DRI & Mini-mills Conference September 10-11, 2013 Royal Sonesta Hotel, New Orleans, LA

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1 Country Breakdown s The Environmental and Raw Material Factors Associated with HBI and DRI Production This white paper has been created in conjunction with American Metal Market and Metal Bulletin Events upcoming being held on September 10-11, New Orleans, LA. The data and trends examined in this paper, and many others, will be addressed by expert speakers and panellists at the event. and Demand Balance

2 Country Breakdown As detailed in the previous conference white paper, DRI based steel making is on the rise, this white paper will examine two of the major benefits of DRI based steel making: environmental and feedstock. The below charts outline the correlation between steel making and CO 2 emissions broken down by country. CO 2 emissions are a major concern for governments worldwide and there are numerous legislations being brought into effect curtailing and taxing carbon emissions. Steel Production (Total = 1.3 billion tonnes/year) CO 2 (Total = 2.1 billion tonnes/year) Country Breakdown s 6% 5% 8% 34% China 7% 9% ROW 8% 51% EU (25) 12% 16% Japan 27% USA 17% Russia China ROW EU (25) Japan USA Russia and Demand Balance China and India (major country in ROW), contribute approx. 60% of steel production but almost 70% of CO 2 Source: Amit Chatterjee, Chief Editor, Steel Tech, India Speaking at Metal Bulletin Events World DRI and Pellet

3 12,000 of carbon dioxide This second graph shows CO 2 emissions from major producing regions. The forecasted global increases pose a major environmental issue and there will be more measures brought in to curtail CO 2 emissions. Country Breakdown 10,000 8,000 CHINA s 6,000 US 4,000 EUROPE and Demand Balance 2,000 0 JAPAN INDIA Source: Amit Chatterjee, Chief Editor, Steel Tech, India Speaking at Metal Bulletin Events World DRI and Pellet

4 s Total emissions of the planet are 30,000 million tonnes CO 2 equiv. The steel industry currently contributes million tonnes of CO 2, 7% of the total. This table outlines a conservative estimate of the reduction in CO 2 emissions through the DRI-EAF route of steelmaking. This significant reduction in emission makes the DRI-EAF route an attractive alternative to primary steel making routes and allows companies to lower their the carbon emissions whilst still producing the same amounts of steel. Country Breakdown s and Demand Balance Process CO 2, t/tcs BF-BOF Route 1.9 DRI-EAF Route 1.2 Blast Furnace Oxygen steelmaking in integrated steel plants is the biggest source of CO 2. DRI-EAF route used in mini steel plants appears to be 58% more environmentally friendly. Source: Amit Chatterjee, Chief Editor, Steel Tech, India Speaking at Metal Bulletin Events World DRI and Pellet

5 Country Breakdown s and Demand Balance % Iron Ore Price added Value The advantages of using magnetic pellet feed to produce pellets in terms of energy usage and CO 2 emissions are clear to see and can be translated into a value added equation. 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% CO 2 Every 1,000 tonnes Magnetic Pellet Feed processed in Pelletizing Plants Prevent Crude Oil consumption: Prevent CO 2 emission: 0% Crude Oil Price US$/barrel Source: José Meli, Technical Development Manager, CAP Minería, Chile 13,2 tonnes Crude Oil 41,9 tonnes CO 2 eq. Intrinsic Advantage of Magnetic Pellet Feed Pellet Feed Price 60 US$/TM FOB 70 US$/TM FOB 80 US$/TM FOB 90 US$/TM FOB Note: CFR Price = FOB Price + 20 US$/tonne 110 US$/TM FOB 120 US$/TM FOB 130 US$/TM FOB 140 US$/TM FOB 140

6 The use of DRI as a feedstock allows mini-mill and EAF based steel makers to tap into the iron ore market, reducing their reliance on the volatile ferrous scrap market. According to some forecasts the new iron ore capacities outlined below will cater to growing global steel demand and the iron ore deficit will narrow but still remain, leading to a stabilising and mildly upward trend in iron ore prices in medium term. World Production 1800 Millions tonnes year 2011 No. Projects (Expansion & New) Execution Factor probability TOTAL 414 Under Construction to year % Feasibility to year % Pre Feasibility to year % Scope Eng. to year % Designed Capacity Country Breakdown s and Demand Balance Probable Capacity Estimated World Supply Source: José Meli, Technical Development Manager, CAP Minería, Chile Total World Capacity of World Production 1800 year Under Construction to year 2015 Note: Not considered the exhaustion of the mines currently in operation, which makes this a conservative estimate Feasibility to year Pre Feasibility to year Scope Eng. to year 2030

7 Country Breakdown s and Demand Balance The below graph forecasts the growth of demand for iron ore in the future linked to increasing production of steel in the long term. In terms of feedstock, ferrous scrap reservoirs are likely to increase slightly but not enough to cater for the increase in steel production Total Iron Ore Required World Steel Production Scrap Fresh Crude Steel Iron Ore Source: José Meli, Technical Development Manager, CAP Minería, Chile

8 Country Breakdown s and Demand Balance and Demand Balance Correlating the two previous graphs together shows that despite the increasing capacities and extra tonnage becoming available there will still be a deficit with the demand for iron ore outstripping the supply. The forecast also predicts a move away from integration with seaborne iron ore levels growing far more sharply than internally consumed iron ore. If an environment of deficit persist, this would make seaborne Iron price trend upward*. Iron ore World demand and Supply Balance Iron ore World World World SUPPLY/DEMAND Balance Seaborne Iron Ore Iron Ore Internal Consumption Source: José Meli, Technical Development Manager, CAP Minería, Chile *these forecasts are susceptible to changing market conditions such as the underperformance of demand or the over performance of supply.

9 Country Breakdown s This white paper has been created in conjunction with and American Metal Market and Metal Bulletin Events upcoming being held on September 10-11, New Orleans, LA. With over 120 delegates expected, this is an ideal opportunity to meet your customers and suppliers in the burgeoning market as well as hearing from the senior level decision makers at market leading companies discuss the following: The growing role of DRI in the North American steel industry Shale gas availability and its ramifications for manufacturing and steel making The applications and advantages of DRI in mini-mill operations A detailed evaluation and comparison of the available DRI technologies An overview of potential DRI projects in the region DRI/HBI as a merchant product DRI logistics the safe handling and shipping of DRI A comparison of ore based metallics and their uses Comprehensive analysis of DR grade iron ore pellet availability EAF technologies how they are maximizing efficiency Burdening optimization and procurement strategies for mini-mills Vertical integration and mitigating volatility through raw material control Unless specified, all data is sourced from Metal Bulletin Research and presentations delivered at Metal Bulletin Events and Demand Balance Signature sponsor: Gold sponsor: Silver sponsors: