fig. 9 Compaison of sepaaion efficiency s. inle elociy pediced by he model and measued fom expeimens Sepaaion efficiency (%) Simulaion Expeimens Paicle size (µm) Fig. 10 Compaison of sepaaion efficiency s. Paicle size pediced by he model and measued fom expeimens 6 Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

7 CONCLUSIONS The poposed mico hydocyclone is capable of efficien sepaaion of paicles and liquid fom a paiculaed mixue. Theoeical analysis of he hydocyclone showed ha if he densiy of he paicles is highe han ha of he liquid medium hen he paicles will expeience a adial elociy ouwad and his assised by a downwad componen of elociy sepaaes hem fom he cenal upwad moing liquid. The mico hydocyclone is designed based on Badley model as i offes lowe cu-size hus making i suiable fo micofluidics applicaions. The deice was fabicaed using a combinaion of phoolihogaphy and mico-milling and expeimens wee pefomed using polysyene micobeads in PBS as he feed sample. Sepaaion of paicles was clealy demonsaed using micoscopic couning as well as absobance measuemens. The influence of inle elociy and paicle size on sepaaion efficiency was sudied. The poposed deice can be easily inegaed wih mico-enionmens hus is suiable fo lab-onchip and micosysems deelopmen. Also, he deice is compaible wih micofabicaion appoach, hus could be easily mass poduced. The disincie adanages in ems of pefomance, eliabiliy, ease of inegaion and cos may encouage commecial exploiaion. The deice may hae poenial applicaions in many aeas including chemical analysis, maeials eseach, poin-of-cae, PCR, blood-sample pepaaion and ohe biomedical applicaions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The auhos would like o acknowledge IIT Guwahai fo poiding financial suppo and infasucue fo he pojec. REFERENCES [1] D. R. Reyes, D. Lossifidis, P. A. Auoux and A. Manz, Anal. Chem., 74, 63, 00. [] M. Tone and D. Iimia, Annu. Re. Biomed. Eng., 7, 77, 005. [3] Human genomes: public and piae, Naue, 409, 745, 001. [4] M. Yamada, M. Nakashima, M. Seki, Pinched Flow Facionaion: Coninuous Size Sepaaion of Paicles Uilizing a Lamina Flow Pofile in a Pinched Micochannel, Anal. Chem., 76, 5465, 004. [5] M. Yamada and M. Seki. Hydodynamic filaion fo onchip paicle concenaion and classificaion uilizing micofluidics, Lab Chip, 5, 133, 005. [6] M. Yamada and M. Seki. Micofluidic Paicle Soe Employing Flow Spliing and Recombining, Anal. Chem., 78, 1357, 006. [7] Z. Wu, K. Hjo, G. Wiche, Å. Senningsen, Micofluidic high iabiliy neual cell sepaaion using iscoelasically uned hydodynamic speading, Biomed. Micodeices, 10, 631, 008. [8] L. R. Huang, E. C. Cox, R. H. Ausin, J. C. Sum, Coninuous paicle sepaaion hough deeminisic laeal displacemen, Science, 304, 987, 004. [9] S. Zheng, Y. Tai, H. Kasdan, A mico deice fo sepaaion of eyhocyes and leukocyes in human blood, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 1, 104, 005. [10] J. A. Dais, D. W. Inglis, K. J. Moon, D. A. Lawence, L. R. Huang, S. Y. Chou, J. C. Sum. R. H. Ausin, Deeminisic hydodynamics: aking blood apa, Poc. Nal. Acad. Sci., 103, 14779, 006. [11] D. W. Inglis, J. A. Dais, R. H. Ausin, J. C. Sum., Ciical paicle size fo facionaion by deeminisic laeal displacemen, Lab Chip, 6, 655, 006. [1] S. Yang, A. Unda, J. D. Zahn, A micofluidic deice fo coninuous, eal ime blood plasma sepaaion, Lab Chip, 6, 871, 006. [13] S. S. Shekoplyas, T. Yoshida, L. L. Munn, Biomimeic auo sepaaion of leukocyes fom whole blood in a micofluidic deice, Anal Chem, 77, , 005. [14] X. Chen, D. F. Cui, C. C. Liu, H. Li, Mico-fluidic chip fo blood cell sepaaion and collecion based on cossflow filaion, Sensos and Acuaos B, 130, 16, 008. [15] C. Xing, C. D. Fu, Z. LuLu, Isolaion of plasma fom whole blood using a micofludic chip in a coninuous cossflow, Chinese Science bullein, 54, 34, 009. [16] K.A. Caidis, T.D. Papahanasiou, Pessue effecs in coss-flow micofilaion of suspensions of whole baceial cells, Biopocess Engineeing, 16, 199, [17] D. D. Calo, D. Iimia, R. G. Tompkins, M. Tone, Coninuous ineial focusing, odeing, and sepaaion of paicles in micochannels, PNAS, 104, 1889, 007. [18] A. Asga, S. Bhaga, Sahyakuma, S. Kunaegowdanahalli, I. Papausk, Coninuous paicle sepaaion in spial micochannels using dean flows and diffeenial migaion, Lab Chip, 8, 1906, 008. [19] V. VanDelinde and A. Goisman, Pefusion in Micofluidic Coss-Flow: Sepaaion of Whie Blood Cells fom Whole Blood and Exchange of Medium in a Coninuous Flow, Anal. Chem., 79, 03, 007. [0] L. Saosky, Solid-Liquid Sepaaion, Buewoh Heinemann, 4 h Ediion, ISBN , 000. [1] A. K. Sen, P. Bhadwaj, P. Bagdi, Micofluidic hydocyclone fo solid-liquid sepaaion, Inenion Disclosue filed wih R&D, IIT Guwahai, India, Ocobe 10, 010. [] D. Badley, The Hydocyclone, Pegamon Pess, London, [3] S. Pasquie, J.J. Cillies, Sub-micon paicle dewaeing using hydocyclones, Chem. Eng., 80, 83, 000. [4] L. Saosky, Hydocyclones, Hol, Rineha and Winson, London, [5] M.D. Slack, S. Del, M.S. Poe, Designing auomaed compuaional fluid dynamics modelling ools fo hydocyclone design, Mine. Eng., 17, 705, 004. [6] T. Dyakowski, R. A. Williams, Modelling ubulen flow wihin a small diamee hydocyclone, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48, 1143, Copyigh 011 by ASME Downloaded Fom: hp://poceedings.asmedigialcollecion.asme.og/ on 1/08/014 Tems of Use: hp://asme.og/ems

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