This is the knowledge that you should understand upon completing this section:
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1 DN 11 Syllabus hecklist This is the knowledge that you should understand upon completing this section: 11.1 DN DN occurs bound to proteins in chromosomes in the nucs and as unbound DN in the mitochondria. DN stores the information for the production of proteins that determines the structure and function of cells. the structural properties of the helical DN molecule, including double-stranded, nucleotide composition and weak bonds involved in base pairing between the complementary strands, allow for its replication PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Sample opyright protein synthesis involves the transcription of a gene on DN into messenger ribonucleic acid (RN) in the nucs and translation into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome with the aid of transfer RN EPIENETIS cademic roup epigenetics is the study of phenotypic expression of genes, which depends on the factors controlling transcription and translation during protein synthesis, the products of other genes, and the environment. 111
2 11.1 DN (i) Terminology These are some of the terms from this section which you should know. Write the meaning of each term in the space provided. base pair chromosome complimentary DN strand (iv) DN replication (v) histone Review Questions 1. The following diagram represents a short segment of DN. Sample opyright cademic roup Name the substances labelled, B and. B B 112
3 2. If a small part of the molecule is isolated, it could be represented by: (i) What is this unit called? and where might it be found in this separated form? 3. There are four different nitrogenous bases in DN. What are they called? 4. In the following diagram: If is cytosine, then B is If is thymine, then D is Sample opyright 5. Explain briefly why the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DN is important. cademic roup 6. Name the two organelles where DN is found in a normal cell. 7. What is the importance of mitochondrial DN? B D 113
4 8. Study the following diagrams carefully (cells not drawn to scale). ovum nucs (i) Explain which cell contributes most of the mitochondria to the new zygote. Which organelles contain DN? Mitochondrial DN is believed to control the production of proteins which are involved in respiration. Which sex contributes this DN to the offspring? 11.2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (i) Terminology These are some of the terms from this section which you should know. Write the meaning of each term in the space provided. anticodon codon m RN sperm mitochondrion ( in each ovum and in each sperm) fertilization only nucs enters ovum Sample opyright cademic roup (iv) ribosome (v) t RN 114
5 (vi) transcription (vii) translation Review Questions 1. Proteins have important roles in the body. Name five of these roles. 2. (i) What do DN and RN stand for? Sample opyright List four differences between them. cademic roup 115
6 3. The ies of diagrams below show diagrammatically how protein synthesis occurs in cells. Beside each diagram write down what is occurring in that stage. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Sample opyright cademic roup
7 4. For a protein to be made or synthesised, the information has to be taken off the DN molecule and used to link amino acids together in a specific sequence. This involves two processes transcription and translation. Distinguish between transcription and translation by completing the table below. TRNSRIPTION TRNSLTION 5. The genetic code is described as a triplet code, and degenerate. Why? 6. se the genetic code below to answer the questions that follow. FIRST BSE OF ODON SEOND BSE OF ODON Sample opyright phe phe pro pro pro pro tyr tyr STOP STOP his his glu glu cys cys STOP trp cademic roup ile ile ile met+start thr thr thr thr asp asp lys lys THIRD BSE OF ODON val val val val ala ala ala ala asp asp glu glu gly gly gly gly 117
8 (i) What would be the sequence of amino acids that the following strands of mrn represent? (a) (b) omplete this table STRND OF DN THT IS RED T T TRNSRIBED mrn STRND What amino acids does the strand of DN code for? trn NTIODONS 11.3 EPIENETIS (i) Terminology These are some of the terms from this section which you should know. Write the meaning of each term in the space provided. epigenome Sample opyright genome cademic roup inheritable (iv) methyl group (v) nucleosome 118
9 Review Questions 1. Explain what is meant by gene expression. 2. Name two things that could permanently change the expression of the genes in a cell. 3. Explain why epigenetics is an expanding new area of research. 4. ene expression can be modified by the environment. Two examples are: (i) 5. Explain how V light affects melanin production. Sample opyright cademic roup 6. Describe how DN and histones are bound together in a chromosome. Illustrate this with a simple labeled diagram below. 119
10 (i) Explain why histone modification in important in gene expression. How does DN methylation affect gene expression? The methyl tags which attach to DN can be passed on to offspring. What is the significance of this discovery? (iv) Some scientists have described a person s genome as being like the hardware of a computer while the person s epigenome is like the computers software. Briefly discuss what this analogy means. (v) n individual s DN may not change during his or her lifetime but his or her epigenome must change. What does this statement mean and what evidence is there to support it? Sample opyright (vi) How can epigenetics explain the differences between identical twins? cademic roup (vii) How might epigenetics explain why identical twins appear to become more different as they become older?
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