RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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1 RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
2 DNA & RNA Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell. The first step in decoding these genetic messages is to copy part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA or ribonucleic acid. RNA is a Nucleic Acid made up of nucleotides contains the elements C, H, O, N, P
3 STRUCTURE OF RNA Single stranded Contains the following: Phosphate group 5 carbon sugar (ribose) Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine The function of RNA is to synthesize proteins
4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA DNA RNA Double stranded Sugar group is deoxyribose Nitrogenous base: Thymine Stores genetic information Single stranded Sugar group is ribose Nitrogenous base: Uracil Passes on the DNA code
5 TYPES OF RNA Three (3) main types 1.Messenger RNA (mrna) transfers DNA code to ribosomes for translation. 2. Transfer RNA (trna) brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis. 3. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Ribosomes are made of rrna and protein; rrna helps to identify/read the mrna
6 TRANSCRIPTION: CHANGING DNA TO RNA It is important to realize that DNA and proteins have a direct relationship. In other words, DNA is used to make proteins and the first step by which it does this is a process called transcription.
7 TRANSCRIPTION: 1 ST STEP IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS In transcription, an RNA (ribonucleic acid) strand is made from a strand of DNA. Takes place in the nucleus. In order for this to occur, a DNA strand unzips and RNA bases come along and pair up with the exposed DNA bases. Enzymes reassemble the nucleotides and the strand is now called mrna, or messenger RNA.
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9 TRANSCRIPTION: CHANGING DNA TO RNA Messenger RNA (mrna) will now deliver a message telling the ribosomes in the cell to get ready to start making proteins.
10 THE GENETIC CODE Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into a long chain called polypeptides held together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. The specific amino acids in a polypeptide, and the order in which they are joined, determine the properties of different proteins. The sequence of amino acids influences its shape which determine its function.
11 THE GENETIC CODE This is the language of mrna. Based on the 4 bases of mrna Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil (AGCU) The genetic code is read three (3) letters at a time, so that each word is three (3) bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid. These words are 3 RNA sequences called codons.
12 THE GENETIC CODE Each three-letter word in mrna is known as a codon. A codon consists of three consecutive nitrogen bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Each codon specifies 1 amino acid
13 READING THE GENETIC CODE When you read one codon at a time it can be used to determine which amino acid (and this determines which protein) each strand of DNA or RNA will code for. Example: Use the codon chart to determine which protein the codon ACG codes for.
14 CODON CHART
15 C O D O N C H A R T
16 RNA SEQUENCE PRACTICE Which RNA bases complement the above strand of DNA?
17 RNA SEQUENCE PRACTICE Amino acids: Use your codon chart to find out which amino acids are formed!
18 TRANSLATION: 2 ND STEP IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Translation is the process by which proteins are made using RNA. This process occurs in the ribosomes of the cell. Translation begins when an mrna in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome.
19 TRANSLATION: 2 ND STEP IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS As each codon of mrna moves through the ribosome (rrna), the proper amino acid is brought in by trna In the ribosome the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain
20 TRANSLATION: CONVERTING RNA TO PROTEINS Each trna carries only one kind of amino acid Each trna has three unpaired bases, called the anticodon The anticodon is complementary to the mrna codon
21 Translation- in the ribosomes
22 TRANSLATION: CONVERTING RNA TO PROTEINS Amino acids continue to link together to form proteins inside the ribosomes until a stop codon is read and the finished proteins are released into the cell. Therefore, ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mrna to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain.
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