Advances in wind turbine blade design and materials

Transcription

1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 47 Advances in wind turbine blade design and materials Edited by Povl Br0ndsted and Rogier P. L. Nijssen WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Introduction xi xiv xix Part I Wind turbine blade design: challenges and developments 1 1 Introduction to wind turbine blade design 3 F. M0lholt Jensen, Bladena, Denmark and K. Branner, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 1.1 Introduction Design principles and failure mechanisms Challenges and future trends References 25 2 Loads on wind turbine blades 29 H. Soker, Deutsches Windenergie-Institut GmbH, Germany 2.1 Introduction Types of load Generation of loads Fatigue and extreme loads Design verification testing Challenges and future trends Sources of further information and advice References 57 v

3 vi Contents 3 Aerodynamic design of wind turbine rotors 59 C. Bak, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 3.1 Introduction The blade element momentum (BEM) method Important parameters in aerodynamic rotor design Particular design parameters An example of the rotor design process Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References Appendix: Nomenclature Aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blade airfoils 109 W. A.Timmer, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands and C. Bak, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 4.1 Introduction Computational methods Desired characteristics The effect of leading edge contamination (roughness) and Reynolds number Airfoil testing Airfoil characteristics at high angles of attack Correction for centrifugal and Coriolis forces Establishing data for blade design Future trends References Appendix: Nomenclature Aeroelastic design of wind turbine blades 150 J. G. Holierhoek, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, The Netherlands 5.1 Introduction Wind turbine blade aeroelasticity Blade design Complete turbine design Challenges and future trends Sources of further information and advice References 171

4 Contents vii Part II Fatigue behaviour of composite wind turbine blades Fatigue as a design driver for composite wind turbine blades 175 R. P. L. Nijssen, Knowledge Centre Wind turbine Materials and Constructions,The Netherlands and P. Br0ndsted, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 6.1 Introduction Materials in blades Blade structure and components Fundamentals of wind turbine blade fatigue Research into wind turbine blade fatigue and its modelling Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Effects of resin and reinforcement variations on fatigue resistance of wind turbine blades 210 J. F. Mandell, D. D. Samborsky and D. A. Miller, Montana State University, USA 7.1 Introduction Effects of loading conditions for glass and carbon laminates Tensile fatigue trends with laminate construction and fiber content for glass fiber laminates Effects of resin and fabric structure on tensile fatigue resistance Delamination and material transitions Comparison of fatigue trends for blade materials Conclusion Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgments References Fatigue life prediction of wind turbine blade composite materials 251 A. P. Vassilopoulos, Ecole Polytechnique Federate de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 8.1 Introduction Macroscopic failure theories 255

5 viii Contents 8.3 Strength and stiffness degradation fatigue theories Fracture mechanics fatigue theories Case study: Phenomenological fatigue life prediction Future trends References Micromechanical modelling of wind turbine blade materials 298 L. Mishnaevsky Jr., Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 9.1 Introduction Analytical models of the mechanical behaviour, strength and damage of fibre-reinforced composites: an overview Unit cell modelling of fibre-reinforced composites Three-dimensional modelling of composite degradation under tensile loading Carbon fibre-reinforced composites: statistical and compressive loading effects Hierarchical composites with nanoengineered matrix Conclusions and future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References Probabilistic design of wind turbine blades 325 D. J. Lekou, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES), Greece 10.1 Introduction Structural analysis models Failure definition Random variables Probabilistic methods and models Application examples and discussion of techniques Challenges and future trends Sources of further information and advice References 354

6 Contents ix Part III Advances in wind turbine blade materials, development and testing Biobased composites: materials, properties and potential applications as wind turbine blade materials 363 B. Madsen, P. Br0ndsted and T. L0gstrup Andersen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 11.1 Introduction Biobased fibres and matrix materials Biobased composites Case study: Comparison between cellulose and glass fibre composites Special considerations in the development and application of biobased composites Sources of further information and advice References Surface protection and coatings for wind turbine rotor blades 387 B. Kj/erside Storm, Aalborg University, Denmark 12.1 Introduction Fundamentals of surface protection for wind turbine blades Protection from blade icing, lightning and air traffic Performance testing of protection layers: an introduction Accelerated testing of the surface coatings of wind turbine blades in practice Conclusions, challenges and future trends References Design, manufacture and testing of small wind turbine blades 413 P. D. Clausen and F. Reynal, University of Newcastle, Australia and D. H. Wood, University of Calgary, Canada 13.1 Introduction Requirements for small wind turbine blades Materials and manufacture Blade testing 421

7 x Contents 13.5 Installation and operation Challenges and future trends Acknowledgements References Wind turbine blade structural performance testing 432 J. J. Heijdra, M. S. Borst and D. R. V. van Delft, Knowledge Centre WMQThe Netherlands 14.1 Introduction Test program Types of tests Test loads Test details Conclusion References 445 Index 446