Shape memory alloys. applications. for biomedical. Takayuki Yoneyama WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED. Edited by. and Shuichi Miyazaki. Cambridge, England

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1 Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications Edited by Takayuki Yoneyama and Shuichi Miyazaki CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Cambridge, England

2 Contributor contact details Preface xi xv Part I Materials 1 Shape memory effect and superelasticity in Ti-Ni alloys 3 S. Miyazaki, University of Tsukuba, Japan and R. L. Sachdeva, OraMetrix, USA 1.1 Introduction Shape memory effect and superelasticity Elasticity and superelasticity Superelasticity in clinical orthodontics Superelasticity characteristics Extrapolation factors affecting superelasticity Conclusions References 18 2 Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys 20 H. Hosoda and T. INAMURA,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan 2.1 Introduction Stress-strain curves Stabilization of shape memory effect and superelasticity Strain-temperature curves Thermo-mechanical treatment Multistage transformation Texture effect Summary References 36 v

3 vi 3 Thermodynamics of the shape memory effect 37 inti-ni alloys Y. LlU, The University of Western Australia, Australia 3.1 Thermal-mechanical coupling of thermoelastic 37 martensitic transformation 3.2 Thermoelasticity of Equilibrium thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic Phenomenological thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic Unified thermodynamic expression of thermoelastic Thermodynamic expression of transformation temperatures Transformation heats Experimental verifications and interpretations Generalisation of thermodynamic theories of thermoelastic Summary References 67 4 Alternative shape memory alloys 69 H. Y. Kim and S. Miyazaki, University of Tsukuba, Japan 4.1 Introduction Shape memory effect and superelasticity based alloys in Ti-Nb Effect of interstitial alloying elements on shape memory 75 properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.4 Effect of heat treatment condition on shape memory 77 properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.5 Effect of textures on shape memory properties of 79 Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.6 Ti-Mo based shape memory alloys Ti-V based shape memory alloys Conclusions References 83

4 vii 5 Fabrication of shape memory alloy parts 86 T. Habu, Furukawa Techno Material Co. Ltd, Japan 5.1 General processing techniques for Ti-Ni alloys Other machining methods for Ti-Ni alloys Required properties of Ti-Ni alloys used in medical devices Prospects References 99 6 Response of Ti-Ni alloys for dental biomaterials to conditions in the mouth 101 Y. Oshida, Syracuse University and Indiana University, USA and F. Farzin-Nia, Ormco Corporation, USA 6.1 Introduction Discoloration Corrosion ofti-ni alloys in various media Corrosion behavior of Ti-Ni alloys in fluoride-containing solution Corrosion behavior of Ti-Ni alloys in solution containing chloride ion CoiTOsion behavior of Ti-Ni alloys in artificial saliva Corrosion behavior of Ti-Ni alloys in simulated body fluid Effects of alloying elements in Ti-Ni alloys on corrosion 108 behavior 6.9 Effect of surface modification on corrosion resistance Release of metal ions and dissolution of Ti-Ni alloys Allergic reaction, toxicity, and biocompatibility Ti-Ni alloys of Galvanic corrosion of Ti-Ni alloys Microbiology-induced corrosion (MIC) of Ti-Ni alloys Formation of titanium oxides Air-formed titanium oxides Passivation of Ti-Ni alloys Oxidation at elevated temperatures Crystal structures of titanium oxides Characterization of oxides Oxide growth, stability and breakdown Reaction with hydrogen peroxide Reaction of titanium with hydrogen References 137

5 viii 7 Understanding, predicting and preventing 150 failure of Ti-Ni shape memory alloys used in medical implants K. Gall, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 7.1 Introduction Overview of Ti-Ni mechanical failure modes Inelastic deformation and fracture Fatigue failure and life analysis Influence of processing and material structure on 163 material failure 7.6 Influence of manufacturing and surface finish on 164 material failure 7.7 Summary and future trends Sources of further information and advice References Surface modification of Ti-Ni alloys for 173 biomedical applications M. F. MAITZ, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany 8.1 Introduction Surface finishing Surface passivation Coatings Sterilization Summary References Biocompatibility of Nitinol for biomedical 194 applications S. Shabalovskaya, Ames Laboratory, USA and J. Van Humbeeck, Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium 9.1 Introduction Biomechanical compatibility Comparative metal toxicity Patterns of nickel release from Nitinol Response of cells to Ni release Thrombogenic potential, platelet adhesion, and protein 205 adsorption

6 effects ix Biological responses In vivo responses Conclusions and future trends References to modified Nitinol surfaces Part II Medical and dental devices 10 Self-expanding Nitinol stents for the treatment 237 of vascular disease D. Stoeckel, A. Pelton and T. Duerig, Nitinol Devices & Components, USA 10.1 Introduction Nitinol specific device characteristics Nitinol stent designs Biocompatibility and corrosion Fatigue and durability of Nitinol stents Sources of further information and advice References Orthodontic devices usingti-ni shape 257 memory alloys F. FaRZIn-Nia, Ormco Corporation, USA and T. Yoneyama, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan 11.1 Introduction Wire properties in various stages of orthodontic treatment Evolution of orthodontic wires Ti-Ni orthodontic archwires Ti-Ni alloy wires - of additional elements Chemical properties in the oral environment Other orthodontic appliances Future trends References Endodontic instruments for root canal treatment usingti-ni shape memory alloys T. Yoneyama, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan and C. KOBAYASHI, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan Root canal treatment Stainless-steel instruments

7 X 12.3 Ti-Ni alloy instruments Root canal preparation system with Ti-Ni alloy instruments Future development of Ti-Ni alloy instruments References Regulation, orthopedic, dental, endovascular and 306 other applications ofti-ni shape memory alloys L'H. YAHIA and F. RAYES, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada and A. O. Warrak, University of Montreal, Canada 13.1 Introduction USA Food and Drug Administration status of 307 Ti-Ni medical devices 13.3 Orthopedic/dental applications of Ti-Ni shape 309 memory alloys 13.4 Endovascular applications or interventions Other applications of Ti-Ni shape memory alloys Conclusions Acknowledgement References 320 Index 327