Rare Earths Worldwide: An Industry and Policy Analysis. 1.3 RE in the Harmonized System Code Historical Presentation..

Transcription

1 Rare Earths Worldwide: An Industry and Policy Analysis Table of Contents Chapter 1 Definitions, History page Definitions Origin of Each Name RE in the Harmonized System Code Historical Presentation.. 29 Chapter 2 RE Supply... page RE deposits and reserves Geology and Mineralogy RE Resources and Production Potential -- Origin and Types of Deposits Iron-REE Deposits Carbonatite Deposits Lateritic Deposits Placer Deposits HREE Deposits in Peralkaline Igneous Rocks Vein Deposits Other Types of Deposits Natural Resources GP 1

2 2.1.2 Location of world deposits Deposits and Reserves in China A 2011 Discovery in China US Deposits Bayan Obo vs. Mountain Pass: A Comparison of the two Deposits South China vs. Mountain Pass -- Proportions of individual REE World RE Reserve estimates World Yttrium Reserve Estimates RE Reserves outside China Indian Deposits Reserves in the European Union 2.2 Exploration techniques and mining technology used in RE Exploration Techniques Mining technology 2.3 RE Production and Processing Production World Production Figures - Historical data Mining in China Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Hi-Tech Co, Ltd. Bayan Obo mine Bayan Obo Mine - Future Projects Chinese suppliers other than Bayan Obo Mining activities outside of China Brazil India Malaysia Russia Processing RE processing in China RE processing outside China European Union Production On Russia Processing flowsheets 2.4 RE products, Specifications, Laboratories Products Specifications Laboratories Ames Laboratory Bruker-AXS MWH Laboratories Natural Resources GP 2

3 Chapter 3 Market page Applications Applications by RE element Categorization by type of application Magnets Electric and hybrid electric vehicles Wind turbines Hard disks and electronic components with Nd-magnets Phosphors and luminescence Metal alloys / batteries Ni-MH batteries Other appliances Catalysts Glass, polishing and ceramics Other Applications of commercially available RE products Focus on RE Metals in [US] National Defense 3.2. Market, consumption, forecasts Demand for REE Overview of global demand by application Overview of applications in China and their demand REE Demand Forecasts General data Electric and hybrid electric vehicles Wind turbines Compilation of forecasts for the field of Nd-magnets Overall forecast Glass, polishing and ceramics IMCOA/ Kingsworth Forecasts Forecasts - Other sources 3.3. RE international trade The period before 2010 Global RE imports Chinese RE exports Non- Chinese RE exports The years China's RE Exports 2010 US RE Imports and Exports 2010 US Exports US Imports EU RE Imports and Exports 2010 EU RE Imports 2010 Natural Resources GP 3

4 EU RE Exports Recent developments 3.4. Price developments The period The year The year 2011 Chinese Domestic Market Review International Market Review Price details Chapter 4 Finance... page Introduction Jack Lifton Markos Kaminis Don Coxe John Seaman 4.2 Capital and operating costs Project time frames Companies financial reports Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Co, P.R.China 2009 results and comments 2010 results and comments Molycorp, USA Annual Report 2010 Q Results Lynas, Australia 2010 Annual Report Alkane, Australia 2010 Annual Report Arafura, Australia Nanophase, USA 4.5 The Baotou Rare-Earth Products Exchange On CNH, the offshore version of the Chinese renminbi. 200 Natural Resources GP 4

5 Chapter 5 Chinese REE policies - issues and measures... page History Kingsworth s summary The Natural Resources GP tabulation 5.2 Illegal mining clampdown Environmental issues Chinese RE environmental problems New regulations to protect the environment Recent developments 5.4 Policy re. Sales/Trade and smuggling Export quotas Sales coordination Prohibiting production capacity increases Changes in export reporting 5.5 Taxation R&D and Academia China Steps Up Efforts in the Academic World Chinese RE laboratories 5.7 Strategic aspects -- Western Analysis Cindy Hurst s analysis China Moves to Dominate the Magnet Industry China Moves to Gain Total International Market Advantage China Fights Back before it s too Late: Implications for the West Other Western analysis and comments 5.8 The Chinese argumentation Chinese views and arguments October 2010 May The full Chinese platform on their REE policies Chapter 6 New RE Projects outside China page Summary Presentations Industrial Minerals The VM Group OKO Technology Metals Research/Bloomberg Natural Resources GP 5

6 6. 2. Individual Projects USA Molycorp Molycorp - Silmet Molycorp - Santoku America Ucore -- Bokan Mountain, Alaska Wings Enterprises Sundance Gold Project Green Technology Solutions Texas Rare Earths Resources [TRER] Quantum Rare Earth Developments Corp Australia Overview Details on Lynas Details on Alkane A note on Arafura processing technology breakthrough Navigator China Yunnan Copper, Australia Afghanistan Angola Botswana Brazil Canada Avalon Colorado Rare Earths, Inc. Commerce Resources Matamec Nechalacho, formerly the Lake Zone Deposit Orbite Grande-Vallée France Greece Greenland India Toyota Tsusho/IRE Other Kazakhstan Korea, Republic of Kyrgyzstan Madagaskar Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Namibia Paraguay S.Africa, Republic of Natural Resources GP 6

7 Steenkampskraal Mine Frontier Rare Earths Sweden Turkey Aksu Diamas Uzbekistan Vietnam Chapter 7 REE economizing, substituting, recycling... page Introduction Economizing and substitution Overview Magnets for motors and generators Magnets in electronic devices, mainly disk drives Batteries Lighting and luminescence Catalysts Specific Cases RE substitution 7.3 Recycling Current situation: the OKO study Recycling in the EU Development of recycling schemes The Oakdene Hollins study The Institute for Applied Ecology in Freiburg, Germany The German Metals Industry Association (WVM) JOGMEC's Metals Mining Technology Group, Japan Other RE recycling work in Japan Chapter 8 Public Policy in Countries outside China.. page Introduction: Recap of the Chinese viewpoint Public Policy in Countries outside China The EU Historical perspective Policies on Strategic and Commercial Issues Impacting REE EU Environment Policy Natural Resources GP 7

8 International aspects EU Policy on Recycling European Innovation Partnership [EIP] for Raw Materials EU Work on Stockpiling The Promine Program The case of France The US Early warning Reactions in 2010 The GAO and US Department of Energy reports, 2010 Wikileaks Neodymium: an example The Congressional Research Service RE Legislation in the 111th Congress The U.S. Defense Department The U.S. Department of Energy Critical Minerals Strategy Report Reactions in 2011 Blocking World Bank funding of Chinese projects? Lobbying on RE in the US Japan Korea, Republic of Stockpiling Other policies Korea Resources Corp Financing for Korean companies overseas development India Kazakhstan Malaysia Taiwan Brazil WTO References..... page 336 Natural Resources GP 8