Degradation rate. of bioresorbable materials. Prediction and evaluation. Edited by Fraser Buchanan. Woodhead publishing limited.

Transcription

1 Degradation rate of bioresorbable materials Prediction and evaluation Edited by Fraser Buchanan Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC Woodhead publishing limited Cambridge England

2 Contents Contributor contact details Preface X xiii Part 1 : Introduction 1 1 An overview of bioresorbable materials 3 K. J. L. Burg and D. E. Orr, Clemson University, USA 1.1 Introduction Degradation mechanisms Resorbable ceramics Resorption process Intended medical application guides the design of an absorbable implant Understanding the in vivo environment Naturally-derived materials Synthesized polymers Fabrication of absorbable materials Sterilization of absorbable implants Commentary Sources for further information and advice References 17 2 The biological environment for bioresorbable materials 19 D. Lickorish, N. Zebardast and J. E. Davies, University of Toronto, Canada 2.1 Introduction to a hostile environment Blood Plasma protein cascades Fibrin formation Biomaterial interactions 33

3 2.6 Host response to injury Practical demonstration of acute inflammation: The triple response Chronic inflammation Conclusion and future trends References 38 Part II: Degradation mechanisms 41 3 Synthetic bioresorbable polymers 43 R. E. Cameron and A. Kamvari-Moghaddam, University of Cambridge, UK 3.1 Introduction Bioresorbable polymers Degradation of aliphatic polyesters Factors affecting aliphatic polymer degradation Processing and devices Conclusions Sources of further information and advice References 61 4 Natural bioresorbable polymers 67 W. Paul and C. P. Sharma, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, India 4.1 Introduction Chitin and chitosan Alginates Cellulose Conclusion Acknowledgments References 88 5 Bioresorbable ceramics 95 M. Bohner, Dr Robert Mathys Foundation, Switzerland 5.1 Introduction Solubility Kinetics In vivo transformation Other bioresorbable ceramics Modelling resorption Future trends 108

4 5.8 Conclusion 5.9 References Part III: Bioresorption test methods In vitro physicochemical test methods to evaluate bioresorbability 117 S. Li, University Montpellier I, France 6.1 Introduction Protocol for in vitro degradation studies In vitro physicochemical test methods Conclusion References In vitro biological test methods to evaluate bioresorbability 145 G. Mabilleau and A. Sabokbar, University of Oxford, UK 7.1 Introduction Methods of degradation of biomaterials Methods of assessing resorbability in vitro Characterization of the resorbability in vitro: Microscopic analysis of the surface References In vivo test methods to evaluate bioresorbability 161 S. A. Clarke and G. R. Jordan, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland 8.1 Introduction In vivo models Outcome measures Histomorphometric measurements Imaging 8.6 Summary 8.7 References Modelling of the degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers D. Farrar, Smith & Nephew Research Centre, UK 9.1 Introduction Overview of degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers

5 9.3 Modelling of key processes 9.4 Modelling of surface erosion Temperature effects Future trends Conclusion References Part IV: Factors influencing bioresorption Influence of processing, sterilisation and storage on bioresorbability 209 F. Buchanan and D. Leonard, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland 10.1 Introduction Processing techniques Processing-related degradation Sterilisation Maximising shelf-life: Packaging and storage Additives for reducing degradation Conclusion References Influence of porous structure on bioresorbability: Tissue engineering scaffolds 234 P. Tomlins, National Physical Laboratory, UK 11.1 Introduction Materials Processing Characterisation of tissue scaffolds Methods for monitoring the degradation of polymeric tissue scaffolds Conclusion Acknowledgement References 257 Part V: Clinical application Influence of clinical application on bioresorbability. Host response 267

6 J. C. Y. Chan, K. Burugapalli, J. L. Kelly and A. S. Pandit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland 12.1 Introduction Host response cascade Host factors influencing biodegradation Influence of site of implantation on biodegradation Influence of species and repeated implantation Adverse outcomes of biodegradable polymers Mechanisms of in vivo biodegradation Material factors influencing biodegradation Biomaterial design parameters Conclusion References Scaffold and implant design: Considerations relating to characterization of biodegradability and bioresorbability 319 D. W. Hutmacher, Queensland University of Technology, Australia and C. X. F. Singapore Lam, National University of Singapore, 13.1 Introduction Biodegradation and bioresorption Hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone Hydrolytic degradation of medical polycaprolactone (mpcl) versus research polycaprolactone (PCL) In vivo degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds Conclusions References Drug release from bioresorbable materials 357 M. Westwood and D. S. Jones, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland 14.1 Introduction Examples of biodegradable pharmaceutical polymers Mechanisms of drug release from biodegradable polymers Drug delivery applications of biodegradable polymers Conclusions References 385 Index 393