Assessment of origin and quality of water by a multi-isotope approach
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1 Assessment of origin and quality of water by a multi-isotope approach Gerhard Strauch Khalid Al-Mashaikhi, Thomas Müller, Karsten Osenbrück and colleagues from Depts Hydrogeology and Isotope Hydrology World Water Day Int. Workshop, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 22 March 2011
2 The Global Water Cycle Isotope Methods Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman Water Isotopes Sulphur Isotopes Isotopes in Agriculture Assessment of origin and quality of water by a multi-isotope approach Gerhard Strauch Khalid Al-Mashaikhi, Thomas Müller, Karsten Osenbrück and colleagues from Depts Hydrogeology and Isotope Hydrology World Water Day Int. Workshop, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 22 March 2011
3 Balance of Fresh Water Available for Human Use at the Global Level Total Global (Water) 2.5 % of Total Global (Freshwater) Salt Water Glaciers & Permanent Snow Cover 97.5 % 68.9 % 2.5 % 0.3 % 29.9 % 0.9 % Fresh Water Freshwater (Lakes, Rivers) Fresh groundwater Other (Soil moist., swamp...) [aus: C. Maksimovic, J.A. Tejada-Guibert (Eds.): Frontiers in Urban Water Management. IWA Publishing, 2001; Fig. 3.1 (after Shiklomanov, 1993)] Page 3
4 Global Water Cycle Water occurs in different compartments on the Earth surface/subsurface Compounds dissolved in water control its quality How can we get an access for studying the water cycle? Indication by ratios of stable and radioactive isotopes Example for ocean water 2 H / H Data in 10³ km³ Source: IAEA, Isotope Hydrology 18 O / 16 O 2, Page 4
5 Water vapor Water vapor Rain Water vapor Rain Rain Rain Evaporation Evaporation Ocean Groundwater Lake Lake sediment Water in the meteoric system Isotopic composition of water at the Earth crust, the surface, and the atmosphere is characterized by Isotope fractionation processes as Phase transition: evaporation, condensation Transport and mixing, adsortption (groundwater, surface water, pore water) Water-rock interactions and geochemical reactions (gypsum, brines, karstification) Page 5 Source: S. Weise, UFZ
6 Application of isotopes for water issues Isotope Half time Occurrence Application & dating principle Dating range 2H, 18O Stable Water Annual variation, climate depending, origin, sources, transport 3He 13C Stable Gases (free, dissolved) Radioactive decay (together with 3H), gas solubility, mixing, temperature (NGT) Stable Dissolved inorganic C (DIC), (dissolved) organicc (DOC,OC), carbonates Origin, sources, reactions; geochemical systems, contamination Weeks to dozen of years Years decades No dating 15N Stable Dissolved inorganic/organic N (DIN, DON) Origin, sources, reactions; agriculture, urban, contamination No dating 34S Stable Sulphur compounds (i.e, SO4, H2S ) Origin, sources, reactions, water quality; urban, contamination 3H 12.3 a (annual variation) radioactive decay Transport, residence time 14C 5730 a DIC, DOC, OC (bomb peak) radioactive decay Origin, transport 39Ar 269 a Water (dissolved), rocks Radioactive decay Transport, residence time 85Kr a Gas (dissolved), water Radioactive decay Transport No dating (Month) years - decades years - decades thousands of years Hundreds of years years - decades Page 6
7 2 H- 18 O diagram d 2 H [o/oo VSMOW] Global Meteoric Water Line GMWL Slope of 8 is fixed by phase transition in thermodynamic equilibrium (Rayleigh) d 2 H = 8 d 18 O d 18 O [o/oo VSMOW] Mean annual precipitation Leipzig, Germany Deuterium-Excess d Evaporation lines depending on humidity, arid conditions Page 7
8 Page 8
9 Global distribution of 18 O in precipitation IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. Accessible at Page 9
10 Page 10
11 Air mass movements after M.S. Alyamani, J. Arid Environm. 49 (2001), Page 11
12 File:Tropical Cyclone 1B (2002).jpg (Wikipedia) File:Cyclone 01A 2002 track.png (Wikipedia) Page 12
13 Isotope variations for origin, recharge & age determination Light stable isotope hydrology of H, O, C, N, S Determination of origin, flow & recharge Natural radioactive isotopes ( 3 H, 14 C) for age determination 10 Nile, Egypt GWML d 2 H / o/oo Shallow GW, Burkina Faso NO-MWL SO-MWL Monsoon, S-Arab Peninsula -50 UER-GW, Oman Oasis Egypt, deep GW NO-MWL=North Oman MWL SO-MWL=South Oman-MWL (MacCumber) d 18 O / o/oo Page 13
14 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Water Isotpes Groundwater recharge in SE-Oman (Al Wusta region): Tropic Cyclone Sept 1992.: primary - late Macumber et al.,1995: Groundwater recharge in SE-Oman (Al Wusta region) Monsum precip. Page 14
15 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Water Isotpes Groundwater recharge relations in SE-Oman (Al Wusta & Dhofar region) Tropic Cycl Sept 1992.: late- primary Macumber et al.,1995: Groundwater recharge in SE-Oman (Al Wusta region) 20 Aquifer A Aquifer B Aquifer C Aquifer D GWML 10 Rain+Spring GWML Gogib-Tawi Gogib-monsoon2009 d 2 H / o/oo Dhokha DK01 Rubkhut NO-MWL d 2 H = 5.1d 18 O + 8 Darbat+Arkhat SO-MWL d 2 H = 6.76 d 18 O Najd 2009 d 2 H = 7.75 d 18 O Precip, run-off, GW (Al Wusta & Dhofar): Monsoon precip Influence of different air masses Fast recharge of run-off, no evaporation Incorporation of different water compartments Mixing of aquifer A&D (Najd) = recharge by wadi run-off?? Data NO-MWL + SO-MWL: Macumber et al d 18 O / o/oo Page 15
16 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Water Isotpes δ 2 H distribution in aquifer D OMAN Page 16
17 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Sulphate Isotpes S- & O- isotope variations in sulphate 20 δ 18 OSulphate[ ] ΙΙ Ι ΙΙI Aquifer A Aquifer B Aquifer C Aquifer D δ 34 S Sulphate [ ] Range of terrestrial and marine isotope variations Strong 34 S enrichment by Bacterial Sulphate Reduction Page 17
18 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Sulphate Isotpes δ 34 S [ ] Distribution of 34 S-sulphate in the aquifer D Evidence for bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR) effect on groundwater quality Page 18
19 14C [pmc] The Global Water Cycle Isotope Methods Isotopes in Arid Regions Isotopes in Urban Environment 14 C-Age dating of groundwater CO 2 14 CO 2 Isotope exchange 60 Half time t = 5730 a 40 Age = -(5730/ln2) ln (a 14 /a o 14 ) Age (decay) [a] Page 19
20 Isotopes in Arid Regions Examples from Oman: Carbon-14 Age Dating 14 C-Age dating of groundwater Example from Najd groundwater in aquifers A to D t = 5730 a > a 14 C (pmc) M-1, ufz, 13C M-2, ufz, 13C M-1, AMS, 13C M-2, AMS, 13C Expon. (M-1, AMS, 13C) Expon. (M-2, AMS, 13C) Age in years Considering limitations Interpretation in connection with hydrochemistry in aquifer mqtrix Page 20
21 Application in Agriculture Use of nitrogen isotopes Drinking water area, Germany Page 21
22 Nitrogen in Agriculture Sources and Reactions Precipitation Plant residue Fertilizer Waste water Uptake by plants N org NH 4 + NO 3 - Mineralisation Nitrification Limits German Drinking Water TVO NO 3 50 mg/l NO - 2 0,1 mg/l NH 4 0,5 mg/l Recharge to Groundwater Denitrification Bozau, E., Presentaion, 2005 Page 22
23 δ 18 O [ ] Nitrate isotope variations in 15 N and 18 O 50 KAS 40 Atmospheric nitrate deposition Surface water Infiltrating groundwater 30 Mineral fertilizer Denitrification Nitrate from nitrification in soil Organic ferilizer δ 15 N [ ] Page 23
24 Well Gallery JG1 Drinking water area, Germany Location GW3 GW4 PD1 GW2 GW5 Legend production well monitoring well groundwater flow direction GW1 1 km PD2 Jahna river N Saxony Page 24
25 JG1-5 JG1-4 JG1-3 JG1-2 JG1-1 Assessment of flow system by isotopes and hydrogeology Legend loess loam NW SE quaternary pre-quaternary Jahna river low permeable layers recharge of QA-1 S fault NO 3 - QA-1 QA-2? QA-2 QA-1 high rate inflow of old groundwater ZDA recharge of QA-2 QA-2 low rate inflow of old, 4 He rich groundwater TSA Mean residence time QA-1 QA-2 ZDA TSA shallow quaternary flow system; high NO 3-, 3 H, CFCs deep quaternary flow system; high NO 3-, 3 H, CFCs Zechstein dolomite aquifer; low NO 3-, 3 H and CFC free, low 4 He rad Triassic sandstone aquifer; low NO 3-, 3 H and CFC free, high 4 He rad < 5 years years > 50 years >> 100 years Page 25
26 Thank you Page 26 Künzelmann, UFZ
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